A universal thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solution was developed based on the ion and molecule coexi...A universal thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solution was developed based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory and verified in four kinds of binary aqueous solutions and two kinds of ternary aqueous solutions. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in four binary aqueous solutions and two ternary solutions at 298.15 K have good agreement with the reported activity data from literatures after shifting the standard state and concentration unit. Therefore, the calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples from the developed universal thermodynamic model for ternary and binary aqueous solutions can be applied to predict reaction ability of components in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions. It is also proved that the assumptions applied in the developed thermodynamic model are correct and reasonable, i.e., strong electrolyte aqueous solution is composed of cations and anions as simple ions, H2O as simple molecule and other hydrous salt compounds as complex molecules. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions strictly follow the mass action law.展开更多
The difference of energy and electronic structure of V, Nb, and Ta in different crystalline structures were investigated by different methods in density functional theory (DFT). Lattice constants, total energies, an...The difference of energy and electronic structure of V, Nb, and Ta in different crystalline structures were investigated by different methods in density functional theory (DFT). Lattice constants, total energies, and densities of states of these metals were calculated using the plane-wave pseudopotential method in DFT. Results were compared with those of projector augmented wave method, CALPHAD method, and experiments. Total energy and electronic structure analyses showed that valence electrons mostly transferred from s to p or d state, changing obviously with both the crystal structure and the elemental period number from V to Ta and leading to stronger cohesion, higher cohesive energy and more stable lattice of heavier metals.展开更多
A theoretical protocol of quantum dialogue is proposed,which uses a class of three-photon W states asquantum channel.After two-step security check,four-bit secret message can be transmitted to each other by transmitti...A theoretical protocol of quantum dialogue is proposed,which uses a class of three-photon W states asquantum channel.After two-step security check,four-bit secret message can be transmitted to each other by transmittingof single photon with the aid of two-bit classical information.展开更多
A systematic theory on the appropriate spin operators for the relativistic states is developed. For a massive relativistic particle with arbitrary nonzero spin, the spin operator should be replaced with the relativist...A systematic theory on the appropriate spin operators for the relativistic states is developed. For a massive relativistic particle with arbitrary nonzero spin, the spin operator should be replaced with the relativistic one, which is called in this paper as moving spin. Further the concept of moving spin is discussed in the quantum field theory. A new operator, field quanta spin is defined and in terms of the generators of Poincaré group the moving spin of field system is constructed. It is shown that, in virtue of the two operators, problems in quantum field concerned spin can be neatly settled.展开更多
In this paper N = 4 supersymmetry of generalized Morse oscillators in one dimension is studied. Both bound states and scattering states of its four superpartner Hamiltonians are analyzed by using unitary irreducible r...In this paper N = 4 supersymmetry of generalized Morse oscillators in one dimension is studied. Both bound states and scattering states of its four superpartner Hamiltonians are analyzed by using unitary irreducible representations of the noncompact Lie algebra su(1,1). The spectrum-generating algebra governing the Hamiltonian of the N = 4 supersymmetric Morse oscillator is shown to be connected with the realization of Lie superalgebra osp(1,2)or B(0,1) in terms of the variables of a supersymmetric two-dimensional harmonic oscillator.展开更多
The Dirac optical potential for p-14Be elastic scattering is evaluated by the relativistic impulse approximation. Each of the real part and the imaginary part of the potential shows a pronounced "long tail" ...The Dirac optical potential for p-14Be elastic scattering is evaluated by the relativistic impulse approximation. Each of the real part and the imaginary part of the potential shows a pronounced "long tail" for the proton elastic scattering from halo nucleus 14Be compared with the potentials for proton scattering from its adjacent nuclei 12C and 16O, which do not have halo structures. This kind of "long tail" phenomenon suggests another signature for halo nuclei.展开更多
Considering the effects of particle crushing and intermediate principal stress on material yielding strength, the spatial mobilization plane(SMP) yielding criterion and state parameter model including a general critic...Considering the effects of particle crushing and intermediate principal stress on material yielding strength, the spatial mobilization plane(SMP) yielding criterion and state parameter model including a general critical state line are selected in the analysis of cylindrical cavity expansion.Meanwhile, combining Rowe s flow rule and Bolton s simplification to stress-dilatancy relationship to reflect soil shear dilatancy and softening behavior, this paper analyzes the problem of cylindrical cavity expansion i...展开更多
We propose a quantization procedure for the nucleon-scMar meson system, in which an arbitrary mean scalar meson field Ф is introduced. The equivalence of this procedure with the usual one is proven for any given valu...We propose a quantization procedure for the nucleon-scMar meson system, in which an arbitrary mean scalar meson field Ф is introduced. The equivalence of this procedure with the usual one is proven for any given value of qS. By use of this procedure, the scalar meson field in the Walecka's MFA and in Chin's RHA are quantized around the mean field, Its corrections on these theories are considered by perturbation up to the second order. The arbitrariness of Ф makes us free to fix it at any stage in the calculation. When we fix it in the way of Walecka's MFA, the quantum corrections are big, and the result does not converge. When we fix it in the way of Chin's RHA, the quantum correction is negligibly small, and the convergence is excellent. It shows that RHA covers the leading part of quantum field theory for nuclear systems and is an excellent zeroth order approximation for further quantum corrections, while the Walecka's MFA does not. We suggest to fix the parameter Ф at the end of the whole calculation by minimizing the total energy per-nucleon for the nuclear matter or the total energy for the finite nucleus, to make the quantized relativistic mean field theory (QRMFT) a variational method.展开更多
OX_(2)(X=halogen)molecules was studied theoretically.Calculation results show that delocalizedπ_(3)^(6) bonds exist in their electronic structures and O atoms adopt the sp^(2) type of hybridization,which violates the...OX_(2)(X=halogen)molecules was studied theoretically.Calculation results show that delocalizedπ_(3)^(6) bonds exist in their electronic structures and O atoms adopt the sp^(2) type of hybridization,which violates the prediction of the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory of sp^(3) type.Delocalization stabilization energy is proposed to measure the contribution of delocalizedπ_(3)^(6) bond to energy decrease and proves to bring extra-stability to the molecule.These phenomena can be summarized as a kind of coordinating effect.展开更多
A relativistic quantum field theory is presented for finite density problems based on the principle of locality. It is shown that, in addition to the conventional ones, a local approach to the relativistic quantum fie...A relativistic quantum field theory is presented for finite density problems based on the principle of locality. It is shown that, in addition to the conventional ones, a local approach to the relativistic quantum field theories at both zero and finite densities consistent with the violation of Bell-like inequalities should contain and provide solutions to at least three additional problems, namely, i) the statistical gauge invariance; ii) the dark components of the local observables; and iii) the fermion statistical blocking effects, based upon an asymptotic nonthermal ensemble. An application to models is presented to show the importance of the discussions.展开更多
A quadratic scalar and vector coupling model proposed recently has been applied to finite nuclei.The calculated results are compared with those of the derivative scalar coupling (DSC) model and the nonlinear Walecka m...A quadratic scalar and vector coupling model proposed recently has been applied to finite nuclei.The calculated results are compared with those of the derivative scalar coupling (DSC) model and the nonlinear Walecka model The results show that the spin-orbit splittings are improved considerably by quadratic couplings in contrast to the DSC model However,the binding energy per nucleon,rms charge radius,as well as the spin-orbit splittings in the quadratic model are still small compared with those given by the nonlinear Walecka model and the experimental data.展开更多
In this paper the anomalous magnetic dipole moment ofmuon in the littlest Higgs (LH) model is studied at one-loop level. We discuss the dependence of the contributions on the global symmetry breaking scale f, mizing...In this paper the anomalous magnetic dipole moment ofmuon in the littlest Higgs (LH) model is studied at one-loop level. We discuss the dependence of the contributions on the global symmetry breaking scale f, mizing angles c` and , and the Higgs triplet vacuum expectation value v' in the electroweak precision data preferring ranges. We find that the LH model can give a relatively small, but non-negligible extra weak contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment and can reduce the deviation of △aμ from 2.6σ for the SM to 2.5σ for the LH model.展开更多
We show that the quantum world with non-local states and original statistics is statistically separable. According to relativistic dynamics, the super-luminal signal transmission is impossible. The present quantum the...We show that the quantum world with non-local states and original statistics is statistically separable. According to relativistic dynamics, the super-luminal signal transmission is impossible. The present quantum theory is therefore consistent with the relativity and the causality.展开更多
We use the theory based on the gravitational gauge group G to obtain a spherical symmetric solution of the field equations for the gravitational potentials on a Minkowski space-time. The gauge group G is defined and t...We use the theory based on the gravitational gauge group G to obtain a spherical symmetric solution of the field equations for the gravitational potentials on a Minkowski space-time. The gauge group G is defined and then we introduce the gauge-covariant derivative Dμ. The strength tensor of the gravitational gauge field is also obtained and a gauge-invariant Lagrangian including the cosmological constant is constructed. A model whose gravitational gauge potentials A^α μ (x) have spherical symmetry, depending only on the radial coordinate τ is considered and an analytical solution of these equations, which induces the Schwarzschild-de-Sitter metric on the gauge group space, is then determined. All the calculations have been performed by GR Tensor II computer algebra package, running on the Maple V platform, along with several routines that we have written for our model.展开更多
We propose a scheme to implement the optimal symmetric 1 → 2 universal quantum telecloning through cavity-assisted interaction. In our scheme an arbitrary single atomic state can be telecloned to two single atomic st...We propose a scheme to implement the optimal symmetric 1 → 2 universal quantum telecloning through cavity-assisted interaction. In our scheme an arbitrary single atomic state can be telecloned to two single atomic states. And three atoms are trapped in three spatially separated cavities respectively. With a particular multiparticle entangled state acting as a quantum information channel and the trapped single atom acting as a quantum network node for its long-lived internal state, quantum information can be telecloned among nodes and can stored in the nodes.展开更多
We propose a two-component form to describe massive relativistic fermions in gauge theories. Relations between the Green's functions in this form and those in the conventional four-component form are derived. It is s...We propose a two-component form to describe massive relativistic fermions in gauge theories. Relations between the Green's functions in this form and those in the conventional four-component form are derived. It is shown that the S-matrix elements in both forms are exactly the same. The description of the fermion in the new form simplifies significantly the γ-matrix algebra in the four-component form. In particular, in perturbative calculations the propagator of the fermion is a scalar function. As examples, we use this form to reproduce the relativistic spectrum of hydrodron atom, the S-matrix of e+e-→μ+μ- and QED one-loop vacuum polarization of photon.展开更多
In a nonlinear chiral SU(3) framework, we investigate the quark condensate in the strange matter including and Λ, making use of chiral symmetry spontaneous breaking Lagrangian and mean-field approximation. The resul...In a nonlinear chiral SU(3) framework, we investigate the quark condensate in the strange matter including and Λ, making use of chiral symmetry spontaneous breaking Lagrangian and mean-field approximation. The results show that the chiral symmetry is restored partially when the strange matter density increases and that plays a very important role in the strange matter which may approach the constituents of the neutron stars. In addition, we can find that the strange matter density where the π-condensate emerges leads to the ratio of the nucleon number to baryon number.展开更多
With a weak hyperon-hyperon (YY) interaction deduced from the new experimental data of AA potential, this paper has performed a calculation of the direct Urca (DURCA) processes in the framework of the relativistic...With a weak hyperon-hyperon (YY) interaction deduced from the new experimental data of AA potential, this paper has performed a calculation of the direct Urca (DURCA) processes in the framework of the relativistic mean field theory (RMFT) including σ* and φ mesons, in comparison with the results calculated with the strong YY interaction and with no (σ* ,φ ) mesons included. In neutron star matter, the weak YY interaction supplies the additional repulsive interaction between hyperons while the strong YY interaction supplies the attractive one. With the weak YY interaction, the effective masses of hyperons are larger than those with the strong YY interaction while smaller than those with no (σ* ,φ) mesons included. The threshold star masses for the DURCA processes involving nucleons and A are not sensitive to the strength of the YY interaction. The weak YY interaction leads to larger threshold masses for the DURCA process involving [1]1 and [1]0 than the other two cases. The process involving [1]0 can take place in the neutron star only when the weak YY interaction is used. The weak YY interaction is able to bring in the agreement with the observation of the neutron star with larger mass and faster cooling than the strong YY interaction.展开更多
We give a brief introduction to the AdS/CFT correspondence and its application to QCD physics,especiallyits application in the study of quark-gluon-plasma (QGP)formed in the relativistic heavy ion collision (RHIC).Thi...We give a brief introduction to the AdS/CFT correspondence and its application to QCD physics,especiallyits application in the study of quark-gluon-plasma (QGP)formed in the relativistic heavy ion collision (RHIC).Thisreview is based on the talks given in several schools and programs for the phenomenologists working on nuclear physicsand particle physics.展开更多
基金Project supported by Publication Foundation of National Science and Technology Academic Books of China
文摘A universal thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solution was developed based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory and verified in four kinds of binary aqueous solutions and two kinds of ternary aqueous solutions. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in four binary aqueous solutions and two ternary solutions at 298.15 K have good agreement with the reported activity data from literatures after shifting the standard state and concentration unit. Therefore, the calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples from the developed universal thermodynamic model for ternary and binary aqueous solutions can be applied to predict reaction ability of components in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions. It is also proved that the assumptions applied in the developed thermodynamic model are correct and reasonable, i.e., strong electrolyte aqueous solution is composed of cations and anions as simple ions, H2O as simple molecule and other hydrous salt compounds as complex molecules. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions strictly follow the mass action law.
基金ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Doctoral Discipline Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No.20070533118) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50871124). The authors acknowledge Dr. Y. Z. Nie for his useful discussion in calculations.
文摘The difference of energy and electronic structure of V, Nb, and Ta in different crystalline structures were investigated by different methods in density functional theory (DFT). Lattice constants, total energies, and densities of states of these metals were calculated using the plane-wave pseudopotential method in DFT. Results were compared with those of projector augmented wave method, CALPHAD method, and experiments. Total energy and electronic structure analyses showed that valence electrons mostly transferred from s to p or d state, changing obviously with both the crystal structure and the elemental period number from V to Ta and leading to stronger cohesion, higher cohesive energy and more stable lattice of heavier metals.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10704011the Research Programs of the Educational Office of Liaoning Province under Grant No.2008006
文摘A theoretical protocol of quantum dialogue is proposed,which uses a class of three-photon W states asquantum channel.After two-step security check,four-bit secret message can be transmitted to each other by transmittingof single photon with the aid of two-bit classical information.
基金国家自然科学基金,高等学校博士学科点专项科研项目,国家重点实验室基金,CTNP of LHIA National Lab of China,国家'211'工程建设项目,中国博士后科学基金
文摘A systematic theory on the appropriate spin operators for the relativistic states is developed. For a massive relativistic particle with arbitrary nonzero spin, the spin operator should be replaced with the relativistic one, which is called in this paper as moving spin. Further the concept of moving spin is discussed in the quantum field theory. A new operator, field quanta spin is defined and in terms of the generators of Poincaré group the moving spin of field system is constructed. It is shown that, in virtue of the two operators, problems in quantum field concerned spin can be neatly settled.
文摘In this paper N = 4 supersymmetry of generalized Morse oscillators in one dimension is studied. Both bound states and scattering states of its four superpartner Hamiltonians are analyzed by using unitary irreducible representations of the noncompact Lie algebra su(1,1). The spectrum-generating algebra governing the Hamiltonian of the N = 4 supersymmetric Morse oscillator is shown to be connected with the realization of Lie superalgebra osp(1,2)or B(0,1) in terms of the variables of a supersymmetric two-dimensional harmonic oscillator.
基金国家自然科学基金,国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划),中国科学院基金,Research Fund of Higher Education
文摘The Dirac optical potential for p-14Be elastic scattering is evaluated by the relativistic impulse approximation. Each of the real part and the imaginary part of the potential shows a pronounced "long tail" for the proton elastic scattering from halo nucleus 14Be compared with the potentials for proton scattering from its adjacent nuclei 12C and 16O, which do not have halo structures. This kind of "long tail" phenomenon suggests another signature for halo nuclei.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50639010)PhD Start-up Research Fund of Northeast Dianli University (2010)
文摘Considering the effects of particle crushing and intermediate principal stress on material yielding strength, the spatial mobilization plane(SMP) yielding criterion and state parameter model including a general critical state line are selected in the analysis of cylindrical cavity expansion.Meanwhile, combining Rowe s flow rule and Bolton s simplification to stress-dilatancy relationship to reflect soil shear dilatancy and softening behavior, this paper analyzes the problem of cylindrical cavity expansion i...
基金Supported by the Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.10875003 and 10811240152the calculations are supported by CERNET High Performance Computing Center in China
文摘We propose a quantization procedure for the nucleon-scMar meson system, in which an arbitrary mean scalar meson field Ф is introduced. The equivalence of this procedure with the usual one is proven for any given value of qS. By use of this procedure, the scalar meson field in the Walecka's MFA and in Chin's RHA are quantized around the mean field, Its corrections on these theories are considered by perturbation up to the second order. The arbitrariness of Ф makes us free to fix it at any stage in the calculation. When we fix it in the way of Walecka's MFA, the quantum corrections are big, and the result does not converge. When we fix it in the way of Chin's RHA, the quantum correction is negligibly small, and the convergence is excellent. It shows that RHA covers the leading part of quantum field theory for nuclear systems and is an excellent zeroth order approximation for further quantum corrections, while the Walecka's MFA does not. We suggest to fix the parameter Ф at the end of the whole calculation by minimizing the total energy per-nucleon for the nuclear matter or the total energy for the finite nucleus, to make the quantized relativistic mean field theory (QRMFT) a variational method.
基金supported by the Provincial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province(No.201910319079Y)。
文摘OX_(2)(X=halogen)molecules was studied theoretically.Calculation results show that delocalizedπ_(3)^(6) bonds exist in their electronic structures and O atoms adopt the sp^(2) type of hybridization,which violates the prediction of the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory of sp^(3) type.Delocalization stabilization energy is proposed to measure the contribution of delocalizedπ_(3)^(6) bond to energy decrease and proves to bring extra-stability to the molecule.These phenomena can be summarized as a kind of coordinating effect.
文摘A relativistic quantum field theory is presented for finite density problems based on the principle of locality. It is shown that, in addition to the conventional ones, a local approach to the relativistic quantum field theories at both zero and finite densities consistent with the violation of Bell-like inequalities should contain and provide solutions to at least three additional problems, namely, i) the statistical gauge invariance; ii) the dark components of the local observables; and iii) the fermion statistical blocking effects, based upon an asymptotic nonthermal ensemble. An application to models is presented to show the importance of the discussions.
文摘A quadratic scalar and vector coupling model proposed recently has been applied to finite nuclei.The calculated results are compared with those of the derivative scalar coupling (DSC) model and the nonlinear Walecka model The results show that the spin-orbit splittings are improved considerably by quadratic couplings in contrast to the DSC model However,the binding energy per nucleon,rms charge radius,as well as the spin-orbit splittings in the quadratic model are still small compared with those given by the nonlinear Walecka model and the experimental data.
基金The project supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Special Fund sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘In this paper the anomalous magnetic dipole moment ofmuon in the littlest Higgs (LH) model is studied at one-loop level. We discuss the dependence of the contributions on the global symmetry breaking scale f, mizing angles c` and , and the Higgs triplet vacuum expectation value v' in the electroweak precision data preferring ranges. We find that the LH model can give a relatively small, but non-negligible extra weak contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment and can reduce the deviation of △aμ from 2.6σ for the SM to 2.5σ for the LH model.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10305001
文摘We show that the quantum world with non-local states and original statistics is statistically separable. According to relativistic dynamics, the super-luminal signal transmission is impossible. The present quantum theory is therefore consistent with the relativity and the causality.
文摘We use the theory based on the gravitational gauge group G to obtain a spherical symmetric solution of the field equations for the gravitational potentials on a Minkowski space-time. The gauge group G is defined and then we introduce the gauge-covariant derivative Dμ. The strength tensor of the gravitational gauge field is also obtained and a gauge-invariant Lagrangian including the cosmological constant is constructed. A model whose gravitational gauge potentials A^α μ (x) have spherical symmetry, depending only on the radial coordinate τ is considered and an analytical solution of these equations, which induces the Schwarzschild-de-Sitter metric on the gauge group space, is then determined. All the calculations have been performed by GR Tensor II computer algebra package, running on the Maple V platform, along with several routines that we have written for our model.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10674001the Program of the Education Department of Anhui Province under Grant No.KJ2007A002the Youth Program of Fu Yang Normal College under Grant No.2008LQ04
文摘We propose a scheme to implement the optimal symmetric 1 → 2 universal quantum telecloning through cavity-assisted interaction. In our scheme an arbitrary single atomic state can be telecloned to two single atomic states. And three atoms are trapped in three spatially separated cavities respectively. With a particular multiparticle entangled state acting as a quantum information channel and the trapped single atom acting as a quantum network node for its long-lived internal state, quantum information can be telecloned among nodes and can stored in the nodes.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10475103
文摘We propose a two-component form to describe massive relativistic fermions in gauge theories. Relations between the Green's functions in this form and those in the conventional four-component form are derived. It is shown that the S-matrix elements in both forms are exactly the same. The description of the fermion in the new form simplifies significantly the γ-matrix algebra in the four-component form. In particular, in perturbative calculations the propagator of the fermion is a scalar function. As examples, we use this form to reproduce the relativistic spectrum of hydrodron atom, the S-matrix of e+e-→μ+μ- and QED one-loop vacuum polarization of photon.
基金Key Research Plan of Theoretical Physics and Cross Science,国家自然科学基金
文摘In a nonlinear chiral SU(3) framework, we investigate the quark condensate in the strange matter including and Λ, making use of chiral symmetry spontaneous breaking Lagrangian and mean-field approximation. The results show that the chiral symmetry is restored partially when the strange matter density increases and that plays a very important role in the strange matter which may approach the constituents of the neutron stars. In addition, we can find that the strange matter density where the π-condensate emerges leads to the ratio of the nucleon number to baryon number.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Fundamental Research Project of Jiangsu Colleges and Universities under Grant No.10KJB140002
文摘With a weak hyperon-hyperon (YY) interaction deduced from the new experimental data of AA potential, this paper has performed a calculation of the direct Urca (DURCA) processes in the framework of the relativistic mean field theory (RMFT) including σ* and φ mesons, in comparison with the results calculated with the strong YY interaction and with no (σ* ,φ ) mesons included. In neutron star matter, the weak YY interaction supplies the additional repulsive interaction between hyperons while the strong YY interaction supplies the attractive one. With the weak YY interaction, the effective masses of hyperons are larger than those with the strong YY interaction while smaller than those with no (σ* ,φ) mesons included. The threshold star masses for the DURCA processes involving nucleons and A are not sensitive to the strength of the YY interaction. The weak YY interaction leads to larger threshold masses for the DURCA process involving [1]1 and [1]0 than the other two cases. The process involving [1]0 can take place in the neutron star only when the weak YY interaction is used. The weak YY interaction is able to bring in the agreement with the observation of the neutron star with larger mass and faster cooling than the strong YY interaction.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10775002 and 10975005
文摘We give a brief introduction to the AdS/CFT correspondence and its application to QCD physics,especiallyits application in the study of quark-gluon-plasma (QGP)formed in the relativistic heavy ion collision (RHIC).Thisreview is based on the talks given in several schools and programs for the phenomenologists working on nuclear physicsand particle physics.