影响果酒酵母甘油产量主要因素的研究

发酵果酒时,酵母生成甘油的量受多种因素的影响。试验选取6种果酒酵母,研究了酵母菌株(Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6)、发酵温度(15℃和20℃)及添加铵态氮源(100 mg/L(NH4)2HPO4与不同剂量的SO2(100mg/L和150 mg/L)对苹果酒中甘油产量的影响。同时研究了这6种酵母发酵不同果汁(苹果汁和梨汁)的甘油产量的不同。试验结果表明:(1)不同酵母发酵苹果酒的甘油含量具有极显著差异(P>0.01),6种酵母于15℃下发酵苹果酒的甘油含量为(4.42±0.02)-(6.18±0.07)g/L;(2)6种酵母于20℃发酵的苹果酒的甘油含量均高于15℃,但Y2甘油产量差异不显著(P2>0.05);(3)添加100 mg/L的(NH4)2HPO4,Y1、Y2、Y3和Y4发酵苹果酒的甘油含量较对照显著增加(P<0.05),Y5与对照相比显著降低(P5<0.05),Y6与对照相比降低不显著(P6=0.312>0.05);(4)与100 mg/L的SO2添加量相比,添加150 mg/L的SO2,Y2和Y4发酵的苹果酒的甘油含量显著增加(P<0.05),Y1、Y3和Y6增加不显著(P>0.05),而Y5显著降低(P5<0.05);(5)梨汁不添加氮源,添加100 mg/L的SO2后接种6种酵母于15℃下发酵梨酒的甘油含量均显著高于同条件下发酵的苹果酒甘油含量(P<0.01),其中以Y2发酵的苹果酒甘油含量最高,Y4最低,而以Y6发酵的梨酒甘油含量最高,Y4最低。

Correlation Analysis of SPAD Value with Chlorophyll Content and Economic Yield Traits of Brassica napus L.

[Objective] The aim was to compare differences of SPAD value, chloro- phyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits to analyze correlation of SPAD value with other indices and establish regression functions. [Method] Based on 34 Brassica napus L. varieties, SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits were measured and re- gression functions were established according to correlations. [Result] SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic and economic characters and yield traits all achieved significant level in differences among 34 varieties. Specifically, SPAD value was of extremely significant correlation with chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, and the correlation from high to low was chl-b〉chl-z〉chl-a〉chl-x. SPAD value was of significantly positive correlation with total pod number per plant, plant height, seed number per pod, yield per plant and harvest yield, and of insignificant correlation with branch point height, effective branch number, pod density of main stem, and pod length. [Conclusion] It is simple and rapid to predict chlorophyll con- tent, economic characters and yields of Brassica napus L. with SPAD value and re- gression functions.

Effects of Main Cultivation Factors on Rapeseed Oil Yield

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the influence of six cultivation fac- tors： sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer amount, phosphate fertilizer amount, potash fertilizer amount and boron fertilizer amount on seed oil yield of Brassica napus. [Method] Statistical analysis was carried out based on the data from previous studies and our work. [Result] Oil yield shared a negative correlation with sowing date, a parabolic relationship with plant density mostly, parabolic rela- tionships with amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer and amount of applied boron fer- tilizer, straight-line relationships with amount of applied phosphate fertilizer and amount of applied potash fertilizer. The average amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer required to obtain the highest oil yield was 185.18 kg/hm2 for high-oil rape varieties （with oil content above 44.00%）, and under this condition, the average oil yield of low-oil rape varieties （with oil content below 42.00%） was 1 247.84 kg/hm2, while that of high-oil rape varieties was 1 442.60 kg/hm2, which was 15.61% more than the former. The average amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer required to obtain the highest oil yield for lower-oil rape varieties was 286.28 kg/hm2, and under this con- dition, the average oil yield of the low-oil rape varieties was 1 350.57 kg/hm2, while that of the high-oil varieties was 6.81% higher than it. There was a significant neg- ative correlation between rapeseed oil yield and the amount of applied nitrogen fer- tilizer to obtain the highest oil yield （0.980 0）. The optimum amount of applied ni- trogen, phosphate, potash and boron fertilizer were 187.5-195, 187.5-195, 105-120, 135-150 and 15-22.5 kg/hm2 for high-oil B. napus varieties. [Conclusion] This study determined the influence of sowing date, plant density and amount of applied nitro- gen fertilizer on oil yield of B. napus, and proposed an optimum cultivation pattern for high-oil varieties.

Study on Direct Seeding Density of Brassica napus

The statistical analysis of 97 literatures shows that there is a quadratic parabolic relationship between direct seeding density and yield of rape： Y = 2 213,058 9 ＋ 14,556 9 X- 0.145 5 X2. The optimum density is 3.413 × 10^5 - 5,001 × 10 ^5 plants/hm2. Compared with conventional rape, hybrid rape has higher yield （by 3.71%） and lower density （by 4,97%）, To obtain a high yield, conventional rape （or lines） needs to be planted more densely compared with hybrid rape,

Contribution of Promiscuous Soybean （Glycine max L.） to Upland Rice-based Cropping Systems in West Africa

A two-year on-farm study was carried out at Eglime in the moist savanna （MS） and Ouake in the dry savanna （DS） of Benin to evaluate the contribution of inoculation of dual-purpose soybean varieties to grain yield of upland NERICA rice fertilized with low N level. In 2005, four dual-purpose, promiscuous soybean varieties （cv. TGx1440-IE; TG×1448-2E; TG×1019-2EB; and TG×1844-18E）, and a popular improved variety （cv. Jupiter） were sown in 12 farmer fields with and without Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation. There was also land which was left fallow that acted as the control. In 2006, upland interspecific rice （NERICA 1） was sown in all the plots and supplied with 15 kg N haL. Dry matter yield, N accumulation, and net N-balance were significantly enhanced by over 40% with inoculation of cv. TG× 1844-18E than non-inoculation in the DS in comparison to other cultivars. There were no significant effects of inoculation of previous soybean cultivars on soybean grain yield and on the succeeding NERICA rice yield. Averaged over inoculation, previous cv. TG× 1019-2EB plots supplied with only 15 kg N hal gave the highest grain yield, more than twice the yield of control plots in the DS, possibly because of significant production of higher tillers, panicles and harvest index than the other cultivars; and it could be recommended for upland rice-based system for NERICA production.

Syngas Production from Crude Glycerol Using Pyrolysis

Glycerol pyrolysis is carried out in a fixed bed reactor filled with alumina oxide. The packing material diameter was examined according to each one, but in general it was varied between 0.1-5.0 mm. The reaction temperature was varied in the range of 700-900 ℃, the reaction time from 10 to 50 min and flow rate of carrier gas from 0 to 60 mL/min. The process parameters listed above （factors） were used to evaluate the syngas production yield （response）. Also, syngas properties such as composition and heat value were evaluated. The experiments were carried out according to a 23 factorial design plus three central points. At last, a technical-economical analysis is carried out to examine the feasibility of syngas production from glycerol pyrolysis considering not only feedstock, catalyst and energy required costs but also conventional procedures used nowadays to produce syngas such as water electrolysis and natural gas catalytic reform.

Inheritance of Boron Efficiency in Oilseed Rape

Field experiments were conducted to study the inheritance of boron efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by evaluating the boron (B) efficiency coefficient (BEC, the ratio of the seed yield at below the critical boron level to that at the boron-sufficient level) with 657 F2:3 lines of a population derived from a cross between a B-efficient cultivar, Qingyou 10, and a B-inefficient cultivar, Bakow. Qingyou 10 had high BEC as well as high seed yield at low available soil B. On the contrary, Bakow produced low seed yield at low B status. Boron deficiency decreased the seed yield of the F2:3 lines to different extents and the distribution of BEC of the population showed a bimodal pattern. When the 657 F2:3 lines were grouped into B-efficient lines and B-inefficient lines according to their BEC, the ratio of B-efficient lines to B-inefficient lines fitted the expected ratio (3:1), indicating that one major gene controlled the B-efficiency trait. 127 F2:3 lines selected from the population at random, with distribution of BEC similar to that of the overall population, were used to identify the target region for fine mapping of the boron efficiency gene.

Optimization of Methane Production Based on Mixture Content of Sewage Sludge, Food Waste, and Glycerol

This paper presents bench scale experiments related to anaerobic co-digestion of aerobic sewage sludge from a pilot WWTP （waste water treatment plants）, raw glycerol from a biodiesel industry and food waste. Assays were conducted in 100 mL non-stirring penicillin vessels, at 30 ℃ and planned according to three optimization phases： （1） binary mixture of sewage sludge and FW （food waste）; （2） binary mixture of sewage sludge and glycerol; and （3） ternary mixture of sewage sludge, FW, and glycerol. In the first and second phases, the highest SMP （specific methane production） was achieved by 10% （v/v） FW and 0.5% （v/v） glycerol mixtures. The optimization of the ternary mixture during the third phase was reached by the combination of 10% （v/v） FW and 0.4% （v/v） glycerol. Despite the low SMP value, the addition of glycerol and FW contributed to doubling the SMP value of the sludge sample control.