道德建设重在塑造社会生产力的德性

在现代化过程中,对经济利益的强烈愿望,往往引起对技术理性的偏爱,却漠视了道德理性。从静态看,似乎道德与生产力是分属于不同领域的。但在动态的社会中,道德缺失增大了市场交易成本,造成社会运行中的过高消费,使整体社会生产力只能处于一种低水平状态。有德性人格的社会生产力才会促进社会高效率的发展。

唯物史观生产力动力论双重维度的辩证思考——以生态文明为视角

过去人们对马克思唯物史观生产力维度的解读,更多强调的是人类社会历史发展的客观必然性、唯物辩证性、实践发展性,而忽视了其生态可持续性;强调推动人类社会历史发展的根本动因是物质利益性生产力的客观必然性发展,而忽视了生产力发展的生态自然基础。这就很容易导致对唯物史观生产力动力论的一维财富解读,并具体化为现实经济社会发展的"经济决定论""物质财富论",导致人们实践中更加疯狂地一维单向度地掠夺、浪费自然资源,从而引起一系列尖锐的生态环境问题以及以自然为中介的人的问题、社会问题。因此,在现时代我国生态文明建设全面科学推进的历史大变革时期,我们必须对唯物史观生产力动力论进行适时的生态性再解读,并在实践中大力推进生态利益性生产力的高度发展。

“道德性生产力”理念释义

道德生产力究竟是指"道德是生产力"还是指"道德的生产力",这是两个不同性质却又相互关联的问题。从伦理经济学的视角审视,将道德生产力解释为"道德性生产力"更合乎这一命题的本意,也即从伦理道德的视角对生产力进行价值分析和行为导向。道德性生产力不但是为生产主义、物质主义和经济主义提供一个系统的知识框架和有力的理论根据,而且是一种面向问题与行动的实践理性和精神实践。道德性生产力理念喻示着不能将生产力看成是完全中性的客体,它蕴含着道德属性,是富有时代性意蕴的行为价值哲学。

刑法自然科学主义:内涵、根据与意义

作为一种尚未引起足够重视的刑法方法论,刑法自然科学主义意味着在从刑法立法到刑罚执行的刑法过程中应遵循自然科学精神,运用自然科学原理并采用自然科学技术。刑法自然科学主义以自然科学的生产力性和主宰性为形成根据,且此两个根据可以相互说明。在理论上,刑法自然科学主义革新刑法学的方法论和本体论,从而促进刑法学的进一步发展;在实践上,刑法自然科学主义有助于更加有效地应对犯罪,促进社会稳定、发展与和谐。刑法自然科学主义值得提倡。

The Influence of Plant Diversity and Functional Composition on Ecosystem Stability of Four Stipa Communities in the Inner Mongolia Plateau

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of plant species diversity and functional composition (the identity of the plant functional groups) on ecosystem stability of Stipa, communities in the Inner Mongolia Plateau. The research work was based on a 12-year study (from 1984 to 1995) of species abundance, diversity, and primary productivity of four Stipa communities, i.e. S. baicalensis Roshev., S. grandis P. Smirn., S, krylovii Roshev., and S. klemenzii Roshev. respectively. The Shnnon-Wiener index was used as a measurement of plant diversity, while functional composition was used to differentiate the functional groups that were included in the communities. The plant species of four Stipa communities were classified into functional groups based on the differences in life forms and ecological groups, which influence their performance in resource requirements, seasonality of growth, tolerance to water stress, and life history. Plant species were classified into five functional groups based on their differences in life form, shrubs and half shrubs, perennial bunch grasses, perennial rhizome grasses, forbs, annuals and biennials. Based on their differences in water requirement these species were classified into four functional groups: xerads, intermediate xerads, intermediate mesophytes, and mesophytes. The results showed: 1) Plant species diversity stabilized ecosystem processes. Shannon-Wiener index were 2.401 4, 2.172 0, 1.624 8, 0.354 3 from S. baicalensis community to S. grandis, S. krylovii and S. klemenzii community, respectively. The dynamics of the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) for a 12-year's period showed a reverse pattern, the coefficients of variation of the four communities were 21.94%, 20.63%, 29.21% and 39.72% respectively. 2) The Life form functional group component of diversity was a greater determinant of the ecosystem processes than the species component of diversity. The effects of perennial bunch grasses, perennial rhizome grasses and forbs on community stability were highly significant. 3) The ecological group component of diversity was also a great determinant of the ecosystem processes. The effects of xerads, intermediate xerads, and mesophytes on community stability were also very strong.

Status of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City

According to a survey for the urban vegetation of Guangzhou, urban vegetation has a significantly difference from natural vegetation because of intense human impacts. The research was conducted in a synthetic survey for soil, species di-versity, roadside trees and ecological function of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City. The results showed that: (1) soil densi-ties of urban roadside and park forests were higher than mean density of natural forest soil. The pH values of soil in urban roadside were higher too, and the content of organic matter and the concentration of nitrogen were lower. (2) Species diversity of urban vegetation was lower. The most number of species was only 16 species in tree layers of urban forest. (3) Tree growth was limited by narrow space in high-density urban area, where the trees with defects and disorders were common. (4) Com-paring with mature natural forests, the productivity of urban vegetation was lower. The effect of urban vegetation on balance of carbon and oxygen were influenced by the low primary production of urban vegetation. Therefore, the growth condition for urban vegetation should be improved. Biodiversity, primary production and ecological function should be increased for urban vegetation in order to improve urban eco-environment.

Seasonal Dynamics of Terrestrial Net Primary Production in Response to Climate Changes in China

Study on seasonal responses of terrestrial net primary production (NPP) to climate changes is to help understand feedback between climate systems and terrestrial ecosystems and mechanisms of increased NPP in the northern middle and high latitudes. In this study, time series dataset of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and corresponding ground-based information on vegetation, climate, soil, and solar radiation, together with an ecological process model, were used to explore the seasonal trends of terrestrial NPP and their geographical differences in China from 1982 to 1999. As the results,. seasonal total NPP in China showed a significant increase for all four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) during the past 18 years. The spring NPP indicated the largest increase rate, while the summer NPP was with the largest increase in magnitude. The response of NPP to climate changes varied with different vegetation types. The increased NPP was primarily led by an advanced growing season for broadleaf evergreen forest, needle-leaf evergreen forest, and needle-leaf deciduous forest, whilst that was mainly due to enhanced vegetation activity (amplitude of growth cycle) during growing season for broadleaf deciduous forest, broadleaf and needle-leaf mixed forest, broadleaf trees with groundcover, perennial grasslands, broadleaf shrubs with grasslands, tundra, desert, and cultivation. The regions with the largest increase in spring NPP appeared mainly in eastern China, while the areas with the largest increase in summer NPP occurred in most parts of Northwestern China, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Mts. Xiaoxinganling-Changbaishan, Sanjiang Plain, Songliao Plain, Sichuan Basin, Leizhou Peninsula, part of the middle and lower Yangtze River, and southeastern mountainous areas of China. In autumn, the largest NPP increase appeared in Yunnan Plateau-Eastern Xizang and the areas around Hulun Lake. Such different ways of the NPP responses depended on regional climate attributes and their changes.

Estimation of Net Primary Productivity of Terrestrial Vegetation in China by Remote Sensing

Among the many approaches for studying the net primary productivity (NPP), a new method by using remote sensing was introduced in this paper. With spectral information source (the visible band, near infrared band and thermal infrared band) of NOAA-AVHRR, we can get the relative index and parameters, which can be used for estimating NPP of terrestrial vegetation. By means of remote sensing, the estimation of biomass and NPP is mainly based on the models of light energy utilization. In other words, the biomass and NPP can be calculated from the relation among NPP, absorbed photosynthetical active radiation (APAR) and the rate (epsilon) of transformation of APAR to organic matter, thus: NPP = ( FPAR x PAR) x [epsilon * x sigma (T) x sigma (E) x sigma (S) x (1 - Y-m) x (1 - Y-g)]. Based upon remote sensing ( RS) and geographic information system (GIS), the NPP of terrestrial vegetation in China in every ten days was calculated, and the annual NPP was integrated. The result showed that the total NPP of terrestrial vegetation in China was 6.13 x 10(9) t C . a(-1) in 1990 and the maximum NPP was 1 812.9 g C/m(2). According to this result, the spatio-temporal distribution of NPP was analyzed. Comparing to the statistical models, the RS model, using area object other than point one, can better reflect the distribution of NPP, and match the geographic distribution of vegetation in China.

Responses of Vegetation and Primary Production in North-South Transect of Eastern China to Global Change Under Land Use Constraint

A regional model of vegetation dynamics was revised to include land use as a constraint to vegetation dynamics and primary production processes. The model was applied to a forest transect in eastern China (NSTEC, North-South transect of eastern China) to investigate the responses of the transect to possible future climatic change. The simulation result indicated that land use has profound effects on vegetation transition and primary production. In particular, land use reduced competition among vegetation classes and tended to result in less evergreen broadleaf forests but more shrubs and grasses in the transect area. The simulation runs with land use constraint also gave much more realistic estimation about net primary productivity as well as responses of the productivity to future climatic change along the transect. The simulations for future climate scenarios projected by general circulation models (GCM) with doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted that deciduous broadleaf forests would increase, but conifer forests, shrubs and grasses would decrease. The overall effects of doubling CO2 and climatic changes on NSTEC were to produce an increased net primary productivity (NPP) at equilibrium for all seven GCM scenarios. The predicted range of NPP variation in the north is much larger than that in the south.

Analysis of Grassland Productivity and Carrying Capacity of Natural Warm-temperature Tussock in the Central Region of Guizhou Province

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the influences of grazing and fencing on grassland productivity and carrying capacity of subtropical natural warmtemperature tussock. [Method] With the natural warm temperature tussock in Longli County of Guizhou Province as study area, monthly, seasonal and annual dynamics of grassland productivity were investigate continuously during 2010 -2012, and the data were analyzed. [Result] Under grazing and fencing conditions, grassland present biomass and forage growth of warm temperature tussock in Longli County of Guizhou Province both increased first and decreased, reaching the maximum from August to October. Fencing significantly improved the productivity of natural grassland but had little effect on the vegetation composition. [Conclusion] From the perspective of grass-livestock balance, the suitable stocking capacity of warm-temperature tussock in the central region of Guizhou Province was 3.45 -4.66 sheep/hm2 , which has high ecological efficiency and can be borne by farmers and herdsmen.

Manifestations in Yield and Agronomic Traits of Sorghum 'Jia141' in Jiamusi Area

The suitable plant density was favorable for sorghum yield increase. In order to clarify the suitable plant density of dwarf-stem, early-maturing sorghum variety ＇Jiza141 ＇, in the open field condition,150 000, 200 000, 250 000, 300 000 and 350 000 plants/hm^2 tests were set to study the effect of different densities on yield and yield traits. The results showed that with the increase of planting density, LAI increased, chlorophyll content decreased, plant length had no significant difference, era length and era diameter tended to decrease, while biomass increased with the increase of density. The 1000-grain weight and single panicle weight had the maximum effects on yield, and both of them showed a significantly positive correlation with the yield. In Jiamusi growing areas, the optimal plant density of sorghum ＇Jiza141＇ was 200 000 plants/hm^2, and the yield could reach 9 183.00 kg/hm^2. The study provides a theo- retical basis and technical support for the ＇Jiza141＇ variety in the Jiamusi ecological region.

Modeling on a Modified Feeding Mode of Simulated Moving Bed for Improving Productivity

A new feeding mode for a simulated moving bed(SMB) is proposed.The outlet stream from zone II is collected at regular intervals.The concentration of the solution is increased by dissolving raw materials and then fed to zone III as the feed stream during the next collection interval.In this feeding mode,the concentration of the stream fed to zone III is identical to that of original feed,while in a conventional SMB,the feed is diluted by mix-ing with the outlet stream of zone II before feeding to zone III.The new feeding mode increases the inlet concentra-tion of zone III.A modeling investigation shows that higher inlet concentration of zone III increases the height of concentration band in SMB,improving the separation performance significantly.In comparison with the traditonal feeding mode,the new feeding mode increases the productivity by 23.52%and decreases the solvent consumption by 22.56%,so as to increase the raffinate and extract concentrations by 53.17%and 20.38%,respectively.The col-lection interval for the outlet stream from zone II has no effect on the separation performance after reaching the steady state,so that the collection interval can be increased to make the operation more convenient.

Effects of soil and water conservation and its interactions with soil properties on soil productivity

The effects of soil and water conservation （SWC） on soil properties are well documented. However, definitive and quantitative information of SWC and its interactions with soil properties on soil productivity is lacking for hilly red soil region of southern China. Experiments were conducted in the hilly red soil region of southern China for seven years in three rtmoffplots, each of which represented different SWC forest-grass measures. Principal component analysis and multiple regression techniques were used to relate the aboveground biomass （representing soil productivity） to soil properties. Based on the final regression equations, soil organic carbon content （Sot） is significantly correlated with soil productivity under the condition of forest-grass measures, whereas pH value and cation exchange capacity （Cee） are the main factors for soil productivity without SWC. Therefore, SWC plays an important role in sequestering Soc and improving soil productivity.

PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM TWO CHINESE ANTHRACITES IN THE PRESENCE OF OXIDATIVE ADDITIVES

This paper broke with the conventional ways of oxidizing and catalyzing. It researched a new way to prepare activated carbon from anthracites which employed oxidative additives. It investigated the effects of the additive on adsorption and activation rate of the resultant activated carbon. The results showed that the new additives not only improved the adsorptivity but also increased the activation rate greatly, which is able to decrease the preparation cost.

Vegetation and Community Changes of Elm (Ulmus pumila) Woodlands in Northeastern China in 1983-2011

Elm （Ulmus pumila）, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, contributes to a special savanna-like woodland in typical grassland region in the northeastern China. This woodland performs a variety of ecological functions and environmental signifi- cance, such as decreasing soil erosion, stabilizing sand dunes, preserving species diversity. However, in the last approximate 30 years, the species composition, productivity and distribution area of elm woodland has decreased severely. A series of studies have been carried out to find out whether the climate changes or human disturbances caused the degradation of elm woodland and how these factors af- fected elm woodland. In this study, undisturbed, plowing and grazing elm woodland were investigated in 1983 and 2011 by using Point-Centered Quarter method. The relationship between vegetation changes and environmental factors was analyzed by Bray-Curtis ordination. The results show that in 2011, species diversity and understory productivity of undisturbed elm woodland decrease slightly compared to those of undisturbed elm woodland in 1983. However, nearly 60% of the species is lost in the plowing and grazing elm woodland relative to the species undisturbed elm woodland in 1983. Interestingly, plowing stimulates the growth of elm and certain understory species through furrowing soil and accelerating soil nutrient turnover rate. Grazing disturbance not only leads to species loss and productivity decrease, but also induces changes in elm growth （small, short and twisted）. The mean age of the elm was 29 -4- 2 yr in undisturbed and plowing elm woodland, while only 15 yr in the grazing elm woodland. The results of Bray-Curtis ordination analysis show that all sample stands clustered to three groups： Group I including the undisturbed sample stands of 83UE （undisturbed elm wood- land in 1983） and l lUE （undisturbed elm woodland in 2011）; Group II including sample stands of PE （elm woodland disturbed by plowing）; Group III including samples stands of GE （elm woodland disturbed by grazing）. The results indicate that the long time distur- bance of the plowing and grazing have converted elm woodland to different community types. Climate change is not the primary reason causing the degradation of elm woodland, but plowing and grazing disturbance. Both plowing and grazing decrease the vegetation composition and species diversity. Grazing further decreases vegetation productivity and inhibits the growth of elm tree. Therefore, we suggest that reasonable plowing and exclusive grazing would be favorable for future regeneration of degraded elm woodland.

Energy Potential of Canton of Tuzla （Bosnia and Herzegovina） and Possibilities of Its Rational Economic-Industrial Exploitation

Canton of Tuzla takes cca 2,650 km2 area of north-east Bosnia and Herzegovina. Economic structure of this geographic region, traditionally, dominates the energetic. In the last few years, this part Bosnia and Herzegovina produces near 4 million tons of coal, which is over 40% of coal producing in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Over 80% produced coal is burning away in local thermal power plants, where is producing cea 3,000 GWh electro energy. Today, Canton of Tuzla is starting the restructuration process of energetic sector towards improving its efficiency. Therefore, we expect the similar problems, as in other transition regions （e.g., closing some coal pits, ecology, reduction of labour, etc.）. Also, we should take all well known fact that investing in energy capacities last over five years, and in this propriety time, here will not be any adequate thermal power plants as a relevant substitute. According to European Energy Charter, south-east Europe is forced to give up from technological outdated and economic inefficiency productive capacities, so the situation is becoming more complicated. For its welfare, it is essential to speed up all investment and reconstruction by using all available resources, as domestic, as foreign. Hence, this paper presents technical-technological and economic analysis of the energy problems in Canton of Tuzla, and of course, it＇s possible solving in near future.

Medium Optimization for Improved Ethanol Production in Very High Gravity Fermentation

An optimal medium （300 g·L^-1 initial glucose） comprising 6.3 mmol·L^-1 Mg2＋, 5.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca2＋, 15.0 g·L^-1 peptone and 21.5 g·L^-1 yeast extract was determined by uniform design to improve very high gravity （VHG） ethanol fermentation, showing over 30% increase in final ethanol （from 13.1% to 17.1%, by volume）, 29% decrease in fermentation time （from 84 to 60 h）, 80% increase in biomass formation and 26% increase in glucose utilization. Experiments also revealed physiological aspects linked to the fermentation enhancements. Compared to the control, trehalose in the cells grown in optimal fermentation medium increased 17.9-, 2.8-, 1.9-, 1.8- and 1.9-fold at the fermentation time of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h, respectively. Its sharp rise at the early stage of fermentation when there was a considerable osmotic stress suggested that trehalose played an important role in promoting fermentation. Meanwhile, at the identical five fermentation time, the plasma membrane ATPase activity of the cells grown in optimal medium was 2.3, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.3 times that of the control, respectively. Their disparities in enzymatic activity became wider when the glucose levels were dramatically changed for ethanol production, suggesting this enzyme also contributed to the fermentation improvements. Thus, medium optimization for VHG ethanol fermentation was found to trigger the increased yeast trehalose accumulation and plasma membrane ATPase activity.

The Impacts of Permafrost Change on NPP and Implications:A Case of the Source Regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

This paper studies the relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and annual average air temperature (GT) at 0cm above ground in permafrost regions by using revised Chikugo NPP model,cubic spline interpolating functions,and non-linear regression methods.The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers were selected as the research areas.Results illustrate that:(1) There is significant non-linear relationship between NPP and GT in various typical years;(2) The maximum value of NPP is 6.17,5.87,7.73,and 5.41 DM·t·hm-2 ·a-1 respectively,and the corresponding GT is 7.1,10.0,21.2,and 8.9 o C respectively in 1980,1990,2000 and 2007;(3) In 1980,the sensitivity of NPP to GT is higher than in 1990,2000 and 2007.This tendency shows that the NPP presents change from fluctuation to an adaptation process over time;(4) During 1980～2007,the accumulated NPP was reduced to 8.05,and the corresponding carrying capacity of theoretical livestock reduced by 11%;(5) The shape of the demonstration region of ecological compensation system,livelihood support system,and science appraisal system in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are an important research for increasing the adaptation capacity and balancing protection and development.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 HTP Pipeline Steel Produced by Steckel Mill

The demand for energy becomes a bottleneck in development of China. Economically delivering natural gas and oil through pipeline is an urgent problem to be solved. In the present work, X80 pipeline steel with high toughness and thickness 21.0 mm was produced through HTP （ High Temperature Processing） by Steckel mill rolling. And the microstructure and mechanical properties of the X80 pipeline steel, which produced by different processing parameters such as reheating temperature of slabs, resume temperature, finishing temperature, accelerated cooling exit temperature and cooling rate, were analyzed. The results show that finishing temperature of 800 - 820℃ and cooling rate above 20℃/s are necessary to obtain fine and uniform acicular ferrite with high solute niobium in XS0 pipeline steel.

Research on Performance Measurement System of Knowledge Strategy for Firms

Knowledge has become the most important strategic resource of firms, and the competition among firms is more based on knowledge than before. To deal with this challenge, some firms are trying to develop knowledge strategies to direct their knowledge management activities, but current strategic performance measurement systems can＇t evaluate the performance of knowledge strategies appropriately. This article develops a performance measurement system for knowledge strategies based on Balanced Scorecard, and simulates the system with an improved Data Envelopment Analysis （DEA） model.