Kwalkwalawa is an area noted for extensive rice production and fishing activities, while Talata Mafara is a site used mainly for rice production. Soils of the two areas were taken and evaluated for potentialities of r...Kwalkwalawa is an area noted for extensive rice production and fishing activities, while Talata Mafara is a site used mainly for rice production. Soils of the two areas were taken and evaluated for potentialities of rice-cum-fish culture. Three replicate soil samples were collected in October 2004 and 2005 from three sampling sites within the study area at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth. Analysis of the samples indicated that at Kwalkwalawa the soil pH was 7.35 and 7.28 for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth, respectively, and 6.75 and 6.67 for Talata Mafara, respectively, during 2004. During 2005, the pH at Kwalkwalawa was 6.75 and 7.18, while at Talata Mafara ranged between 5.63 and 5.14. Organic carbon content at Kwalkwalawa estimated during 2004 was 1.12 g/kg and 0.81 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, whereas at Talata Mafara amounted 0.93 g/kg and 0.11 g/kg. During 2005, noted values of organic carbon at Kwalkwalawa lowered to 0.45-0.28 g/kg and at Talata Mafara lowered to 0.38-0.06 g/kg. Total nitrogen （N） at Kwalkwalawa during 2004 was 0.04 g/kg and 0.03 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, at Talata Mafara it was both 0.04 g/kg for both depths. During 2005, at Kwalkwalawa, total N was 0.04 g/kg and 0.03 g/kg, and at Talata Mafara it was 0.05 g/kg for both depths. Available phosphorus （P） at Kwalkwalawa during 2004 was 1.93 mg/kg and 2.03 mg/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, at Talata Mafara it was 1.59 mg/kg and 1.63 mg/kg. During 2005, available P was 5.82 mg/kg and 6.13 mg/kg for Kwalkwalawa and 1.67 mg/kg and 1.91 mg/kg for Talata Mafara, at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, respectively. Analysis of clay content indicated that at Kwalkwalawa the clay content was 11 g/kg for both depths during 2004 and 16.5 g/kg during 2005, and the soil texture was classified as sandy loam during both seasons. At Talata Mafara during 2004, the clay content was 73 g/kg and 93 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. During 2005, it was 84 g/kg and 103 g/Kg. The soil was classified as loamy sand after fitting it into textural triangle. Results indicated the clay content at Kwalkwalawa over two seasons was stable, but at Talata Mafara it differed, even though the soil texture was the same for both seasons and sampling depths. The results showed that with some textural improvements, rice-cum-fish culture project can be undertaken in the study areas.展开更多
Non-timber forest products（NTFPs） can play a key role in sustainable rural development due to their ability to support rural livelihoods while of their role and potential in conservation and development remains weak...Non-timber forest products（NTFPs） can play a key role in sustainable rural development due to their ability to support rural livelihoods while of their role and potential in conservation and development remains weak. Studies have pointed to important knowlidge gaps that may lead to serious exploitation and unsustainable use of the nanral resource ＂NTFP＂ in China. such as（I） lack of basic lknowledge on germplasm and non-existing or incomplete inventory.（2）no in-depth and long-term monitoring and institutional arrangements to ascertain sustainable extraction levels,（3）insufficient market transparency for communities.（4）incomplete knowledge of NTFP domestication and ist effects on product quality and price and the conservation of wild sources, and （5）no existing research on the full length of the commodity chain for major non-timber forest prochucts and the various actors in the chain. remote mountain regions through the sustainable management of NTFPs. The potential and challenges of oraanic,ecological and Fairtrade certification schemes in the context of smallholder farmers are discussed in more detall.展开更多
One hundred and five raw cow milk samples were collected from cattle farms located in Fieri from 2007 to 2009 and have been analyzed for presence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Nineteen samples were conf...One hundred and five raw cow milk samples were collected from cattle farms located in Fieri from 2007 to 2009 and have been analyzed for presence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Nineteen samples were confirmed positive for the presence of this pathogen. Stapylococcus aureus isolates identified appeared typically and atypically characteristics of growth colonies in Baird Parker agar plates at 37°C for 24-48 h. 6 out of 19 strains showed typical characteristics and 13 out 19 （68%） isolates had atypical characteristics. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus was found in 18% （1911 05） of fresh milk samples. Milk produced by cows with subclinical mastitis largely influences Staphylococcus aureus count of bulk tank milk than contamination of milking and milk handling equipment by this pathogen. All S. aureus isolates were coagulase positive. 5 （or about 25%） of isolates of S. aureus identified were resistant to penicillin, 7 out 19 isolates or 36% resistant to methicilin and 9 out 19 strains or 47% resistant to vancomycin. Another objective of this study was the evaluation of the number of S. aureus per mL raw milk. The results confirmed that II （57.8%） out of 19 positive cases had more than 100 cfu/mL, indicating a possible risk for intoxication caused by production of entertoxines of coagulase positive S. aureus.展开更多
The researches have been carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental fields of Yuryev Plant Production Institute Kharkiv, Ukraine. The forms of ＂00＂ type （a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates） and sel...The researches have been carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental fields of Yuryev Plant Production Institute Kharkiv, Ukraine. The forms of ＂00＂ type （a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates） and self-pollinated lines--110M-10, 127M-10, 132M-10 were studied; the forms of＂0＋＂ type--selfed lines 124-10, 221-10, 305-10; the forms of＂＋0＂ type--cultivars Victor, Janus, Emerald; forms of ＂＋＋＂ type--cultivars Fyedorovskiy, Marens, Uspikh, as well as, self-incompatible forms 5C, 15C-10, 32C-10 and the original sterile form of mutant origin were used. Viability in stigmas of the pistil lasted 3-7 days, in the forms of ＂＋0＂, ＂＋＋＂ type, 7-15 days in the cultivars and forms of ＂0＋＂, ＂00＂ type, 14-21 days in the self-incompatible and sterile forms. A fast loss of sensitivity to pollen by pistil＇s stigma was observed in the forms of＂＋0＂ and ＂＋＋＂ types. On the contrary, in self-incompatible and sterile forms was observed a gradual increase of sensitivity of pistil＇s stigma to pollination and then its gradual fall. A maximum of sensitivity of a pistil＇s stigma to pollen in ＂00＂ and ＂0＋＂ forms was on the 3rd-6th day after castration.展开更多
In reliability theory and survival analysis, the problem of point estimation based on the censored sample has been discussed in many literatures. However, most of them are focused on MLE, BLUE etc; little work has bee...In reliability theory and survival analysis, the problem of point estimation based on the censored sample has been discussed in many literatures. However, most of them are focused on MLE, BLUE etc; little work has been done on the moment-method estimation in censoring case. To make the method of moment estimation systematic and unifiable, in this paper, the moment-method estimators(abbr. MEs) and modified momentmethod estimators(abbr. MMEs) of the parameters based on type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ censored samples are put forward involving mean residual lifetime. The strong consistency and other properties are proved. To be worth mentioning, in the exponential distribution,the proposed moment-method estimators are exactly MLEs. By a simulation study, in the view point of bias and mean square of error, we show that the MEs and MMEs are better than MLEs and the “pseudo complete sample” technique introduced in Whitten et al.(1988). And the superiority of the MEs is especially conspicuous, when the sample is heavily censored.展开更多
Biodiversity is one of the important aspects of Agricultural Heritage Systems and some consumers might be wiling to pay a higher price for agricultural commodities that are produced in a way that conserves biodiversit...Biodiversity is one of the important aspects of Agricultural Heritage Systems and some consumers might be wiling to pay a higher price for agricultural commodities that are produced in a way that conserves biodiversity. If so, whether can market-oriented policies to promote adding the value of biodiversity to agricultural products be used to conserve biodiversity？ Our study focuses on consumer reactions to “life brand” product, which is labeled as “Stork-raising rice” in Toyooka City in Japan, produced environmentally-friendly agricultural practices for the revival of extinct stork. Using data of choice experiment and Latent Segment model, we analyzed whether these agricultural products can achieve higher market prices. The results showed that consumer, who had knowledge that stork populations had been revived because of changes in agricultural practice, are willing to buy expensive rice that improve biodiversity conservation for stork. However, consumers who bought this rice because of a preference for reduced-pesticide or organic food, without knowledge of revived stork history, were not willing to do so. The majority of agricultural product consumers in Japan are this type of consumer. Thus, the promotion of biodiversity conservation by only “life brand” agricultural products is not enough. Therefore, government support and public activities are indispensable for biodiversity conservation.展开更多
A comprehensive investigation into the occur- rence of Dechlorane Plus （DP） in environmental samples around a DP manufacturing plant in East China was per- formed. The total syn-DP and anti-DP concentrations found i...A comprehensive investigation into the occur- rence of Dechlorane Plus （DP） in environmental samples around a DP manufacturing plant in East China was per- formed. The total syn-DP and anti-DP concentrations found in the soil, sediment, active air, and passive air samples were 0.50-2,315 pg/g dry weight （dw）, 0.32-20.5 ng/g dw, 5.52-3,332 pg/m^3, and 1.00-4,560 pg/m^3, respectively. There were consistent trends in the spatial distributions of DP in the soil and air samples, with the DP concentrations de- creasing dramatically as the distance from the plant in- creased. The mean anti-DP isomer fractional abundances （fanti） in the soil, sediment, active air, and passive air samples were 0.67, 0.68, 0.70, and 0.64, respectively. These fanti values were consistent with the fanti value for the technical DP produced in the DP manufacturing plant （0.68）, meaning that the DP had been released during the local DP production activities.展开更多
文摘Kwalkwalawa is an area noted for extensive rice production and fishing activities, while Talata Mafara is a site used mainly for rice production. Soils of the two areas were taken and evaluated for potentialities of rice-cum-fish culture. Three replicate soil samples were collected in October 2004 and 2005 from three sampling sites within the study area at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth. Analysis of the samples indicated that at Kwalkwalawa the soil pH was 7.35 and 7.28 for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth, respectively, and 6.75 and 6.67 for Talata Mafara, respectively, during 2004. During 2005, the pH at Kwalkwalawa was 6.75 and 7.18, while at Talata Mafara ranged between 5.63 and 5.14. Organic carbon content at Kwalkwalawa estimated during 2004 was 1.12 g/kg and 0.81 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, whereas at Talata Mafara amounted 0.93 g/kg and 0.11 g/kg. During 2005, noted values of organic carbon at Kwalkwalawa lowered to 0.45-0.28 g/kg and at Talata Mafara lowered to 0.38-0.06 g/kg. Total nitrogen （N） at Kwalkwalawa during 2004 was 0.04 g/kg and 0.03 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, at Talata Mafara it was both 0.04 g/kg for both depths. During 2005, at Kwalkwalawa, total N was 0.04 g/kg and 0.03 g/kg, and at Talata Mafara it was 0.05 g/kg for both depths. Available phosphorus （P） at Kwalkwalawa during 2004 was 1.93 mg/kg and 2.03 mg/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, at Talata Mafara it was 1.59 mg/kg and 1.63 mg/kg. During 2005, available P was 5.82 mg/kg and 6.13 mg/kg for Kwalkwalawa and 1.67 mg/kg and 1.91 mg/kg for Talata Mafara, at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, respectively. Analysis of clay content indicated that at Kwalkwalawa the clay content was 11 g/kg for both depths during 2004 and 16.5 g/kg during 2005, and the soil texture was classified as sandy loam during both seasons. At Talata Mafara during 2004, the clay content was 73 g/kg and 93 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. During 2005, it was 84 g/kg and 103 g/Kg. The soil was classified as loamy sand after fitting it into textural triangle. Results indicated the clay content at Kwalkwalawa over two seasons was stable, but at Talata Mafara it differed, even though the soil texture was the same for both seasons and sampling depths. The results showed that with some textural improvements, rice-cum-fish culture project can be undertaken in the study areas.
文摘Non-timber forest products（NTFPs） can play a key role in sustainable rural development due to their ability to support rural livelihoods while of their role and potential in conservation and development remains weak. Studies have pointed to important knowlidge gaps that may lead to serious exploitation and unsustainable use of the nanral resource ＂NTFP＂ in China. such as（I） lack of basic lknowledge on germplasm and non-existing or incomplete inventory.（2）no in-depth and long-term monitoring and institutional arrangements to ascertain sustainable extraction levels,（3）insufficient market transparency for communities.（4）incomplete knowledge of NTFP domestication and ist effects on product quality and price and the conservation of wild sources, and （5）no existing research on the full length of the commodity chain for major non-timber forest prochucts and the various actors in the chain. remote mountain regions through the sustainable management of NTFPs. The potential and challenges of oraanic,ecological and Fairtrade certification schemes in the context of smallholder farmers are discussed in more detall.
文摘One hundred and five raw cow milk samples were collected from cattle farms located in Fieri from 2007 to 2009 and have been analyzed for presence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Nineteen samples were confirmed positive for the presence of this pathogen. Stapylococcus aureus isolates identified appeared typically and atypically characteristics of growth colonies in Baird Parker agar plates at 37°C for 24-48 h. 6 out of 19 strains showed typical characteristics and 13 out 19 （68%） isolates had atypical characteristics. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus was found in 18% （1911 05） of fresh milk samples. Milk produced by cows with subclinical mastitis largely influences Staphylococcus aureus count of bulk tank milk than contamination of milking and milk handling equipment by this pathogen. All S. aureus isolates were coagulase positive. 5 （or about 25%） of isolates of S. aureus identified were resistant to penicillin, 7 out 19 isolates or 36% resistant to methicilin and 9 out 19 strains or 47% resistant to vancomycin. Another objective of this study was the evaluation of the number of S. aureus per mL raw milk. The results confirmed that II （57.8%） out of 19 positive cases had more than 100 cfu/mL, indicating a possible risk for intoxication caused by production of entertoxines of coagulase positive S. aureus.
文摘The researches have been carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental fields of Yuryev Plant Production Institute Kharkiv, Ukraine. The forms of ＂00＂ type （a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates） and self-pollinated lines--110M-10, 127M-10, 132M-10 were studied; the forms of＂0＋＂ type--selfed lines 124-10, 221-10, 305-10; the forms of＂＋0＂ type--cultivars Victor, Janus, Emerald; forms of ＂＋＋＂ type--cultivars Fyedorovskiy, Marens, Uspikh, as well as, self-incompatible forms 5C, 15C-10, 32C-10 and the original sterile form of mutant origin were used. Viability in stigmas of the pistil lasted 3-7 days, in the forms of ＂＋0＂, ＂＋＋＂ type, 7-15 days in the cultivars and forms of ＂0＋＂, ＂00＂ type, 14-21 days in the self-incompatible and sterile forms. A fast loss of sensitivity to pollen by pistil＇s stigma was observed in the forms of＂＋0＂ and ＂＋＋＂ types. On the contrary, in self-incompatible and sterile forms was observed a gradual increase of sensitivity of pistil＇s stigma to pollination and then its gradual fall. A maximum of sensitivity of a pistil＇s stigma to pollen in ＂00＂ and ＂0＋＂ forms was on the 3rd-6th day after castration.
基金This research is partially supported by National Science Foundation of China (No. 69971016).
文摘In reliability theory and survival analysis, the problem of point estimation based on the censored sample has been discussed in many literatures. However, most of them are focused on MLE, BLUE etc; little work has been done on the moment-method estimation in censoring case. To make the method of moment estimation systematic and unifiable, in this paper, the moment-method estimators(abbr. MEs) and modified momentmethod estimators(abbr. MMEs) of the parameters based on type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ censored samples are put forward involving mean residual lifetime. The strong consistency and other properties are proved. To be worth mentioning, in the exponential distribution,the proposed moment-method estimators are exactly MLEs. By a simulation study, in the view point of bias and mean square of error, we show that the MEs and MMEs are better than MLEs and the “pseudo complete sample” technique introduced in Whitten et al.(1988). And the superiority of the MEs is especially conspicuous, when the sample is heavily censored.
文摘Biodiversity is one of the important aspects of Agricultural Heritage Systems and some consumers might be wiling to pay a higher price for agricultural commodities that are produced in a way that conserves biodiversity. If so, whether can market-oriented policies to promote adding the value of biodiversity to agricultural products be used to conserve biodiversity？ Our study focuses on consumer reactions to “life brand” product, which is labeled as “Stork-raising rice” in Toyooka City in Japan, produced environmentally-friendly agricultural practices for the revival of extinct stork. Using data of choice experiment and Latent Segment model, we analyzed whether these agricultural products can achieve higher market prices. The results showed that consumer, who had knowledge that stork populations had been revived because of changes in agricultural practice, are willing to buy expensive rice that improve biodiversity conservation for stork. However, consumers who bought this rice because of a preference for reduced-pesticide or organic food, without knowledge of revived stork history, were not willing to do so. The majority of agricultural product consumers in Japan are this type of consumer. Thus, the promotion of biodiversity conservation by only “life brand” agricultural products is not enough. Therefore, government support and public activities are indispensable for biodiversity conservation.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB14010100)‘‘One-Three-Five’’Strategic Planning of Chinese Academy of Sciences(YSW2013B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21321004,21277165 and 21107122)
文摘A comprehensive investigation into the occur- rence of Dechlorane Plus （DP） in environmental samples around a DP manufacturing plant in East China was per- formed. The total syn-DP and anti-DP concentrations found in the soil, sediment, active air, and passive air samples were 0.50-2,315 pg/g dry weight （dw）, 0.32-20.5 ng/g dw, 5.52-3,332 pg/m^3, and 1.00-4,560 pg/m^3, respectively. There were consistent trends in the spatial distributions of DP in the soil and air samples, with the DP concentrations de- creasing dramatically as the distance from the plant in- creased. The mean anti-DP isomer fractional abundances （fanti） in the soil, sediment, active air, and passive air samples were 0.67, 0.68, 0.70, and 0.64, respectively. These fanti values were consistent with the fanti value for the technical DP produced in the DP manufacturing plant （0.68）, meaning that the DP had been released during the local DP production activities.
