The Production of Patents and Evolution of the Production of Knowledge around Snow Avalanches

Scientific research on snow avalanches is relatively modem, yet in constant and rapid evolution, as the multiple disciplines involved in its development will, in turn, become more specialized and more technical. Patents are part of research and knowledge production. The scientific community and policy makers are increasingly interested in production of knowledge collaboratively. Almost all of the research being conducted on snow avalanches uses technology, technique or instrumentation. One main objective of this study is to draw from the literature the many technologies, techniques and instrumentations that are being used in research related to avalanches. Thus, a textual analysis of the most significant literature in the field of snow avalanches was done. In this analysis, techniques, technologies and instrumentations have emerged. A patent search has been done in databases. Subsequently, patents were conceptualized. The proportion of applicants for patents is higher in industry than in universities. The measure of exploration of the ongoing sociocognitive transformations of science and technology systems presents a useful tool to conduct a study to explore these transformations. It would be interesting for the scientific community, but also for the industry, to elaborate concept mapping when applied to avalanche research, which would help in determining referents.

The Cultural Linguistic Code

For over thirty years I have been researching the origins of language by means of an original and innovative metod. If it consists of considering oral articulation, which produce phonetic sounds as informative gestures and expressions of a visible-expressive code, that precedes the use of phonetic codes. The meaning expressed through each of these articulate-oral gestures was identified through research-responses by two select sample groups of psychotic subjects, chosen because of their greater permeable accessibility to the collective unconscious. In this sense the application of phonetic sounds, that is ＂words＂, is no more than representative or substitutes of the use of pre-articulate oral-facial gestures, used by pre-sapiens to express their informative intentions. Using this method I have published three books, which analyzed precisely and systematically the inter-relationships between consonants in words of Info-european origin--that is the roots of these words--discovering that words sharing common root-consonants do indeed express part or all of their meaning in correspondence with the original meanings of their gestural archetype. The projection into objects of these pre-articulate gestural meanings denotes them by means of mediators＇ metaphors and analogies, this is appearing to be the fundamental reason for the variety of languages, since diverse peoples will use different psychic Freudian puns and methaphors, for the projection to similar object. I have examined over twenty languages, in relation to this generalized cultural code model, founded on biological reactivity to conditions in reality to advantage given its extensive informative use.

Experience, Culture, Science, and Reasoned Knowledge Produce the Philosophy of Natural Foresight, with Professor Paul Ricoeur＇s Generous Heritage

Presentation of ＂development of methods of foresight＂ while presenting texts of examples and concrete results： （1） Christianity （appropriately） will not now disappear overnight since it has been around for more than 2017 years! Its built-up ＂Ways＂ are precedents and subsequents to Western models of existence, chosen, among multiple alternatives, by predecessors whose influence, is shared, today and tomorrow! （2） Use of sustained faith and search for peace for continuous steady and slow evolution （in spite of difficulties） toward the inevitable future--initial belief in Christianity presenting the least worst of existing conditions for human freedom and movement. （3） Let the unwilling remain in the last wagon of the moving train from where they will （without a doubt） regret not moving onwards, but yet happily benefit from progress （such are ＂trust-busters,＂ leaving the initiatives to the ＂clearsighted＂ actors of progress）. Note that Time moves on nonetheless. （4） Use of the past （genealogy, track record, and estimation of dates of future evolutions） for its recorded evolutions in time as ＂launching parameters＂ （ex. curves...） and for projected advancements in open-ended time, using of historical proofs with world-wide testimony, witness and belie! This would help not only in ＂down-to-earth＂ reasoning but also in ＂above and beyond＂ anticipation, further down Time＇s road! Use date and timing references of the past--further historical example and proofs to be extended to the society＇s extension in the Western World and as a founding basis from which extension throughout the World could be justified （ex. starting with Europe, and without unique or limiting dogmatism）. （5） Use of cordiality and diplomacy to ease difficulties of understanding, in spite of hesitation to proceed--＂humiliations＂ of conditions （if necessary）--as the leading ＂team＂ has an agreed objective, and these ＂volonteer followers,＂ so they would be, are trapped strangled by their own leashes. （6） Opening one＇s generous arms （even if politically motivated） to fraternal and willing brethren, for endulging welcoming attitudes toward the others. This would prepare the road for others in their own progress （toward their progressive） destiny. （7） Open-up multi-culturalism as opposed to the quest for mono-cultural sovereignty! Europe would then evermore be consolidated! （8） Indeed nothing looks like an individual more than another individual! Especially, in need! And it is in needs that appears the essence of humankind!

Constraints in Using Manufactured Sands in Concrete Pavements in Australia

Due to the shortages of natural sands along the east coast of Australia in particular and the need to fully utilise fines produced in quarry operations, progress has been made in utilising blends of manufactured sands and natural sands in concrete pavements. This paper documents some of the constraints in utilising larger proportions of manufactured sands in concrete pavements. These constraints are mainly caused by the current level of knowledge regarding the impact of manufactured sands on skid and abrasion resistance of concrete pavements. This paper presents a brief review of literature on this subject in the USA, France and UK. It also briefly documents work recently carried out in Australia by CCAA （Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia）, referring to the skid and abrasion resistance of concrete pavements using manufactured sands. The paper concludes that there is no relationship between the free silica content and the skid resistance. With regard to the abrasion resistance, it is rather the curing conditions and the compressive strength that are more important in achieving good results.