土生假丝酵母条件优化产类可可脂的研究

通过正交实验 ,得出土生假丝酵母产类可可脂的最佳培养条件为 :接种量 3 0ml;温度2 6℃ ;pH值 5 5;C/N比 60 ;培养时间 4d ;氮源为蛋白胨 ;碳源为蔗糖 (麦芽糖 ) ;铁元素 :FeSO4 ·7H2 O+FeCl3·6H2 O ,0 0 0 1g/l;ZnSO4 ·7H2 ) ,0 0 0 0 1g/l;MnSO4 ·4H2 O ,0 0 0 0 8;MgSO4 ·7H2 O ,1g/l;油酸 0 1g/l。在该条件下 ,土生假丝酵母的CBE得率为 10 2 % ,油脂系数为 5 6,其二位不饱和脂肪酸为93 4 %。

土生假丝酵母类可可脂的分析及性质研究

土生假丝酵母在通过正交实验确定出的 2号、10号条件下培养 ,经菌体收集、油脂提取、脂肪酸分析 ,与正交实验结果一致 ,脂肪酸组成相对稳定 ,表现出很好的重现性。在此基础上 ,以天然可可脂为对照 ,对土生假丝酵母类可可脂进行了甘三酯组成的测定及差示扫描量热法 (DSC)分析 ,进一步证明了此条件下的土生假丝酵母类可可脂与天然可可脂在化学组成、结构及物理性质上都非常相似 ,是较为理想的类可可脂。

准噶尔盆地东南缘荒漠灌丛盐生假木贼周围土壤理化性质研究

土壤资源异质性是荒漠生态系统的一种普遍现象。【目的】探索荒漠灌丛盐生假木贼(Anabasissalsa)的土壤理化性质空间分布特征。【方法】以准噶尔盆地东南缘沙漠戈壁地带的优势种盐生假木贼灌丛为对象,测定距离灌丛中心5cm处、距离灌丛中心10cm处和距离灌丛外缘20cm处的土壤有机质量、土壤全磷量、土壤全氮量、土壤电导率、土壤pH值和土壤含水率,研究了土壤主要理化性状的水平和垂直分布规律。【结果】水平方向上,0~50cm土层,距离灌丛中心5cm处、距离灌丛中心10cm处和灌丛外缘20cm处的土壤有机质量、土壤全氮量、土壤全磷量、土壤电导率、土壤pH值及土壤含水率均无显著差异。垂直方向上,盐生假木贼灌丛周围土壤有机质和土壤全磷量随着土层深度的增加呈减小趋势;土壤全氮量随着土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势;土壤电导率随着土层深度的增加而增加的分布特征;土壤pH值随着土层深度的增加而减小;土壤含水率随着土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小。【结论】盐生假木贼灌丛的土壤主要理化性质在水平方向没有显著变化,但在垂直方向表现出一定分布特征。

短期封育对白梭梭荒漠和盐生假木贼荒漠土壤营养成分的影响

以白梭梭荒漠和盐生假木贼荒漠为对象,采用野外调查取样法,通过对两类不同类型荒漠草地土壤营养成分的测定分析,探讨不同类型荒漠草地土壤营养成分对短期封育的响应规律,为荒漠草地的管理和保护提供科学依据。结果表明:1)盐生假木贼荒漠草地的土壤营养成分含量显著高于白梭梭荒漠草地;2)短期封育对盐生假木贼荒漠草地土壤系统的碳密度、全氮、全磷和全钾含量的影响较小(P>0.05);3)短期封育下,白梭梭荒漠草地土壤碳密度增加了43.46%(P>0.05),但全磷和全钾分别降低了33.53%(P<0.05)和60.30%(P<0.05)。综上所述,短期封育对盐生假木贼荒漠影响较小,而对白梭梭荒漠草地土壤碳密度的积累有利;同时,导致白梭梭荒漠草地土壤全磷和全钾含量有下降趋势,表明封育效果与荒漠植被类型和土壤类型之间存在密切的关系。

封育对盐生假木贼荒漠和博乐绢蒿荒漠群落特征的影响

以盐生假木贼荒漠和博乐绢蒿荒漠为对象,采用野外简单取样的方法,探讨两种荒漠中围栏内外群落数量特征和植物多样性对短期封育的响应及封育效果,结果表明:(1)与自由放牧区相比,盐生假木贼荒漠短期封育(6a)后植物群落地上生物量、盖度、高度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数显著提高(P<0.05),但密度显著降低(P<0.05);博乐绢蒿荒漠群落数量特征和植物多样性对短期封育(5a)的响应较小。(2)从类型上看,盐生假木贼荒漠封育区高度、盖度、多样性指数和均匀度指数比博乐绢蒿荒漠封育区高28.3%~47.5%,差异显著(P<0.05);而盐生假木贼荒漠自由放牧区高度、丰富度指数、Margalef指数比博乐绢蒿荒漠低23.3%~49.5%,差异显著(P<0.05)。总之,短期封育有利于退化盐生假木贼荒漠草地的恢复和植物多样性的维持,但对博乐绢蒿荒漠影响较小,表明围栏封育效果与荒漠草地类型有密切关系。

蜜生假丝酵母LGL-2发酵油菜蜂花粉酵素工艺优化及品质评价

以油菜蜂花粉为主要原料,以蜂蜜中选育出的蜜生假丝酵母LGL-2为试验菌株,研究不同发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量和底物含量对油菜蜂花粉酵素总酚含量的影响。以总酚含量为指标,采用响应面法优化油菜蜂花粉酵素发酵工艺条件。在此条件下,进一步比较分析油菜蜂花粉及其酵素的酚类化合物、挥发性风味成分和抗氧化活性。结果表明:油菜蜂花粉酵素的最佳发酵工艺参数为发酵时间48 h、发酵温度30℃、接种量20%、底物含量30%,此时油菜蜂花粉酵素总酚含量可达11.48 mg GAE/g。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析酚类化合物,发现其内包含没食子酸、对香豆酸、芦丁、鞣花酸和槲皮素,各酚类化合物含量经蜜生假丝酵母LGL-2发酵后均有所提高。采用相对气味活度值法(ROAV)结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对油菜蜂花粉及其酵素的挥发性香气成分进行测定分析,共检测出26种挥发性香气成分,其中7种被鉴定为油菜蜂花粉酵素关键性挥发性香气成分,部分醇类和酯类物质含量提升为产品带来优良风味。抗氧化活性试验表明,相比于发酵前,油菜蜂花粉酵素具有更强的DPPH自由基清除能力(DPPH·)、ABTS^(+)自由基清除能力(ABTS^(+)·)以及铁离子还原能力(FRAP)。综上,经蜜生假丝酵母LGL-2发酵能有效提高油菜蜂花粉的酚类物质含量、风味品质及抗氧化活性。

代谢改造熊蜂生假丝酵母提高酸型槐糖脂产量

【目的】槐糖脂是一类生物表面活性剂,不仅具有常规表面活性剂所具有的增溶、乳化、润湿、发泡、分散、降低表面张力等通用性能,且对环境的耐受性极强。熊蜂生假丝酵母(Starmerella bombicola)能够发酵生产槐糖脂,但槐糖脂具有酸型、内酯型和乙酰化型等不同类型,结构多样,难以分离。本文拟通过代谢工程改造,构建高产酸型槐糖脂的熊蜂生假丝酵母工程菌株。【方法】利用潮霉素抗性基因构建了标记基因重复利用系统Rec-six基因编辑系统,在此基础上将合成内酯型槐糖脂的关键基因--内酯酶基因SBLE敲除获得一株只产酸型槐糖脂的工程菌株Δsble,进一步同源过量表达葡萄糖基转移酶基因UGTB并敲除过氧化物酶体膜转运蛋白编码基因PXA1,构建了高产酸型槐糖脂的酵母工程菌。【结果】与出发菌株相比,重组熊蜂生假丝酵母发酵油酸能够合成单一的酸型槐糖脂,而不再合成内酯型槐糖脂,同时酸型槐糖脂的产量由20 g/L提高到44 g/L,提高了2.1倍。【结论】通过敲除PXA1、SBLE和过表达UGTB来改造熊蜂生假丝酵母,能够有效提高重组菌的酸型槐糖脂产量,为发酵法生产酸型槐糖脂奠定了基础。

熊蜂生假丝酵母启动子的筛选及强度分析

【背景】熊蜂生假丝酵母(Starmerella bombicola)作为一种非常规假丝酵母菌株,因其具备高产槐糖脂生物表面活性剂的能力而受到广泛关注。然而,由于自身的表达系统并不完善,限制了该菌株的代谢工程改造。【目的】克隆、筛选及鉴定新的系列内源启动子表达元件。【方法】通过对比分析熊蜂生假丝酵母全基因组及9种功能已知目的基因信息,并结合启动子预测网站,筛选获得系列启动子候选序列,以SbGFP (密码子优化后的酵母增强型绿色荧光蛋白)为报告基因进行整合表达,通过绿色荧光蛋白强度及转录水平分析鉴定启动子强度。【结果】在分别以葡萄糖和油酸作为唯一碳源的条件下,启动子PTEF1和PGPD在不同碳源培养条件下均显示出较高的转录水平。启动子PCYP52M1、PUGTA1、PUGTB1及PMOB在以油酸为唯一碳源时具有弱转录活性,而在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时则未检测到它们具有转录活性,推测它们是油酸诱导型启动子。进一步利用实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)对SbGFP进行转录水平分析,检测结果与绿色荧光表达水平一致。【结论】获得了系列熊蜂生假丝酵母内源性启动子,进一步丰富了该菌株的表达元件,为菌株的代谢工程改造及基因的表达与调控奠定了理论基础。

尾孢菌属·假尾孢属及钉孢属真菌7个吉林省新记录种

报道7个吉林省新记录种,其中尾孢菌属(CercosporaFres.)3个种:番薯尾孢(C.ipomoeae)、委陵菜尾孢(C.potentillae)、轮纹尾孢(C.zonata);假尾孢属(PseudocercosporaSpeg.)3个种:藿香蓟假尾孢(P.ageratoides)、成都假尾孢(P.chengtuensis)、茄生假尾孢(P.solani-melongenicola)和钉孢属(PassaloraFr.)1个种:蓼钉孢(P.polygoni)。对这些种分别进行了描述,并附有线条图。研究的标本保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本室(HMJAU)及云南农业大学真菌标本室(MHYAU)。

中国热带地区半知菌III.(英)

本文报道采自广东热带地区的15种半知菌,其中有4个新种和2个中国新记录种:寄生在毛麝香 Adenosma glutinosum (L.) Druce上的毛麝香假尾孢 Pseudocercospora adenosmae Y. L. Guo,生于柑橘属Citrus sp.植物上的柑橘假尾孢 P. citri Y. L. Guo,生于木防己属Cocculus sp.植物上的木防己生假尾孢 P. cocculigena Y. L. Guo,生于腺萼木属Mycetia sp.植物上的腺萼木假尾孢P. mycetiae Y. L. Guo,生于西番莲Passiflora coerulea L.上的西番莲生尾孢Cercospora passifloricola Chupp和生于吴茱萸属Evodia sp.植物锈菌春孢子器上的春孢器生枝孢Cladosporium aecidiicola Th黰.。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、英文描述并附图,研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)。

两种假木贼的生殖物候特征及其生态意义

为研究超旱生植物高枝假木贼和盐生假木贼适应荒漠环境的生殖物候特征,运用单因素方差分析和线性回归法对两个自然种群的始花期、终花期、花期持续时间、相对开花振幅、开花同步指数、果实发育进程和种子宿存量等方面分别进行统计分析,结果如下:1)高枝假木贼和盐生假木贼均在夏季7、8月的高温环境中开花;2)高枝假木贼种群花期持续时间为52天,平均花期同步指数为0.69±0.094,盐生假木贼种群花期持续时间为49天,平均花期同步指数为0.792±0.07,两个种群的开花高峰比例均低于20%;3)随着大气平均温度呈线性下降趋势时,高枝假木贼和盐生假木贼种子鲜重均呈指数增加;4)种子成熟后不易脱落,在秋季种子成熟至降雪覆盖之前有68%±2高枝假木贼种子和83%±2.14盐生假木贼种子宿存在母株上,形成气生种子库。以上结果表明:在遭受相同自然选择的压力下,两种假木贼选择高温持续开花、低温结实和气生种子库储备趋同的生殖物候特点。该研究对于诠释荒漠地区植物特殊的适应机制具有重要价值,为资源的合理利用和生态系统的保育提供依据。

文献中船盾壳属种类名录(英文)

依据文献资料,在寄主科下列出了世界的船盾壳属144种,提出了船盾壳属5个新名称和13个新组合。5个新名称是:辐毛生船盾壳Lembosiachaetactimicola,假齐墩果生船盾壳Lembosianotelaeicola,绿野牡丹船盾壳Lem bosiamiconiae prasinae,奥寇船盾壳Lemblsiaocoteae和丽尼船盾壳Lembosiaryani;13个新组合是:异果船盾壳Lem bosiaanisocarpa,异翅船盾壳Lembosiaanisopterae,琼楠船盾壳Lembosiabeilschmiediae,类盘船盾壳Lembosiaeuopla,弗丽船盾壳Lembosiafragraeae,较大船盾壳Lembosiagiganteae,富克船盾壳Lembosiahookeri,拉古船盾壳Lembosialaguensis,朗格船盾壳Lembosialangeriae,野牡丹状船盾壳Lembosiamelastomacearum,婆罗双树船盾壳Lembosiashoreae,细船盾壳Lembosiatenuis和伟特船盾壳Lembosiawhetzelii。所有种类在寄主科下按字母顺序排列。

Crohn's disease environmental factors in the developing world: A case-control study in a statewide catchment area in Brazil

To identify environmental risk factors associated with the development of Crohn’s disease (CD) in order to re-assess the hygiene hypothesis. METHODSA hospital-based, case-control study was carried out with CD patients (n = 145) and controls (n = 163) representing a socioeconomically diverse statewide catchment area in Brazil. Controls were recruited from caregivers of patients seen in different outpatient clinics at the same hospital. A multi-item survey with 94 questions regarding family history of CD, perinatal and childhood circumstances, living conditions, tobacco use and familial socioeconomic status was carried out by interviewers. RESULTSOn the univariate analysis, predictive variables for CD included being male, under age of 40, a high education level, urban dweller, smaller family size, exposure to enteric pathogens and user of treated water (P < 0.005). On the multivariate analysis, variables significantly associated with CD were male gender (OR = 2.09), under age 40 (OR = 3.10), white (OR = 2.32), from a small family in childhood (OR = 2.34) and adulthood (OR = 3.02), absence of viral infections in childhood (OR = 2.23), exposure to enteric pathogens (OR = 2.41), having had an appendectomy (OR = 2.47) and prior or current smoker (OR = 2.83/1.12). CONCLUSIONMost variables supporting the “hygiene hypothesis” are associated with the development of CD but are not independent predictors of the diagnosis.

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal with Pseudomonas putida GM6 from Activated Sludge

The enhanced biological phosphorus removal （EBPR） method is widely adopted for phosphorus removal from wastewater, yet little is known about its microbiological and molecular mechanisms. Therefore, it is difficult to predict and control the deterioration of the EBPR process in a large-scale municipal sewage treatment plant. This study used a novel strain isolated in the laboratory, Pseudomonas putida GM6, which had a high phosphate accumulating ability and could recover rapidly from the deteriorated system and enhance the capability of phosphorus removal in activated sludge. Strain GM6 marked with gfp gene, which was called GMTR, was delivered into a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor （SBR） of low efficiency, to investigate the colonization of GMTR and removal of phosphorus. After 21 days, the proportion of GMTR in the total bacteria of the sludge reached 9.2%, whereas the phosphorus removal rate was 96%, with an effluent concentration of about 0.2 mg L^-1. In the reactor with the addition of GMTR, phosphorus was removed quickly, in 1 h under anaerobic conditions, and in 2 h under aerobic conditions. These evidences were characteristic of EBPR processes. Field testing was conducted at a hospital sewage treatment facility with low phosphorus removal capability. Twentyone days after Pseudomonas putida GM6 was added, effluent phosphorus concentration remained around 0.3 mg L^-1, corresponding to a removal rate of 96.8%. It was therefore demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida GM6 could be used for a quick startup and enhancement of wastewater biological phosphorus removal, which provided a scientific basis for potential large-scale engineering application.

Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms for Degradation of Minimal Oils and Fats at Low Temperatures

The isolation of microorganisms for biodegradation of minimal fats and oils at low temperatures was reported. By using rapeseed oil as a sole carbon source, six strains were isolated from five kinds of oils/fats-contaminated wastewater, soil, and active sludge. Among them, two strains which show the highest oil removal ratios were identified as Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Pseudomonas mendocina, respectively. The experiments of orthogonal impact conditions show that the optimal oil degradation condition is at pH 8.0, 5 ℃ and 100 mg/L oil. Under this condition, the rapeseed oil degradation ratios of two strains after 24 hours amount to 92.6% and 92.0% respectively, whereas the removal ratios of lard decrease to 39.5% and 54.3%.

A five-fingered underactuated prosthetic hand:hardware and its control scheme

A five-fingered underactuated prosthetic hand controlled by surface EMG (electromyographic) signals is presented in this paper. The prosthetic hand was designed with simplicity, lightweight and dexterity on the requirement of anthropomorphic hands. Underactuated self-adaptive theory was adopted to decrease the number of motors and weight. The control part of the prosthetic hand was based on a surface EMG motion pattern classifier which combines LM-based (Levenberg-Marquardt) neural network with the parametric AR (autoregressive) model. This motion pattern classifier can successfully identify the flexions of the thumb, the index finger and the middle finger by measuring the surface EMG signals through two electrodes mounted on the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus. Furthermore, via continuously controlling a single finger's motion, the five-fingered underactuated prosthetic hand can achieve more prehensile postures such as power grasp, centralized grip, fingertip grasp, cylindrical grasp, etc. The experimental results show that the classifier has a great potential application to the control of bionic man-machine systems because of its fast learning speed, high recognition capability and strong robustness.

Reuse of waste frying oil for production of rhamnolipids using Pseudomonas aeruginosa zju.u1M

In this work,rhamnolipid production was investigated using waste frying oil as the sole carbon source. By culture in shaking flasks,a naturally isolated strain synthesized rhamnolipid at concentration of 12.47 g/L and its mutant after treatment by UV light increased this productivity to 24.61 g/L. Fermentation was also conducted in a 50 L bioreactor and the productivity reached over 20 g/L. Hence,with a stable and high productive mutant strain,it could be feasible to reuse waste frying oil for rhamnolipid production on industrial scale.

Biodegradation of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of rhamnolipids

The potential biodegradation of crude oil was assessed based on the development of a fermentative process with a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which produced 15.4 g/L rhamnolipids when cultured in a basal mineral medium using glycerol as a sole carbon source. However, neither cell growth nor rhamnolipid production was observed in the comparative culture system using crude oil as the sole carbon source instead. As rhamnolipid, an effective biosurfactant, has been reported to stimulate the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, 1 g/L glycerol or 0.22 g/L rhamnolipid was initially added into the medium to facilitate the biodegradation of crude oil. In both situations, more than 58% of crude oil was degraded and further converted into accumulated cell biomass and rhamnolipids. These results suggest that Pseudomonas aeruginosa could degrade most of crude oil with direct or indirect addition of rhamnolipid. And this conclusion was further supported by another adsorption experiment, where the ad-sorption capacity of crude oil by killed cell biomass was negligible in comparison with the biologic activities of live cell biomass.

Studies on Production of Biodiesel by Esterification of Fatty Acids by a Lipase Preparation from Candida sp. 99-125

A self-made lipase preparation from Candida sp. 99-125 was used for the production of biodiesel through enzymatic esterification of fatty acids. The crude lipase powder and fermentation broth were immobilized on a cheap fiber cloth carrier. The conditions of lipase-catalyzed esterification between long-chain fatty acids and methanol in a solvent system were investigated in detail, including the temperature, pH value, substrate concentration, solvent, absorbent agent, enzyme dosage and purity, immobilization method, the mode of addition of substrate. The results show that reaction temperature, pH of lipase micro-environment, substrate concentration, enzyme dosage and purity affect the esterification strongly. Several new methods and enzymatic procedures for improving the enzymatic reaction involving the process cost are also discussed, such as fossil diesel fuel as reaction solvent, immobilization method, multi-step gradient addition of methanol. The esterification degree of 92.8% was obtained with oleic acid and methanol under the optimal reaction condition after 12.5 h reaction time. The half-life of the immobilized lipase preparation from crude free lipase powder for esterification was 15 days.

Evaluation on safety performance of a millimetre wave radar-based autonomous vehicle

This paper presents a method using range deception jamming to evaluate the safety performance of the autonomous vehicle with millimetre wave(MMW)radar.The working principle of this method is described.Combined with a waveform edition software,an experimental platform is developed to generate a deceptive signal that contains false distance information.According to related theories and its principle,the configuration parameters of the experimental setup are calculated and configured.The MMW radar of evaluated vehicle should identify an objective when it receives the deceptive signal from the experimental setup.Even if no obstacle,the evaluated vehicle can immediately brake in order that its braking distance is measured.The experimental results show that the proposed method can meet the requirements of the safety performance evaluation for the autonomous vehicle with MMW radar,and it also overcomes some deficiencies of previous methods.