雄性大鼠甲亢引起的睾丸组织形态及其生化学变化

目的探讨甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢,Graves)的机体早期性功能改变的机制.方法以甲状腺激素诱发成年雄性大鼠甲亢,观察大鼠血清睾酮、睾丸组织组织形态及睾丸组织某些生化学变化.结果诱发甲亢组大鼠血清T含量明显降低;睾丸组织锌离子(Zn2+)含量明显减低;酸性磷酸酶[Phosphatase,acid(ACP)]活性增高,琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性明显减低;睾丸组织间质水肿,毛细血管扩张,精子细胞数量减少.结论血清T含量降低及性腺组织的生化学变化,是甲亢后早期性功能损害的因素之一.

中药汤剂煎服法应精确化

中药汤剂的煎服法历来很受重视,李时珍认为：＂凡服汤药,虽品物尃精,修治如法,而煎煮者,鲁莽造次,水火不足,火候失度,则药亦无功效＂。现代实验研究也表明,汤剂的煎法对药液质量影响很大。故要认真做好药物的煎服工作,以保证药物的安全有效。中药汤剂的煎法煎药器具：砂锅是传统的煎药容器,因为砂锅性质稳定,不易同中药所含成分发生化学变化,煎出的药液质量好,

The change of Chinese students＇ cultural patterns and its roots in the process of globalization

One of the most important characteristics of culture is that it is subject to change. The theory of cultural patterns in intercultural communication is used to study the change of Chinese students＇ living pattern, communication pattern and thinking pattern because of globalization. The factors and reasons of both change and the unchanged are analyzed and summarized.

夏季乱洒香水有损皮肤

在暴露的皮肤部位喷洒香水，经太阳光线照射会发生化学变化，刺激／瞄局部皮肤并使之红肿痒痛。正确喷洒香水的方法是：在太阳穴、耳后、颈后、肘内侧、手腕、膝内侧和裙下摆的内侧喷洒；洗头时在最后一遍清水中滴几滴香水；也可在手帕、衬衣和饰物上洒些香水。

超市特价品 购买要注意

在超市购买特价食品时，一定要注意它们的保质期和包装情况。 食用油 经常能在超市里看见降价的食用油．您得特别注意它的生产日期。因为植物油中的脂肪酸会随着贮存时间延长而发生化学变化．营养价值也随之降低。因此．快到期的油．即使没有过保质期．您也要慎重考虑。

Biomechanical change of lumbar unilateral graded facetectomy and strategies of its microsurgical reconstruction:report of 23 cases

Objective： To evaluate the lumbar stability and the primary clinical results of unilateral facetectomy, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion （TLIF） and unilateral pedicle screw fixation by X-Tube system. Methods： Five human lumbar cadaveric functional spine units（FSU） were obtained and graded facetectomy by 0, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and 4/4 were performed respectively on the left articular process of them. The stability of these 5 models was evaluated at flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. After a serial of biomechanical researches, 23 patients from June 2004 to March 2006 in our department underwent unilateral facetectomy, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion （posterior lumbar interbody fusion） and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation by X-Tube system. After general anaesthesia, with the guide of fluoroscopy and using X-Tube system, procedures of unilateral endoscopic facetectomy, spinal nerve root decompression, autologus spongy bone transplantation, one cage oblique insertion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation were performed. Results： There was no significant difference in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation of lumbar motion range after unilateral graded facetectomy. The stability of left/right axial direction was greatly affected when the range of graded facetectomy exceed 1/2. According to the Nakai criteria, for the 23 patients, the clinical result was excellent in 15 （65.2%）, good in 6 （26.1%） and fair in 2 （8.7%）. The fusion rate was 95.6% in excellent and good cases. Although partial absorption of bone grafts was observed in 1 case which might indicate a unsuccessful fusion, there was no loosing and replacement of instrument and no clinical symptoms occurred. Conclusion： The lumbar stability will be affected significantly when the range of graded facetectomy exceeds 1/2. Procedures of unilateral facetectomy, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw fixation is an optional strategy for microsurgical reconstruction, though the indications of the procedure should be carefully restricted.

Histological and biochemical alterations in early-stage lobar ischemia-reperfusion in rat liver

AIM： To investigate the structural and biochemical changes in the early stage of reperfusion in the rat livers exposed to lobar ischemia-reperfusion （IR）. METHODS： The median and left lobes of the liver were subjected to 60 min ischemia followed by 5, 10, 30, 45, 60 and 120 min reperfusion. Blood samples were taken at different time intervals to test enzyme activities and biochemical alterations induced by reperfusion. At the end of each reperfusion period, the animals were killed by euthanasia and tissue samples were taken for histological examination and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： Cell vacuolation, bleb formation and focal hepatitis were the most important changes occur during ischemia. While some changes including bleb formation were removed during reperfusion, other alterations including portal hepatitis, inflammation and the induction of apoptosis were seen during this stage. The occurrence of apoptosis, as demonstrated by apoptotic cells and bodies, was the most important histological change during reperfusion. The severity of apoptosis was dependent on the time of reperfusion, and by increasing the time of reperfusion, the numbers of apoptotic bodies was significantly enhanced. The amounts of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransfrase, creatinine and urea were significantly increased in serum obtained from animals exposed to hepatic IR. CONCLUSION： Inflammation and subsequent apoptotic cell death were the most important changes in early-stage hepatic reperfusion injury, and the number of apoptotic bodies increased with time of reperfusion.

Hamatophyton from the Late Devonian of Anhui Province,South China and Evolution of Sphenophyllales

Well-preserved specimens of Hamatophyton verticillatum collected from the Upper Devonian （Famennian） Wutong Formation of Chaohu district, Anhui Province, South China, display more complete fertile axes in three orders and multiple divisions. Comparisons indicate that Hamatophyton possibly does not have palmate planate sterile leaves but hook-like linear ones with rare divisions. We propose seven definitive characters of Sphenophyllales： （1） completely whorled lateral organs; （2） sterile leaves; （3） strobili; （4） ＂sporangiophores＂ or stalks with reflexed tips bearing sporangia; （5） three- or four-ribbed primary xylem; （6） exarch maturation of primary xylem; and （7） secondary xylem. The Sphenophyllales probably originated from the Iridopteridales based on similarities in whorled lateral organs, ribbed primary xylem and peripheral protoxylem strands. In transition from Iridopteridales to Sphenophyllales, morphological changes involve partially whorled to completely whorled lateral organs, sterile ultimate appendages to leaves, and fertile ultimate appendages to ＂sporangiophores＂/stalks with bracts; anatomical modifications include configuration and maturation of primary xylem, and presence of secondary xylem.

Stiffness identification of four-point-elastic-support rigid plate

As the stiffness of the elastic support varies with the physical-chemical erosion and mechanical friction, model catastrophe of a single degree-of-freedom(DOF) isolation system may occur. A 3-DOF four-point-elastic-support rigid plate(FERP) structure is presented to describe the catastrophic isolation system. Based on the newly-established structure, theoretical derivation for stiffness matrix calculation by free response(SMCby FR) and the method of stiffness identification by stiffness matrix disassembly(SIby SMD)are proposed. By integrating the SMCby FR and the SIby SMD and defining the stiffness assurance criterion(SAC), the procedures for stiffness identification of a FERP structure(SIFERP) are summarized. Then, a numerical example is adopted for the SIFERP validation, in which the simulated tested free response data are generated by the numerical methods, and operation for filtering noise is conducted to imitate the practical application. Results in the numerical example demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the developed SIFERP for stiffness identification.

Physical, Chemical and Biochemical Changes of Sweetsop （Annona squamosa L.） and Golden Apple （Spondias citherea Sonner） Fruits during Ripening

This study aimed at the physical, chemical and biochemical changes during ripening of Sweetsop （Annona squamosa L.） and Golden Apple （Spondias citherea Sonner） fruits during ripening as important features to better understand their postharvest handling. It was carried out physical analysis such as firmness and chemical analysis such as total chlorophyll, total carotenoids, soluble solids, pectins and titrable acidity and biochemical analysis such as pectin methyl esterase, polygalacturonase, cellulase, and peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities in crude extract. Fruits were harvested at different stages of ripening. Experimental design was completely randomized and was carried out analysis of variance and Tukey tests, Total chlorophyll was decreasing in later stages of ripening, total soluble solid contents increased as the fruits ripen, while the acidity expressed percentage of citric acid decreased during fruits ripening. The loss of firmness and soluble solids content increased as the fruit get ripped stage, while the content of pectin decreased. Activity was observed for pectin methyl esterase and polygalacturonase enzymes during all stages of maturation, presenting the highest activity for both enzymes in the mature state. No cellulase activity detected at any stage during the ripening of these fruits. Activity of the enzyme polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase, associated with pulp browning was higher in the last stages of ripening of these fruits. Physical, chemical and biochemical patterns during ripening were different according to fruit species suggesting differential postharvest handling requirements.

Chemical Variation in Essential Oils of Salvia Officmalis L, Ecotypes Cultivated in Albania

Salvia officinalis L. was cultivated in different geographic locations of Albania. Sage plants originated from imported seeds and wild Albanian plants. Around 30 chemical compounds were identified in the essential oils of all cultivated sage plants; the latter were found to be very rich in camphen, fl-thujone, a-pinene, eucaliptol, rich to moderate in β-pinene and camphor, and less rich in a-thujone and limonene. Sharp differences in chemical composition patterns and content of individual chemical compounds were noticed between and within cultivation sites. Cultivated sage was poorer in α-thujone versus wild plants. Cultivated sage, of Albanian wild plants origin, was the richest in α-thujone （18.45%） versus imported seeds sage. β-thujone over-dominated α-thujone in all cultivated sage plants. Volatile characters of cultivated sage were indicative of the species but not of the geographic origin of plant material. Variation in essential oils composition and chemical compounds＇ content （biosynthetic pathways） in cultivated sage is related more to the genetic background than the environmental factors. If cultivating sage in Albania, then wild local ecotypes would be best to use as α-thujone is maintained at satisfactory levels, local natural base is preserved, unnecessary hybridization with imported seeds sage is prevented, and are more resistant and cost effective.

Biology and Culture

Human beings do not live in nature, they live in culture. Contrary to biological evolution, which is based on genetic inheritance, cultural change is transmitted by instruction. Simple beginnings of culture have been observed in various animals. However, the much advanced human culture became possible by its transmission by language, and by its being cumulative. The concept of cultural change as a progressive process, popular by 18th and 19th centuries thinkers, is nowadays rejected, and the uniqueness of each culture stressed. Although, there are some similarities between biological evolution and cultural change, important differences between these processes are emphasized. The rapid rate of cultural change （especially its technological aspect）, as compared to the rate of biological evolution, is noted. In addition, some cultural changes led to new phenomena, which in a time of crisis can be annulled. The possible consequences of the different rate of these two processes for humans as individuals, and for their societies are discussed.

Quantity and Quality of Water in the River LermamLake Chapala Watershed, Mexico

Water overexploitation in the Lerma-Chapala Watershed, located in central Mexico, is linked to the development of a strong federal hydrocracy with the mission to capture as much water as possible in order to satisfy social and political demands through the construction of dams and irrigation systems. The reduction in freshwater quantity and the deterioration of water quality are the outcome of industrial inflows, agriculture and urban untreated wastewater. This study has been leaded to determine hydrological, water quality, seed bioassays and the lake fisheries＇ decreases throughout its historical tendencies （1980-2004） in relation to changes in water levels. Hydrological data and water samples for chemical analysis, inorganic nutrients and seed bioassay, were taken from 10 sites alongside the river and two sites from Lake Chapala in years 2005 and 2009, the WQINsF （National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index） was estimated. The dissolved oxygen along the river was from anoxic （0.4） to 7 mg/L and the lake had 6.75 mg/L to 7.36 mg/L; the river had highest nutrients variations, Ntot and Ptot 1 mg/L to 〉 10 mg/L. The lake had few physicochemical variations and the lowest nutrient concentrations; WQINsF （water quality index） in the river-lake system showed very bad-bad quality and contamination in river, bad quality-light contamination in lake. Seed bioassays showed inhibition of root elongation and declining fisheries when low water levels were presented. Chapala Lake had better physicochemical and limnological conditions because of the wind action and water column mixing; in contrast the river, high hidrological variations caused by water administration in middle basin.

Annual Component Analysis of Pacific Oysters （Crassostrea gigas） and Mussels （Mytilus gallopro vincialis）

To study the change in components of Pacific oysters （Crassostrea gigas） and mussels （Mytilus galloprovincialis） over a year, their annual obesity ratio, umami components （glutamic acid and glycogen）, functional components （Zn, Mn, Cu, and vitamin B12）, and Cd and noroviruses （NoVs） contents were quantified. In oysters, the obesity ratio and chemical components showed seasonal changes depending on the spawning season. Glutamic acid content increased from November to March. In contrast, glycogen content peaked in May and November. Mineral content markedly increased during spawning. From the comparison of NoVs GI and GII strains, oyster predominately infected by the GI. A remarkable difference in NoVs contents was observed depending on the oyster farms. In mussels, glutamic acid, Zn and Cu contents were stable throughout the year. Mussels＇ Cd content was about one-fifths times lower than that found in oysters. Although the NoVs strain was affected by the collection area, mussels from both areas showed decreased NoVs contents in summer, corresponding with the consumption season of mussels in Japan. Our comparative study on the seasonal variability in the chemical components and NoVs contents in pacific oysters （C. gigas） and mussels （M. galloprovincialis） clearly showed an association with physiological and environmental factors.

A Contrastive Study on Mark Phenomena of English and Chinese Languages

Linguistic marker is a common phenomenon, and there are different levels of markers in various languages. Mark theory was first proposed by the Prague School in 1930s, which is an important principle of language analysis system. The function and meaning of markup languages are mainly pragmatic, which have procedural meaning and no conceptual meaning. Markedness phenomenon is not only the inherent characteristics of language symbols, but also the product of social life and different cultures. Due to the great difference between cultural background and social environment of Chinese and English speaker, thus there are many similarities and differences in the language, society and culture mark. The mark phenomena of English nouns are mainly related to the category of nouns and the opposite nouns. However, Chinese nouns have no strict morphological changes. In this paper, we discuss the theory of mark phenomenon and analyze a contrastive study on mark phenomena of English and Chinese Languages.

Effect of the Chemical Mutagens Sodium Azide on Plant Regeneration of Two Tomato Cultivars under Salinity Stress Condition in vitro

The study was carried out to induce variations and stimulate callus induction, plant regeneration from different explants of two tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.） cultivars Trescantos and super Regina by using tissue culture technique and Sodium azide as a chemical mutagens at concentrations （0.0, 2.0 and 4.0） mM under salinity stress condition at the levels（3.0, 6.0 and 9.0） dS/m. Different plant growth regulators were tested for their potentials in callus induction. The results revealed that treated seeds with SA （sodium azide） at concentration （2.0） mM increased seed germination percentage, seedling height and root length as compare to control treatment. While （4.0） mM concentration cause a reduction in all parameters mentioned above. Concerning to callus induction both cultivars showed a different response against different tested media with varying concentrations of plant growth regulators and despite their variable response to all tested media a combination of （2.0） mg from Kinetin （KIN） and lndol acetic acid （IAA） was found to be the most effective as compare to other treatments. Moreover, when callus transferred to a stressed media the variation was observed in explants fresh weight, and high reduction with the increment of salt level were recorded. Similarly the regeneration efficiency from stressed callus were observed at the level 3.0 and 6.0 dS/m while 9.0 dS/m the callus failed to regenerate plants for all three explants of both tomato cultivars.

有些药别用塑料药盒装

一些老病友常因忘记吃药而烦恼，如今在他们中流行起一种塑料小药盒，每个格子对应周一到周日的用药。吃药时只需对应时间，即可知道当天服用药量，方便携带，不易漏服。不过，塑料药盒在使用过程中也需要慎重，因为塑料很容易导致药品发生化学变化，使药物失效。

这些药物经不起“烤验”

在夏天，犹如人经不起“烤验”会中暑那样，一些药物经不起“烤验”也会“中暑”。因此，很多药品需要低温保存，以保证药品质量如果药品储存不妥，不仅会使药品药效降低，而且还可能发生霉变，以至发生化学变化，产生毒性。

“临界食品”损害健康

我们把即将到保质期的食品叫做“临界食品”。虽然“临界食品”没有过保质期，但是其中隐藏着许多健康隐患。 保质期短的食品多是裸露的或者包装简单，容易受潮、受污染，如果温度稍高，易发生霉变，食后可能引起胃肠不适或有潜在的危害。保质期长的食品可因为包装容器而出现问题，如饮料长期储存在塑料瓶或金属罐中，虽然看似密封，但随着时间的延长，饮料中的成分发生化学变化，其营养价值随之降低。不仅如此，