情系“三农”谱写和谐发展新曲-记中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司

中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司位于哈大齐工业走廊的玉米之乡——肇东市．是以玉米为主要原料．通过生物工程技术加工，生产燃料酒精、食用酒精、DDGS高蛋白饲料、玉米油、食用级二氧化碳等产品，是亚洲最具实力的酒精生产基地．被国家列为农业产业化龙头企业。

忠于国计谋发展 良于民生促和谐——中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司发展纪实

中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司隶属中粮集团。以玉米为主要原料，通过生物工程技术加工生产燃料酒精、食用酒精、DDGS饲料、玉米胚油、食用级液体二氧化碳等产品．是亚洲最具有实力的酒精生产基地，致力于发展生物质能源．被国家列为农业产业化龙头企业。

中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司

中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司的前身是黑龙江华润酒精有限公司，以玉米为主要原料，通过生物工程技术加工生产燃料酒精、食用酒精、DDGS高蛋白饲料。玉米油、食用级液体二氧化碳等产品，是亚洲最具实力的酒精生产基地，被国家列为农业产业化龙头企业。

管理是一门用心的手艺——访中粮生化能源（公主岭）有限公司总经理王宇

《中国人力资源开发》：我们感觉公主岭公司从经理人到员工，整体素质很高，而且都很有敬业精神和内驱力。公主岭公司给员工的工资水平在本地并不突出，那我们是如何让这些高素质的人才留下来的？

论可再生能源的开发与利用

能源是经济发展和社会进步的重要物质资料,从利用方式可把能源分为不可再生能源和可再生能源。不可再生能源在世界经济发展和人类进步中发挥着非常重要的作用,同时,却又给人类制造着生态危机,而且不可再生能源储量有限,终有一天会枯竭,由此引发的世界能源冲突不断加剧。这决定着人类要去开发利用可再生能源。可再生能源除了拥有不可再生能源的一切优势外,并不会给人类构成任何危害,能够满足人类对能源的长远需求,为人类创造和平、自由、平等和繁荣。中国的强盛、中华民族的复兴,决定着我们必须拥有稳定的、越来越多的能源。然而,中国的不可再生能源储量低,远远不能满足自身日益增长的能源需求,而且,不可再生能源已经使我们面临着严重的生态危机,因此,我们应该积极开发利用可再生能源,应把可再生能源开发利用列为我国的一项基本国策。

关于中国能源战略的若干思考

本文分析了全球石油、天然气、煤和铀等主要生化能源可采储量和年开采量的关系,结论认为:石油、天然气和铀枯竭的时限将在2040年,煤炭在2100年也将退出历史舞台。同时认为,上述生化能源是全球温室气体浓度增加、气候变暖的主要根源,也是国际地区冲突的重要原因。在全球生化能源枯竭的大背景下,我国主要生化能源的保障程度下降,石油的国际依存度提高,面临的国际能源形势日益严峻。作者认为,21世纪前20年是调整我国能源战略的最后机会,合理的能源战略将是保证2020年后我国经济社会持续健康发展的前提。建议根据生化能源特点及我国现状,通过采取一系列有效的措施,保证2020年前我国能源的安全供应;同时加强对“阳光经济”战略的研究,寻求2020年以后解决能源出路的长久性战略,为制定我国长期能源发展战略提供重要依据。

发挥审计职能作用的几项措施

中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司（以下简称公司）成立之初既设置了审计机构，同时建立了相关审计管理制度体系，在审计制度中既明确了审计权力，也明确了被审计对象的责任；既规定了审计工作对象，也明确了业务规范。同时，随着经营环境及管理需求的不断变化，不断健全、完善审计管理制度体系，采取一系列措施确保审计职能的有效发挥。

情系“三农”谱写和谐发展新曲

中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司位于哈大齐工业走廊的玉米之乡——蛋白饲料、玉米油、食用级二氧化碳等产品．是亚洲最具实力的酒精生产基地．被国家列为农业产业化龙头企业。

Advances in designing heterojunction photocatalytic materials

Under the background of increasing energy crisis and global warming,semiconductor-based photocatalysis has received tremendous attention due to its potential application in green energy production,CO_(2) reduction and pollutant degradation.The photocatalytic activity of semiconductors,however,remains low due to issues like fast recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs,limited electron mobility,restricted optical absorption or insufficient active sites.Designing appropriate heterojunctions is proved to be a promising method to address most of these issues and thus to improve the photocatalytic performance.In this review,the working mechanism of various heterojunctions is presented systematically.The most recent advances of strategies in designing and preparing efficient heterojunction photocatalysts are further summarized and some perspectives on the future directions in this field are provided.

China's INDC and non-fossil energy development

Global climate change promotes the energy system reform. Achieving a high proportion of renewable energy becomes the major countries＇ energy strategy. As proposed in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions （INDC）, China intends to raise the proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption to about 20% by 2030. That ambitious goal means the non-fossil energy supplies by 2030 will be 7-8 times that of 2005, and the annual increase rate is more than 8% within the 25 years. Besides, the capacity of wind power, solar power, hy- dropower and nuclear power reaches 400 GW, 350 GW, 450 GW, and 150 GW respectively, and China＇s non-fossil power capacity is even greater than the U.S.＇s total power capacity. In addition, the scale of natural gas increases. Consequently, by 2030, the proportion of coal falls from the current 70% to below 50%, and the CO2 intensity of energy consumption decreases by 20% compared with the level of 2005, which play important roles in significantly reducing the CO2 intensity of GDE Since China has confirmed to achieve the CO2 emissions peak around 2030, at that time, the newly added energy demand will be satisfied by non-fossil energy, and the consumption of fossil fuel will stop growing. By 2030, non-fossil energy accounts for 20%, and the large scale and sound momentum of new and renewable energy industry will support the growth of total energy demand, which plays a key role in CO2 emissions peaking and beginning to decline, and lays the foundation for establishing a new energy system dominated by new and renewable energy in the second half of the 21 st century as well as finally achieving the CO2 zero-emission.

Marine Renewable Energy Seascape

Energy production based on fossil fuel reserves is largely responsible for carbon emissions, and hence global warming. The planet needs concerted action to reduce fossil fuel usage and to implement carbon mitigation measures. Ocean energy has huge potential, but there are major interdisciplinary problems to be overcome regarding technology, cost reduction, investment, environmental impact, governance, and so forth. This article briefly reviews ocean energy production from offshore wind, tidal stream, ocean current, tidal range, wave, thermal, salinity gradients, and biomass sources. Future areas of research and development are outlined that could make exploitation of the marine renewable energy （MRE） seascape a viable proposition; these areas include energy storage, advanced materials, robotics, and informatics. The article concludes with a sustainability perspective on the MRE seascape encompassing ethics, leg- islation, the regulatory environment, governance and consenting, economic, social, and environmental constraints. A new generation of engineers is needed with the ingenuity and spirit of adventure to meet the global challenge posed by MRE.

Issues and Solutions for China's Photovoltaic Power Industry

Solar energy is an important renewable energy.Developing photovoltaic power will not only relieve the energy supply-demand contradiction and optimize the energy structure,but also help to restructure this industry.This paper analyzes the status quo and the development prospects of China's photovoltaic power industry and its existing issues,and puts forward some suggestions and solutions for its healthy and orderly development.

Effect of blade pitch angle on aerodynamic performance of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine

Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine(S-VAWT) appears to be particularly promising for the shortage of fossil fuel reserves owing to its distinct advantages, but suffers from poor self-starting and low power coefficient. Variable-pitch method was recognized as an attractive solution to performance improvement, thus majority efforts had been devoted into blade pitch angle effect on aerodynamic performance. Taken into account the local flow field of S-VAWT, mathematical model was built to analyze the relationship between power outputs and pitch angle. Numerical simulations on static and dynamic performances of blade were carried out and optimized pitch angle along the rotor were presented. Comparative analyses of fixed pitch and variable-pitch S-VAWT were conducted, and a considerable improvement of the performance was obtained by the optimized blade pitch angle, in particular, a relative increase of the power coefficient by more than 19.3%. It is further demonstrated that the self-starting is greatly improved with the optimized blade pitch angle.

Developing bioenergy to tackle climate change：Bioenergy path and practice of Tianguan group

Biomass energy would become the most potential renewable energies, for whether wind power or photovoltaic, would be restricted by the nature thus cannot provide stable power, while biomass energy is the only renewable energy that can be used in the form of gas, liquid or solid stage, it could replace the fossil energy, lead a positive influence on the control of the greenhouse gases. Across the globe, the biomass produced through photosynthesis is about 200 Gt, or 99 Gtce per year. If 10% of the biomass is utilized, more than 4 Gt of fuel ethanol and other bioenergy products can be produced, equivalent to 4.13 Gt of petroleum consumed by the world in 2014. Therefore, bioenergy can be a feasible alternative to fossil energy.

Effects of different dietary lipid sources on growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth performance and fatty acid composition of the swimming crab, P ortunus trituberculatus. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain four separate lipid sources, including fish, soybean, rapeseed, and linseed oils(FO, SO, RO, and LO, respectively). With three replicates of 18 crabs each for each diet, crabs(initial body weight, 17.00 ±0.09 g) were fed twice daily for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences among these groups in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, and hepatosomatic index. However, the RO groups' survival rate was significantly lower than FO groups. The feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios of RO groups were poorer than other groups. The proximate compositions of whole body and hepatopancreas were significantly affected by these dietary treatments. Tissue fatty acid composition mainly reflected dietary fatty acid compositions. Crabs fed FO diets exhibited significantly higher arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid contents in muscle and hepatopancreas compared with VO crabs. Linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids in muscle and hepatopancreas were the highest in the SO, RO, and LO groups, respectively. The present study suggested that SO and LO could substitute for FO in fishmeal-based diets for swimming crabs, without affecting growth performance and survival.

Technology in Utilization of Eupatorium adenophorum Biomass Energy

A simple, easily-operated and economical carbonization technology with Eupatorium adenophorum was introduced in terms of instrument selection, carboniza- tion of Eupatorium adenophorum and preparation of carbon rod, and evaluation was made on economic profits from carbonization of Eupatorium adenophorum.

Optimization of Bacterial Doses and Incubation Time on Bio-Ehanol Fermentation of Nipah （Nypa fruticans） for Biofuel Energy

Nipah （Nypafruticans） is a species of palm trees that grows in mangroves environment near the sea shore. Nipah is potential to produce biofuel energy. The purposes of this research were 1） to determine the optimum bacterial concentration for fermentation to produce high concentration of bio-ethanol, and 2） to determine the optimum incubation time for fermentation to produce high concentration of bio-ethanol. The research had been conducted from June until November 2009 using nipah sap as the substrate and Saceharomyces cerevisiae as a fermentation starter. The experimental design used was a randomized block design （RBD）. Factors tested were starter concentration （5%, 7.5%, 10%） and incubation time （2, 4, 6 days）. The variables observed were concentration of reducing sugar, total microorganism （CFU/mL）, and bio-ethanol production. The results showed that the highest yield of bio-ethanol （8.98%） was produced with 7.5% of starter concentration and 6 days of incubation time.

Energy and Water Optimization in Biofuel Plants

In this paper we address the topic of energy and water optimization in the production of bioethanol from corn and switchgrass. We show that in order for these manufacturing processes to be attractive,there is a need to go beyond traditional heat integration and water recycling techniques. Thus,we propose a strategy based on mathe-matical programming techniques to model and optimize the structure of the processes,and perform heat integration including the use of multi-effect distillation columns and integrated water networks to show that the energy effi-ciency and water consumption in bioethanol plants can be significantly improved. Specifically,under some circum-stances energy can even be produced and the water consumption can be reduced below the values required for the production of gasoline.

Pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of the marine green tide macroalgae, Enteromorpha prolifera

The marine macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera was one of the main algal genera that occurred in the widespread green tides in Qingdao, China, during the summers of 2007, 2008 and 2010. It is thus a plentiful source of biomass and could be used as a biofuel. In this study, the pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of E. prolifera were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. Cornstalk and sawdust were used as comparisons. Pyrolytic characteristics were studied using TG-DTG (thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry) curves. Three stages in the pyrolytic process were determined: dehydration, dramatic weight loss and slow weight loss. E. prolifera was pyrolyzed at a lower initial temperature than the two terrestrial biomass forms. The apparent activation energy values for the three types of biomass were calculated and the mechanism functions were determined using 16 different mechanism functions, frequently used in thermal kinetics analysis. Activation energy values varied with mechanism function and the range of activation energy values for E. prolifera, cornstalk, and sawdust were 25-50 kJ/mol, 60-90 kJ/mol and 120-155 kJ/mol, respectively. This indicates that E. prolifera has low thermal stability for pyrolysis and good combustion characteristics.

Carbon Dioxide Control-Technology for the Future

The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emission rate, carbon dioxide （CO2） is the main culprit. Almost all the anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. Emissions of COg can be reduced by conservation, increased use of renewable energy sources, and increased efficiencies in both the production of electrical power and the transportation sector. Capture of CO2 can be accomplished with wet scrubbing, dry sorption, or biogenic fixation. After CO2 is captured, it must be transported either as a liquid or a supercritical fluid, which realistically can only be accomplished by pipeline or ship. Final disposal of CO2 will either be to underground reservoirs or to the ocean; at present, the underground option seems to be the only viable one. Various strategies and technologies involved with reduction of CO2 emissions and carbon capture and sequestration （CCS） are briefly reviewed in this paper.