Plant development is a process from germination of seed to vegetative growth, flower initiation and development, fertilization and finally to the next generation seed formation. A lot of achievements have been obtai...Plant development is a process from germination of seed to vegetative growth, flower initiation and development, fertilization and finally to the next generation seed formation. A lot of achievements have been obtained in plant developmental biology in China. Since the 1990's, those young generation scientists returned to China from abroad to use molecular and genetic techniques to study morphological, physiological and biochemical process of plant development. The present paper reviews the progress in some research area of plant developmental biology in the past decades and also prospects the chance and future of plant developmental studies, due to the recent advances of plant genome sequencing and functional genomics in China under the international research background.展开更多
In the process of city construction, as a comprised factor of city geological environment, underground water takes the most active part, and its dynamic change is fiercest. The city construction unceasingly disturbs u...In the process of city construction, as a comprised factor of city geological environment, underground water takes the most active part, and its dynamic change is fiercest. The city construction unceasingly disturbs underground water chemical, dynamical, physical and biological field. In return, the four fields＇ changes also can affect the geological environment that city lived by, in other words they affect safety and stability of geological environment. Interaction of underground water and the geoenvironment directly displays in the following two ways： The first is that the underground water and the geological body transfer the energy each other; the second is that the strength balance of geological body is broken. Underground water variation brought about by city construction is the factor which cannot be neglected. Underground water variation on the one hand changes soils or rocks＇ physical, biological, chemical and mechanical properties, then influences the deformation and strength of geological body. On the other hand it changes its own physical, chemical properties and biochemical component. At present, from mechanics aspect, interaction between chemical field and biological field variation of the underground water and the geological body lacks research. Although interaction between them is long-term, slow, but when it compared with water-soil or water-rock interaction in the entire process of formation of rocks or soils or geologic evolution history, the qualitative change of the biological and chemical action of rocks or soils brought about by city construction is remarkable, in this paper, aiming at underground water biological field factor which is easily neglected by people, it analyzes that underground water biological field affects possible mechanism and approach of properties variation of rocks or soils in city construction, brings forward further research method and development direction have been also proposed.展开更多
The article reveals the potential of information technology in decision issues of municipal solid waste. The technique proposed for definition of ecological and technical potential for ecological optimization of the t...The article reveals the potential of information technology in decision issues of municipal solid waste. The technique proposed for definition of ecological and technical potential for ecological optimization of the territory for the purpose of efficient decision-making in the environmental field. Studies are based on the information capacity usage and implementation of geographic information technologies in combination with the methods of remote sensing of the earth. On this basis, the authors have developed mechanisms that will overcome the existing environmental and technical challenges--economic, political and human capital.展开更多
The possibility of producing biogas and methane from two phases olive pomace was considered using anaerobic digestion and the microbial characteristic of digestate for the agrarian use was analyzed. In the work, the m...The possibility of producing biogas and methane from two phases olive pomace was considered using anaerobic digestion and the microbial characteristic of digestate for the agrarian use was analyzed. In the work, the main aim was to obtain biogas, made from at least 50% methane, and a digestate that can be used in the field of agronomy, from the anaerobic digestion of the substrates. The tests were carried out by digesting different mixtures of the two-phase pomace, mulberry leaves and mud civil wastewater （pre-digested） in a batch system and in anaerobic mesophilic conditions （35 ~C）. The substrates were properly homogenized in order to obtain mixtures of known and uniform composition. The initial and final STi （Total Solids） and initial SVi （Volatile Solids）, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand and total phenols were measured and the process yield （m3/t SV） was quantified with standard procedure. The objectives of the study were the analysis of microbial biodiversity developed during fermentation of mixtures based products and the microbial communities corresponding to Eubacteria, Archaea and Fungiwas analyzed. The suitability of the digestate for agronomical use was evaluated by estimating pathogens bacteria that may be present and by index of inhibition of plant organisms model.展开更多
Natural products are often secondary metabolites in living organisms with a wide variety of biological activities. The diversification of their structures, aiming to the search for biologically active small molecules ...Natural products are often secondary metabolites in living organisms with a wide variety of biological activities. The diversification of their structures, aiming to the search for biologically active small molecules by expanding chemical and functional spaces, is a major area of current interest in synthetic chemistry. However, developing synthetic accessibility and efficiency often faces challenges associated with structural complexity. Synthetic biology has recently emerged and is promising to accomplish complex molecules; by contrast, the application to structural diversification of natural products relies on the understanding, development and utilization of compatible biosynthetic machinery. Here, we review the strategies primarily concerning the artificial evolution of microbial natural products whose biosynthesis features template enzymology, including ribosomaUy synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides as well as the assembly line-resultant polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and hybrids. The establishment of these approaches largely facilitates the expansion of the molecular diversity and utility through bioengineering at different stages/levels of biosynthetic pathways.展开更多
Syngas conversion to fuels and chemicals is one of the most challenging subjects in the field of C1 chemistry. It is considered as an attractive alternative non-petroleum-based production route. The direct synthesis o...Syngas conversion to fuels and chemicals is one of the most challenging subjects in the field of C1 chemistry. It is considered as an attractive alternative non-petroleum-based production route. The direct synthesis of olefins and alcohols as high value-added chemicals from syngas has drawn particular attention due to its process simplicity, low energy consumption and clean utilization of carbon resource, which conforms to the principles of green carbon science. This review describes the recent advances for the direct production of lower olefins and higher alcohols via syngas conversion. Recent progress in the development of new catalyst systems for enhanced catalytic performance is highlighted. We also give recommendations regarding major challenges for further research in syngas conversion to various chemicals.展开更多
This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of them.The principal conclusions are described,but it wil...This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of them.The principal conclusions are described,but it will be necessary to consult the references for details of the work involved.展开更多
Enzymes are biological catalysts that can convert substrates into products in biochemical reactions.In 1926,the first enzyme,urease,was determined to be a protein by James B.Sumner who won the Nobel Prize in 1946.Sinc...Enzymes are biological catalysts that can convert substrates into products in biochemical reactions.In 1926,the first enzyme,urease,was determined to be a protein by James B.Sumner who won the Nobel Prize in 1946.Since then,enzymes have been considered to be proteins,which allows them to achieve their high catalytic activity with high specific activity under mild conditions.However,in general,the enzyme activity of proteins is lost after exposure to extremes of p H and high temperature,and proteins are also susceptible to digestion by proteases in the environment,which dramatically hinders their practical applications in展开更多
文摘Plant development is a process from germination of seed to vegetative growth, flower initiation and development, fertilization and finally to the next generation seed formation. A lot of achievements have been obtained in plant developmental biology in China. Since the 1990's, those young generation scientists returned to China from abroad to use molecular and genetic techniques to study morphological, physiological and biochemical process of plant development. The present paper reviews the progress in some research area of plant developmental biology in the past decades and also prospects the chance and future of plant developmental studies, due to the recent advances of plant genome sequencing and functional genomics in China under the international research background.
基金Acknowledgments： This work is keystone items of Ministry of Education P.R.C （No. [2003]77）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 40062002）, Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi （Nos. 0447001, 0249010, 0575019, 0779012, 0632006-1B, RC2007001） and Department of Water Resources of Guangxi （No. [2004]4）.
文摘In the process of city construction, as a comprised factor of city geological environment, underground water takes the most active part, and its dynamic change is fiercest. The city construction unceasingly disturbs underground water chemical, dynamical, physical and biological field. In return, the four fields＇ changes also can affect the geological environment that city lived by, in other words they affect safety and stability of geological environment. Interaction of underground water and the geoenvironment directly displays in the following two ways： The first is that the underground water and the geological body transfer the energy each other; the second is that the strength balance of geological body is broken. Underground water variation brought about by city construction is the factor which cannot be neglected. Underground water variation on the one hand changes soils or rocks＇ physical, biological, chemical and mechanical properties, then influences the deformation and strength of geological body. On the other hand it changes its own physical, chemical properties and biochemical component. At present, from mechanics aspect, interaction between chemical field and biological field variation of the underground water and the geological body lacks research. Although interaction between them is long-term, slow, but when it compared with water-soil or water-rock interaction in the entire process of formation of rocks or soils or geologic evolution history, the qualitative change of the biological and chemical action of rocks or soils brought about by city construction is remarkable, in this paper, aiming at underground water biological field factor which is easily neglected by people, it analyzes that underground water biological field affects possible mechanism and approach of properties variation of rocks or soils in city construction, brings forward further research method and development direction have been also proposed.
文摘The article reveals the potential of information technology in decision issues of municipal solid waste. The technique proposed for definition of ecological and technical potential for ecological optimization of the territory for the purpose of efficient decision-making in the environmental field. Studies are based on the information capacity usage and implementation of geographic information technologies in combination with the methods of remote sensing of the earth. On this basis, the authors have developed mechanisms that will overcome the existing environmental and technical challenges--economic, political and human capital.
文摘The possibility of producing biogas and methane from two phases olive pomace was considered using anaerobic digestion and the microbial characteristic of digestate for the agrarian use was analyzed. In the work, the main aim was to obtain biogas, made from at least 50% methane, and a digestate that can be used in the field of agronomy, from the anaerobic digestion of the substrates. The tests were carried out by digesting different mixtures of the two-phase pomace, mulberry leaves and mud civil wastewater （pre-digested） in a batch system and in anaerobic mesophilic conditions （35 ~C）. The substrates were properly homogenized in order to obtain mixtures of known and uniform composition. The initial and final STi （Total Solids） and initial SVi （Volatile Solids）, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand and total phenols were measured and the process yield （m3/t SV） was quantified with standard procedure. The objectives of the study were the analysis of microbial biodiversity developed during fermentation of mixtures based products and the microbial communities corresponding to Eubacteria, Archaea and Fungiwas analyzed. The suitability of the digestate for agronomical use was evaluated by estimating pathogens bacteria that may be present and by index of inhibition of plant organisms model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81402831, 21520102004, 31430005, 21472231)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Shanghai, China) (14JC1407700, 15JC1400400) of China
文摘Natural products are often secondary metabolites in living organisms with a wide variety of biological activities. The diversification of their structures, aiming to the search for biologically active small molecules by expanding chemical and functional spaces, is a major area of current interest in synthetic chemistry. However, developing synthetic accessibility and efficiency often faces challenges associated with structural complexity. Synthetic biology has recently emerged and is promising to accomplish complex molecules; by contrast, the application to structural diversification of natural products relies on the understanding, development and utilization of compatible biosynthetic machinery. Here, we review the strategies primarily concerning the artificial evolution of microbial natural products whose biosynthesis features template enzymology, including ribosomaUy synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides as well as the assembly line-resultant polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and hybrids. The establishment of these approaches largely facilitates the expansion of the molecular diversity and utility through bioengineering at different stages/levels of biosynthetic pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91545112,21573271,21403278)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission,China(15DZ1170500)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDB-SSW-SLH035)
文摘Syngas conversion to fuels and chemicals is one of the most challenging subjects in the field of C1 chemistry. It is considered as an attractive alternative non-petroleum-based production route. The direct synthesis of olefins and alcohols as high value-added chemicals from syngas has drawn particular attention due to its process simplicity, low energy consumption and clean utilization of carbon resource, which conforms to the principles of green carbon science. This review describes the recent advances for the direct production of lower olefins and higher alcohols via syngas conversion. Recent progress in the development of new catalyst systems for enhanced catalytic performance is highlighted. We also give recommendations regarding major challenges for further research in syngas conversion to various chemicals.
基金supported by grants from the U. S. National Institutes of Healththe U. S. National Science Foundation
文摘This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of them.The principal conclusions are described,but it will be necessary to consult the references for details of the work involved.
文摘Enzymes are biological catalysts that can convert substrates into products in biochemical reactions.In 1926,the first enzyme,urease,was determined to be a protein by James B.Sumner who won the Nobel Prize in 1946.Since then,enzymes have been considered to be proteins,which allows them to achieve their high catalytic activity with high specific activity under mild conditions.However,in general,the enzyme activity of proteins is lost after exposure to extremes of p H and high temperature,and proteins are also susceptible to digestion by proteases in the environment,which dramatically hinders their practical applications in
