马克思主义认识论是动员的生发基础

马克思主义认识论是指导中国共产党动员的科学理论,是中国共产党成功动员人民群众的理论基础。马克思主义认识论与动员二者之间存在着互融共生的关系,科学认识社会发展规律是动员生成的立足之基,深刻认识中国共产党的伟大历史使命是动员生成的精神之源,动员作为科学共产主义运动的“助推器”和中国共产党革命成功的“引擎”,是马克思主义认识论指导现实的实践彰显。

论农村民主管理制度生发基础的经济逻辑

农村民主管理制度作为我国农村的一项基本社会政治制度,有其经济、政治、文化、伦理及社会等诸方面的生发基础。从经济基础层面看,农村民主管理制度的生长发育有其深刻的经济逻辑,主要体现在农村经济形态与农村民主管理制度伴生的历史演进过程中的经济历史逻辑;农村市场经济与农村民主管理制度的共生性方面的经济关系逻辑,以及在经济历史逻辑与经济关系逻辑基础上所产生的农村市场经济与农村民主管理制度历史发展过程的共融性方面的经济逻辑。

Sense-Oriented Reasoning at Three Progressive Levels in Tribal and Modem Societies

Sense-oriented reasoning （SOR） was analyzed by comparing the reasoning of tribal and modem societies on a specific subject, the conception and birth of a child. Tribal societies have beliefs, which are difficult to understand by modem societies. Their reasoning becomes understandable only when considering that their observations are limited to the macrocosm. Modem societies have access to the microcosm with a microscope, where different biological mechanisms for the conception of a child were discovered. Since the tribes＇ macroscopical observations were different, their conclusions became necessarily different. The inheritance problem can only be solved by genes at the microscopic level, to which tribal societies had no access. With observations limited to the macrocosm, tribes logically invoked invisible child-spirits of ancestors wanting to be reincarnated in children of the same tribe. Besides the different access to observation, the reasoning of both societies is similar and built around the investigation of a final sense. Reasoning progresses after a phase without any quest for sense through three progressive levels： （1） primary sense, （2） corrected sense, and （3） verified sense. In tribal societies, reasoning is interrupted at the primary sense level when it seems consistent with their general beliefs and traditions. This resembles coherentist theories of epistemic justification, in which justification is only a function of coherence between beliefs. Tribal societies realize the input problem of these theories, since they have no access to the microcosm and also illustrate the Gettier problem. Modem societies progress to the higher levels of corrected and verified sense reasoning, even if inconsistent with their prior beliefs. They initially imagined genes as a hypothetic missing link for inheritance, which relies on a start observation concerning the character of ancestors to the target observation, the similarity with the character of children. If the missing link is definitely verified, it shows a chain of justified beliefs between both observations, allowing the initially hypothetic missing link to be retrospectively considered as the real cause. The SOR of modem societies resembles the extemalist version of foundationalism of epistemic justification, in which the necessary non-inferential justification is represented by the target observation.

Increased incidence of adrenal gland injury in blunt ab- dominal trauma： a computed tomography-based study from Pakistan

Objective： To determine the frequency of adrenal injuries in patients presenting with blunt abdomi- nal trauma by computed tomography （CT）. Methods： During a 6 month period from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2011, 82 emergency CT examinations were performed in the setting of major abdominal trauma and ret- rospectively reviewed for adrenal gland injuries. Results： A total of 7 patients were identified as having adrenal gland injuries （6 males and 1 female）. Two patients had isolated adrenal gland injuries. In the other 5 patients with nonisolated injuries, injuries to the liver （1 case）, spleen （1 case）, retroperitoneum （2 cases） and mesentery （4 cases） were identified. Overall 24 cases with liver injuries （29 %）, 11cases with splenic injuries （13%）, 54 cases with mesenteric injuries （65%）, 14 cases （17%） with retroperitoneal injuries and 9 cases with renal injuries were identified. Conclusion： Adrenal gland injury is identified in 7 patients （11.7%） out of a total of 82 patients who underwent CT after major abdominal trauma. Most of these cases were nonisolated injuries. Our experience indicates that adrenal injury resulting from trauma is more common than suggested by other reports. The rise in incidence of adrenal injuries could be attributed to the mode of injury.

Basal metabolic rate in free-living tropical birds： the influence of phylogenetic, behavioral, and ecological factors

The majority of our knowledge of avian energetics is based on studies of birds from temperate and high latitudes. Using the largest existing sample of wild-caught Old World tropical species, we showed that birds from Southern Vietnam had lower basal metabolic rate （BMR） than temperate species. The strongest dissimilarity between tropical and temperate species was the low scaling exponent in the allometric relation between BMR and body mass in tropical birds （the regression slope was 0.573）. The passerine migrants to temperate and high latitudes had higher BMR than tropical sedentary passerines. Body mass alone accounted for 93% of the variation in BMR （body mass ranged from 5 to 252 g）. Contrary to some other studies, we did not find evidence besides the above mentioned that phylogeny, taxonomy, behavior, or ecology have a significant influence on BMR variation among tropical birds.

An evaluation of the economic,social,and ecological risks of China-Mongolia-Russia high-speed railway construction and policy suggestions

The construction of China-Mongolia-Russia high-speed railways is a strategic move to promote transportation infrastructure inter-connectivity between these countries, which will accelerate the implementation of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor. However, well-planned China-Mongolia-Russia high-speed railways demand accurately identifying construction risks, scientifically evaluating risk levels, and mapping the spatial distribution of these risks. Therefore, this study established the integrated risk evaluation model(IREM) to scientifically evaluate the economic, social, and ecological risks of China-Mongolia-Russia high-speed railway construction and determine their magnitude and spatial distribution pattern. Based on this analysis, we propose designs for the east and west China-Mongolia-Russia high-speed railways and policy suggestions to mitigate construction risks. Suggestions include developing innovative cooperation of the "high-speed railway for resources and market", strengthening communication and technology dissemination, and applying innovative engineering techniques and setting buffers; establishing collaborative prevention and control systems to mitigate the three major ecological risks in the China, Mongolia, and Russia trans-border areas; and promoting economic integration by improving strategic coordination. In summary, this study provides scientific support for designing the China-Mongolia-Russia high-speed railways minimizing construction risks.

A Fuzzy-based Methodology for an Aggregative Environmental Risk Assessment of Restored Soil

Environmental risks pertaining to contaminated soils have been well studied,while little attention has been paid to the risks of the soils after remediation. In this study,a concept model developed based on fuzzy set theory was applied to evaluate the uncertainties of three risk indicators,namely,plant growth,groundwater safety and human health,of a restored site that had been previously polluted by heavy metals. The concept model classified the grade and importance of risk factors by an 11-level ranking system and was able to yield a comprehensive risk result rather than multi-risk results for complex risk indicators. Modeling results showed that the risks to the three indicators were effectively reduced after the remediation. Moreover,great sensitivity of the risks was found related to the weight distribution among the three risk indicators. In general,the risks of both polluted and restored soils to the environment were in the order of groundwater safety > plant growth > human health. The model was proved to solve the problems of multi-risk results due to complex risk indicators that previously encountered by other researchers,which made it helpful in decision-making and management of restored soils.