Natural condition in Western China is relatively poor and regional economy level is low. The ecological environment has been seriously damaged by population growth and over-exploitation of natural resources. It is ver...Natural condition in Western China is relatively poor and regional economy level is low. The ecological environment has been seriously damaged by population growth and over-exploitation of natural resources. It is very important for coordinating the regional development and safeguarding ecological security to discuss the eco-environment evolution trend and its sustainable development strategies in Western China. Based on analyzing documents and relative research,the changes of main ecological and environmental problems in the western region,such as degradation of forest and grassland ecosystems,shrinkage of wetland,desertification,water and soil erosion,etc. were synthetically discussed. Then,according to the development trend,some countermeasures for eco-environment protection and rehabilitation and sustainable development were proposed.展开更多
This paper examines the widely acclaimed Barefoot Doctor campaign in China. The Barefoot Doctor campaign has come to symbolise the success of Chinese health care to the extent that it has become a model for WHO public...This paper examines the widely acclaimed Barefoot Doctor campaign in China. The Barefoot Doctor campaign has come to symbolise the success of Chinese health care to the extent that it has become a model for WHO public health strategy. Yet little has been done to understand how or whether it worked on the ground and what difficulties and contradictions emerged in its implementation. Using previously unexplored party archives as well as newly collected oral interviews, this paper moves away from a narrow focus on party politics and policy formulation by examining the reality of health care at the local level and the challenges faced by local authorities and individuals as the campaigns evolved.展开更多
Discocephalids and pseudoamphisiellids are possibly two of the most confused groups among hypotrichous/euplotid ciliates regarding their systematic position and phylogenetic relationships.The former were often regarde...Discocephalids and pseudoamphisiellids are possibly two of the most confused groups among hypotrichous/euplotid ciliates regarding their systematic position and phylogenetic relationships.The former were often regarded as related to euplotids while the latter,in the absence of molecular data,were mostly assigned to the urostylid-like hypotrichs.In the present work,the small subunit rRNA genes of several rarely observed discocephalid and pseudoamphisiellid genera were analyzed to obtain insights into the phylogenetic relationships of these highly ambiguous Spirotrichea.Four different tree reconstruction algorithms yielded nearly identical topologies,which indicated both groups belong to the same assemblage.This assemblage is clearly isolated as a deep-branching clade and invariably positioned between Euplotida and Hypotricha.The sister group relationship of the Pseudoamphisiellidae and Discocephalidae supports the previous suggestion that they might represent an ordinal taxon,the Discocephalida.Both morphological and morphogenetic features indicate that the pseudoamphisiellids should be placed in the order Discocephalida but as a sister group to other typical discocephalids.Thus we propose establishing a new suborder,Pseudoamphisiellina subord.n.The new taxon is diagnosed by the following characteristics:(i) two distantly separated midventral rows that are morphogenetically formed with an urostylid mode;(ii) absence of the "frontoterminal row",which is formed from the posterior-most frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage in all other typical urostylids;(iii) numerous caudal cirri that derive from each of the dorsal kinety anlagen;(iv) right marginal row that has a unique de novo origin;and (v) inhabiting periphytic communities.The validity of the suborder Pseudoamphisiellina is firmly supported by molecular data.展开更多
基金Supported by National Key Technology R&D Program during the 11th Five-year Plan (2006BAC01A01)~~
文摘Natural condition in Western China is relatively poor and regional economy level is low. The ecological environment has been seriously damaged by population growth and over-exploitation of natural resources. It is very important for coordinating the regional development and safeguarding ecological security to discuss the eco-environment evolution trend and its sustainable development strategies in Western China. Based on analyzing documents and relative research,the changes of main ecological and environmental problems in the western region,such as degradation of forest and grassland ecosystems,shrinkage of wetland,desertification,water and soil erosion,etc. were synthetically discussed. Then,according to the development trend,some countermeasures for eco-environment protection and rehabilitation and sustainable development were proposed.
文摘This paper examines the widely acclaimed Barefoot Doctor campaign in China. The Barefoot Doctor campaign has come to symbolise the success of Chinese health care to the extent that it has become a model for WHO public health strategy. Yet little has been done to understand how or whether it worked on the ground and what difficulties and contradictions emerged in its implementation. Using previously unexplored party archives as well as newly collected oral interviews, this paper moves away from a narrow focus on party politics and policy formulation by examining the reality of health care at the local level and the challenges faced by local authorities and individuals as the campaigns evolved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40906065 and 31030059)
文摘Discocephalids and pseudoamphisiellids are possibly two of the most confused groups among hypotrichous/euplotid ciliates regarding their systematic position and phylogenetic relationships.The former were often regarded as related to euplotids while the latter,in the absence of molecular data,were mostly assigned to the urostylid-like hypotrichs.In the present work,the small subunit rRNA genes of several rarely observed discocephalid and pseudoamphisiellid genera were analyzed to obtain insights into the phylogenetic relationships of these highly ambiguous Spirotrichea.Four different tree reconstruction algorithms yielded nearly identical topologies,which indicated both groups belong to the same assemblage.This assemblage is clearly isolated as a deep-branching clade and invariably positioned between Euplotida and Hypotricha.The sister group relationship of the Pseudoamphisiellidae and Discocephalidae supports the previous suggestion that they might represent an ordinal taxon,the Discocephalida.Both morphological and morphogenetic features indicate that the pseudoamphisiellids should be placed in the order Discocephalida but as a sister group to other typical discocephalids.Thus we propose establishing a new suborder,Pseudoamphisiellina subord.n.The new taxon is diagnosed by the following characteristics:(i) two distantly separated midventral rows that are morphogenetically formed with an urostylid mode;(ii) absence of the "frontoterminal row",which is formed from the posterior-most frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage in all other typical urostylids;(iii) numerous caudal cirri that derive from each of the dorsal kinety anlagen;(iv) right marginal row that has a unique de novo origin;and (v) inhabiting periphytic communities.The validity of the suborder Pseudoamphisiellina is firmly supported by molecular data.
