广东省村镇系统生命力评价及影响因素分析

村镇系统是城乡综合体要素聚集与空间融合的重要载体。基于多维研究视角,引入生命力概念模型,构建村镇系统生命力评价体系,采用2008—2019年广东省20个城市村镇系统的空间面板数据,运用空间属性双聚类模型和ESDA方法剖析村镇系统生命力时空格局、区域类型和影响因素。结果显示:广东省村镇系统生命力整体呈上升趋势,并具有明显的空间分异特征,可划分为珠三角综合驱动成熟区、滨海功能拓展发育区、北部生态约束衰弱区和中部核心辐射稳健区四大区域。地形、交通、经济与政策、城市与人口、生态规制等对村镇系统生命力变化具有显著影响。其中市场与产业是影响村镇系统社会经济要素的核心,交通便捷程度尤其是高铁等快速交通网正深刻变革着村镇系统的空间格局,以城市群为代表的工业化和城镇化驱动力正在左右着村镇系统空间演化的未来走向。

Environmental impact assessment of China’s primary aluminum based on life cycle assessment

Assessing and accounting for material consumption and environmental impact are necessary to measure environmental externalities of the aluminum industry and to construct an ecological civilization.In this research,life cycle assessment(LCA)theory was used to assess the environmental impact of primary aluminum based on the lime soda Bayer process and different power generation modes,and the sources and distributions of the four selected impact categories were analyzed.The results show that,(1)Negative environmental impact of aluminum industry generally occurs from alumina extraction,carbon anode fabrication and electrolysis,particularly electrolysis and alumina extraction.Primary energy demand(PED),water use(WU),global warming potential(GWP)and freshwater eutrophication potential(FEP)are main environmental impact categories.(2)The environmental load with thermal power is higher than that with hydropower,e.g.,for the former,the greenhouse gas emission coefficient of 21800 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated,while for the latter,4910 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated.(3)Both power mode methods reflect the energy structure,whereas direct emissions reflect the technical level,indicating the potential for large energy savings and emission reductions,and some policies,related to clean power,energy efficiency and technological progress,should be made for emission reduction.

Determining the Environmental and Economic Benefits of Life Cycle Assessment on Example of the Power Plants in Poland

The paper presents a method of life cycle assessment （LCA） to determine the impact of the electricity produced on the environment. To determine the environmental burdens and benefits the LCA technique is used, methodologically based on ISO 14040 series. In addition, the usefulness of this method to assess the energy sector has been shown. To evaluate the process, SimaPro software and the method of Eco Indicator 99 were used, which allows to get the results of the burden and benefit with taking into account three categories of damages： ecosystem quality, human health, and raw materials. This paper presents the impact of electricity generation on the environment in coal power plants. The article also points to the directions of the Polish energy sector and pointed to the need to determine the environmental risks associated with the production of energy. A detailed analysis by the method of LCA is made to compare the environmental impact of electricity generation in the Lagisza Power Plant and Turdw Power Plant. It is pointed to the difference in the results obtained. Moreover, the causes of the reported environmental impacts are discussed. Measures are identified which will help to reduce in the future the impact of the electricity produced on the environment during the production of electricity.

Carbon Footprint of Transitional Shelters

Extreme weather events, sea level rise, and political disputes linked to climate change are driving masses to leave their homes. Their transitional settlements should be produced in a manner that causes minimum greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions to prevent any further acceleration of climate change and the humanitarian crises it causes. This article presents a study of the carbon footprint and primary energy demand of the construction materials of eight different transitional shelters. The lowest carbon footprints were found from shelter models made from bamboo or timber. The highest emissions were caused by shelters that have either a short service life or that are made from metal-intensive structures. The choice of cladding materials was surprisingly important. The findings were further compared to the overall impacts of each construction project, to national per capita GHG emissions,and to construction costs. Some shelter projects had notable total energy consumption even compared to the annual energy use of industrialized countries. The study concludes that construction materials have an important impact on the carbon footprint of shelters. Comparisons should however be made only between similar functional units. Furthermore, benchmark values and more background data are urgently needed in order to give humanitarian nongovernmental organizations tools for lowering the carbon footprint of their construction operations.