Loach （Misgurnus anguillicaudatus） is a commercially important fish in China and an ideal aquaculture species. However, culturists experience high larval and juvenile mortality during mass production. To provide ins...Loach （Misgurnus anguillicaudatus） is a commercially important fish in China and an ideal aquaculture species. However, culturists experience high larval and juvenile mortality during mass production. To provide insight into ways to improve larviculture techniques, we describe the morphological characteristics and behavior of loach during the larval and early juvenile stages. Yolksae larvae ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 mm body length （BL） between days 0 to 4; preflexion larvae ranged from 3.6 to 5.5 mm BL between days 4 to 6; flexion larvae ranged from 4.8 to 8.1 mm BL between days 5 and 14; and post-flexion larvae ranged from 7. l to 15.7 mm BL between days 11 to 27; the minimum length and age of juveniles was 14.1 mm BL and 23 d, respectively. Loach are demersal from hatch through to the early juvenile stages. A suite of morphological characteristics （e.g., external gill filament and ventral mouth opening） and behavioral traits have developed to adapt to demersal living. We observed positive allometric growth in eye diameter, head length, head height, and pectoral fin length during the early larval stages, reflecting the priorities in the development of the organs essential for survival. Our results provide a basis for developing techniques to improve the survival of larval and juvenile loach during mass production.展开更多
The main goal of this paper is to analyze situations of financial crisis in Italian companies. The analysis has also been focused on the company＇s attitude to overcome the financial crisis. Secondly, the authors have...The main goal of this paper is to analyze situations of financial crisis in Italian companies. The analysis has also been focused on the company＇s attitude to overcome the financial crisis. Secondly, the authors have analyzed if the recovery project has required the introduction of a new management control system or changes to the existing management control system. The methodology is composed of several steps. First of all, the authors have analyzed the existing literature. Secondly, the authors have referred to a sample of 98 Italian recovery projects formalized by Italian private companies. The analysis of the literature and the recovery projects permits to achieve some provisional results, which have been tested through surveys. The methodology approach is inspired by the grounded theory. The findings have been several： （1） The crisis is a usual event in the lifecycle of a firm, due to a deterioration of its strength and a change of the context; （2） The timing factor has played a fundamental role in managing the crisis situation, because a late identification of the symptoms or a minimization of them can generate an irreversible situation; and （3） In addition, a recovery project includes the introduction of a new management control system or changes to the existing management control system. These new or modified management control systems use ＂feed-forward＂ mechanisms, which make early predictions about the changes in the characteristics of the competitive framework.展开更多
India is having more than 500,000 villages of which about 85% have been electrified. But as per RGGVY （Rejiv Gandhi Grammen Vidyutikaran Yojana）, the rate of village electrification is much lower as household connec...India is having more than 500,000 villages of which about 85% have been electrified. But as per RGGVY （Rejiv Gandhi Grammen Vidyutikaran Yojana）, the rate of village electrification is much lower as household connectivity has been fairly low. The rest 15% villages and a larger proportion of households have to be electrified. Villages have been a major concern as cost of electrification is fairly high. The most favored alternative to any kind of users is generation of electricity from diesel generating sets and renewable sources of energy. But the capital cost of renewable energy equipments is fairly high. Gradually, there is a reduction in the prices of these systems due to availability of better technological options and they are becoming competitive to grid electricity. In this paper, an attempt has been made to calculate the cost of production of electricity from stand-alone, off-grid devices biomass gasifiers （both dual fuel and pure gas type） and compare with that of diesel generating sets by using the concept of LCC （life cycle costing） and Homer software. It is found that the cost of per unit electricity generation （kWh） has been always the lowest in comparison to diesel generating sets even if the price of biomass increases to some extent.展开更多
The paper analyze and comprehensive evaluate on the characteristics of the product life cycle in each link of the green product design and the life cycle, has obtained a series of design green design optimization meth...The paper analyze and comprehensive evaluate on the characteristics of the product life cycle in each link of the green product design and the life cycle, has obtained a series of design green design optimization method. In the choice of materials, this paper presented a method for the re-combination of recycled materials. In the recovery of the product it proposes the establishment of recycling system, and expounds the concept upgrade recovery. Design and manufacturing of green products and green recycling industry is the two most important link in green circular economic system, whether or not the coordinated development of the two sectors, is the key to the success or failure of the strategy of sustainable development.展开更多
Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our im...Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our impact on functional parameters of the biosphere. Considering biosphere as a natural life-support system （LSS）, we can receive the helpful information for working out and creation of artificial LSS of various types. Big biotic cycle induced with flows of a solar energy, is a basis of functioning of the biosphere and its basic cells-ecosystems. It＇s possible to summarize briefly the main functional and structural properties of the biosphere： integrity, closure, substance cycling, steady state, energy dependence and biodiversity. These properties of the biosphere, as a LSS, ensure potentially everlasting life under the conditions of a limited quantity of substrate suitable for the life on the planet. Ecological Footprint （EF） as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic impact on biosphere functioning is discussed in the paper. The index of the ecological reliability （IER） is introduced as a quantitative ecological indicator of different territories. The comparative dynamics of the United Nations＇ Human Development Index （HDI） and EF is discussed. The vital goal of sustainable human development： all humans can have opportunity to fulfill their lives without degrading the biosphere. To support sustainability, we should try to develop each nation and the mankind as a whole with a high HDI and a low ecological footprint. It means to have high level of HDI at low level of EF. But current tendency of economical and social development shows that the higher HDI is, the bigger EF is. EF of mankind is growing menacingly. Now actual pressure of the human civilization of our planet （2010） upon 50% exceeds its potential possibilities biological capacity （BC）, measured on the area ＂global＂ green hectares）. It means that we need 1.5 planets of the Earth＇s type. It leads to ecological incident in the scale of biosphere. Our biosphere is the large, multilevel, hierarchically organized system, and our civilization is only a part of it. This part is not central; it can disappear for ever, if we do not cope to be included in the biosphere as a great system.展开更多
Plants undergo a series of developmental transitions during their life cycle. After seed germination, plants pass through two distinct phases: the vegetative phase in which leaves are produced and the reproductive pha...Plants undergo a series of developmental transitions during their life cycle. After seed germination, plants pass through two distinct phases: the vegetative phase in which leaves are produced and the reproductive phase in which flowering occurs. Based on the reproductive competence and morphological changes, the vegetative phase can be further divided into juvenile and adult phases. Here, we demonstrate that the difference between juvenile and adult phase of Nicotiana tabacum is characterized by the changes in leaf size, leaf shape as well as the number of leaf epidermal hairs(trichomes). We further show that miR156, an age-regulated microR NA, regulates juvenile-to-adult phase transition in N. tabacum. Overexpression of miR156 results in delayed juvenile-to-adult transition and flowering. Together, our results support an evolutionarily conserved role of miR156 in plant developmental transitions.展开更多
When our knowledge of a field accumulates to a certain level,we are bound to see the rise of one or more great scientists.They will make a series of grand discoveries/breakthroughs and push the discipline into an '...When our knowledge of a field accumulates to a certain level,we are bound to see the rise of one or more great scientists.They will make a series of grand discoveries/breakthroughs and push the discipline into an 'age of grand discoveries'.Mathematics,geography,physics and chemistry have all experienced their ages of grand discoveries;and in life sciences,the age of grand discoveries has appeared countless times since the 16th century.Thanks to the ever-changing development of molecular biology over the past 50 years,contemporary life science is once again approaching its breaking point and the trigger for this is most likely to be 'lifeomics'.At the end of the 20th century,genomics wrote out the 'script of life';proteomics decoded the script;and RNAomics,glycomics and metabolomics came into bloom.These 'omics',with their unique epistemology and methodology,quickly became the thrust of life sciences,pushing the discipline to new high.Lifeomics,which encompasses all omics,has taken shape and is now signalling the dawn of a new era,the age of grand discoveries.展开更多
基金Supported by the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Huai’an(Nos.SN12100 and SN12101)the Construction of Innovation Carrier and Platform Project of Huai’an for the Key Laboratory of Sustainable Fisheries and Environmental Protection for Lakes of Northern Jiangsu(No.HAP201204)the Special Research Fund for Public Interest of MWR of China(No.201201028-02)
文摘Loach （Misgurnus anguillicaudatus） is a commercially important fish in China and an ideal aquaculture species. However, culturists experience high larval and juvenile mortality during mass production. To provide insight into ways to improve larviculture techniques, we describe the morphological characteristics and behavior of loach during the larval and early juvenile stages. Yolksae larvae ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 mm body length （BL） between days 0 to 4; preflexion larvae ranged from 3.6 to 5.5 mm BL between days 4 to 6; flexion larvae ranged from 4.8 to 8.1 mm BL between days 5 and 14; and post-flexion larvae ranged from 7. l to 15.7 mm BL between days 11 to 27; the minimum length and age of juveniles was 14.1 mm BL and 23 d, respectively. Loach are demersal from hatch through to the early juvenile stages. A suite of morphological characteristics （e.g., external gill filament and ventral mouth opening） and behavioral traits have developed to adapt to demersal living. We observed positive allometric growth in eye diameter, head length, head height, and pectoral fin length during the early larval stages, reflecting the priorities in the development of the organs essential for survival. Our results provide a basis for developing techniques to improve the survival of larval and juvenile loach during mass production.
文摘The main goal of this paper is to analyze situations of financial crisis in Italian companies. The analysis has also been focused on the company＇s attitude to overcome the financial crisis. Secondly, the authors have analyzed if the recovery project has required the introduction of a new management control system or changes to the existing management control system. The methodology is composed of several steps. First of all, the authors have analyzed the existing literature. Secondly, the authors have referred to a sample of 98 Italian recovery projects formalized by Italian private companies. The analysis of the literature and the recovery projects permits to achieve some provisional results, which have been tested through surveys. The methodology approach is inspired by the grounded theory. The findings have been several： （1） The crisis is a usual event in the lifecycle of a firm, due to a deterioration of its strength and a change of the context; （2） The timing factor has played a fundamental role in managing the crisis situation, because a late identification of the symptoms or a minimization of them can generate an irreversible situation; and （3） In addition, a recovery project includes the introduction of a new management control system or changes to the existing management control system. These new or modified management control systems use ＂feed-forward＂ mechanisms, which make early predictions about the changes in the characteristics of the competitive framework.
文摘India is having more than 500,000 villages of which about 85% have been electrified. But as per RGGVY （Rejiv Gandhi Grammen Vidyutikaran Yojana）, the rate of village electrification is much lower as household connectivity has been fairly low. The rest 15% villages and a larger proportion of households have to be electrified. Villages have been a major concern as cost of electrification is fairly high. The most favored alternative to any kind of users is generation of electricity from diesel generating sets and renewable sources of energy. But the capital cost of renewable energy equipments is fairly high. Gradually, there is a reduction in the prices of these systems due to availability of better technological options and they are becoming competitive to grid electricity. In this paper, an attempt has been made to calculate the cost of production of electricity from stand-alone, off-grid devices biomass gasifiers （both dual fuel and pure gas type） and compare with that of diesel generating sets by using the concept of LCC （life cycle costing） and Homer software. It is found that the cost of per unit electricity generation （kWh） has been always the lowest in comparison to diesel generating sets even if the price of biomass increases to some extent.
文摘The paper analyze and comprehensive evaluate on the characteristics of the product life cycle in each link of the green product design and the life cycle, has obtained a series of design green design optimization method. In the choice of materials, this paper presented a method for the re-combination of recycled materials. In the recovery of the product it proposes the establishment of recycling system, and expounds the concept upgrade recovery. Design and manufacturing of green products and green recycling industry is the two most important link in green circular economic system, whether or not the coordinated development of the two sectors, is the key to the success or failure of the strategy of sustainable development.
文摘Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our impact on functional parameters of the biosphere. Considering biosphere as a natural life-support system （LSS）, we can receive the helpful information for working out and creation of artificial LSS of various types. Big biotic cycle induced with flows of a solar energy, is a basis of functioning of the biosphere and its basic cells-ecosystems. It＇s possible to summarize briefly the main functional and structural properties of the biosphere： integrity, closure, substance cycling, steady state, energy dependence and biodiversity. These properties of the biosphere, as a LSS, ensure potentially everlasting life under the conditions of a limited quantity of substrate suitable for the life on the planet. Ecological Footprint （EF） as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic impact on biosphere functioning is discussed in the paper. The index of the ecological reliability （IER） is introduced as a quantitative ecological indicator of different territories. The comparative dynamics of the United Nations＇ Human Development Index （HDI） and EF is discussed. The vital goal of sustainable human development： all humans can have opportunity to fulfill their lives without degrading the biosphere. To support sustainability, we should try to develop each nation and the mankind as a whole with a high HDI and a low ecological footprint. It means to have high level of HDI at low level of EF. But current tendency of economical and social development shows that the higher HDI is, the bigger EF is. EF of mankind is growing menacingly. Now actual pressure of the human civilization of our planet （2010） upon 50% exceeds its potential possibilities biological capacity （BC）, measured on the area ＂global＂ green hectares）. It means that we need 1.5 planets of the Earth＇s type. It leads to ecological incident in the scale of biosphere. Our biosphere is the large, multilevel, hierarchically organized system, and our civilization is only a part of it. This part is not central; it can disappear for ever, if we do not cope to be included in the biosphere as a great system.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31400250)SIBS Young Investigator Program(2013KIP207)to Zhou Chuan Miao+4 种基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31430013,31222029,912173023)State Key Basic Research Program of China(2013CB127000)Shanghai Pujiang Program(12PJ1409900)Recruitment Program of Global Experts(China)NKLPMG Key Research Program to Wang JiaW ei
文摘Plants undergo a series of developmental transitions during their life cycle. After seed germination, plants pass through two distinct phases: the vegetative phase in which leaves are produced and the reproductive phase in which flowering occurs. Based on the reproductive competence and morphological changes, the vegetative phase can be further divided into juvenile and adult phases. Here, we demonstrate that the difference between juvenile and adult phase of Nicotiana tabacum is characterized by the changes in leaf size, leaf shape as well as the number of leaf epidermal hairs(trichomes). We further show that miR156, an age-regulated microR NA, regulates juvenile-to-adult phase transition in N. tabacum. Overexpression of miR156 results in delayed juvenile-to-adult transition and flowering. Together, our results support an evolutionarily conserved role of miR156 in plant developmental transitions.
基金funded by China-Australia Joint Science and Technology Commission (2010DFA31260)China-Canada Joint Health Research Initiative (81010064)
文摘When our knowledge of a field accumulates to a certain level,we are bound to see the rise of one or more great scientists.They will make a series of grand discoveries/breakthroughs and push the discipline into an 'age of grand discoveries'.Mathematics,geography,physics and chemistry have all experienced their ages of grand discoveries;and in life sciences,the age of grand discoveries has appeared countless times since the 16th century.Thanks to the ever-changing development of molecular biology over the past 50 years,contemporary life science is once again approaching its breaking point and the trigger for this is most likely to be 'lifeomics'.At the end of the 20th century,genomics wrote out the 'script of life';proteomics decoded the script;and RNAomics,glycomics and metabolomics came into bloom.These 'omics',with their unique epistemology and methodology,quickly became the thrust of life sciences,pushing the discipline to new high.Lifeomics,which encompasses all omics,has taken shape and is now signalling the dawn of a new era,the age of grand discoveries.
