我国半散放麋鹿生境植被及采食植物种类的研究

1985—1986年在北京麋鹿苑,1987—1990年在江苏大丰麋鹿保护区研究了半散放糜鹿Elaphurus davidianus生境植被,系统记录了糜鹿采食植物共263种,隶属于49科164属。其中,北京麋鹿苑采食植物39科86属118种;大丰糜鹿保护区采食植物42科133属194种及变种。植被及采食种类情况表明,两地麋鹿饲料植物多样性较好,鹿群规模在迅速增长。但几年来,两地生境植被不同程度恶化显著,主要因放养范围小、鹿群规模相应过大。而植物区系组成简单、群落发育年轻、植被演替迅速也是植被恶化原因。扩大放养范围、改善栖息条件已属迫切任务。

长江口北支湿地分类及生境特征

长江口北支湿地可以划分为海岸潮滩湿地生境、河口湿地生境和人工湿地生境3大类,生境类型丰富。分析了每类湿地生境的特征,最后指出由于人类的高强度干扰,生境破碎化严重,生物多样性降低,湿地生态服务功能减弱。

湿地公园植被专项规划

湿地公园规划是目前规划设计部门开始涉及的新领域。湿地植被在湿地公园中有着重要的意义与作用。植被专项规划作为湿地公园规划的重要组成部分,还没有一个科学的方法作为指导。本文从水禽生境营造的角度进行植被专项规划探讨,具体阐述湿地公园植被专项规划途径与方法,以期开展更深的研究。

青海省天然草地分类方法、面临的问题及对策

本文通过系统梳理定性的植被-生境分类法(Vegetation habitat classification system,VHCS)和定量的草地综合顺序分类法(Comprehensive and sequential classification system of grassland,CSCS)在青海省草地资源调查过程中的发展史,阐述了二者在不同历史时期的表现形式。通过对分类系统指标的对比发现,VHCS和CSCS在应用于草地分类时既有相通之处,又有所差异。结果表明:通过对比VHCS与CSCS的温度、湿润度及划分出的草地类型优势植物种类和分布区域发现,VHCS在热量级的划分上精确度较小,VHCS和CSCS湿润度划分指标的标准和范围基本一致,但对应的景观类型存在明显差异;二者的优势植物对应基本一致;CSCS的分布区域侧重以行政区域为单位,而VHCS则将分布区域按照地形来划分。文章基于以上结果,分析了目前青海省草地分类时面临的问题,并提出针对性的解决措施,为指导青海省草地分类和管理提供基础理论依据。

岷江上游山区聚落生态位空间分布特征研究

基于岷江上游山区藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位和植被生境适宜性的空间分布,借助分形和贝叶斯模型,定量刻画聚落生态位的民族属性对山区聚落生态位的空间分布特征的影响。结果表明:1岷江上游藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位间隙度维数分别为0.949、0.942、0.890、0.960,汉族聚落生态位的高间隙度维数,揭示了山区汉族聚落封闭性特点。同时,流域内1 667个聚落生态位间隙度维数(0.946)与藏族(0.949)相似,表明藏族聚落生态位空间异质性特征能够反映整个流域山区聚落生态位空间分异程度。2岷江上游藏-羌-汉-回聚落生态位内的植被生境适宜性指数均值分别为:2.816、2.622、2.529、2.644,说明山区聚落生态位的空间分布与植被生境相适宜。同时,流域内1 667个聚落生态位几何特征对植被生境的敏感程度(0.601)与羌族(0.610)相似,表明羌族聚落生态位的几何特征具有典型性。3藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位的空间聚簇性地域分异明显、地理边界清晰,说明聚落生态位的民族属性对聚落区位、规模和形态具有显著影响。

基于GIS的中国2大草地分类系统类的兼容性分析

以植被-生境学分类(vegetation-habitat classification system of grassland,VHCS)方法为基础的定性的中国草地分类系统,以及定量的气候-土地-植被综合顺序分类系统(comprehensive and sequential classification system of grassland,CSCS)是我国常用的2大草地分类系统。在实际应用中,因"草原"和"草地"概念的重叠、混淆和交叉,以及定性分类和定量分类的差异,造成了操作上的困扰,研究结果亦不便相互交流。本研究通过2大系统一级单位-"类"的分类指标、名称和属性的对比,分析了2个系统"类"的兼容性,建立了两者间的对应关系,并利用基本同期的CSCS分类图和数字化的中国草地资源图(VHCS),以内蒙古自治区和甘肃省为例,在ArcGIS平台上进行了验证分析。研究结果表明:1)以广义草原或草地概念为基础的CSCS是一个大系统,兼容了以中国为例的VHCS分类系统;2)兼容VHCS的CSCS的类,两者在分类指标、名称和属性方面均能达到统一;3)空间叠置分析表明,若不考虑森林和非地带性类,内蒙古和甘肃区域2个分类系统分类结果的兼容性分别达到61.4%和61.1%;有差异的区域,基本上表现出草地实际调查结果(VHCS)是比原生潜在草地(CSCS)在更恶劣气候条件下的低分类级别的草地类,说明人为干扰已超过了原生草地生态系统的生存阈限,导致草地逆行演替;4)对CSCS与VHCS分类结果的对比分析研究,可科学地揭示人为干扰下草地的演替状态,并明确草地恢复和重建的目标。

Purification Effects of Aquatic Vegetations on Lake Wetland Water Environment and Analysis of the Influencing Factors in Hongze Lake

[Objective] To study the purification effect of plant community on wetland water environment in Hongze Lake, and to provide references to the ecological restoration of this area. [Methed] The typical lakeside zone of Hongze Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve was taken as the study area. Through the field survey based on environmental characteristics of aquatic areas and non-aquatic areas, combined with laboratory test, the content changes of nutrients （N and P）, COD （chemical oxygen demand） and SD （transparency） levels in the water body of lake wetland were measured; the purification effect of the lake wetland ecosystem in the growth process of aquatic vegetation was quantitatively analyzed, and possible influ- encing factors were discussed. [Result] Aquatic vegetation could remove the TN, TP, COD, Chla in wetland water environment and had obvious effects on the changes of SD content. Competition between aquatic plants can inhibit the growth of algae and relieve the eutrophication of water body. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for ecological restoration and enhancement of self-purification capability in the lakeside zone of Hongze Lake.

曼稿自然保护区野生大花万代兰分布现状

在西双版纳曼稿自然保护区的4个天然植被亚型中选设了5条调查样线，以搞清自然保护区大花万代兰的垂直分布、生境选择及其附主植物．结果表明：曼稿自然保护区海拔1130～1600m范围均有野生大花万代兰分布，分布最为集中的是海拔1200～1450m的针阔混交林；多分布于林木上层郁闭度50％～60％的阳坡地段；主要附主植物有毛叶青冈、大叶栎、黑黄檀、银叶栲等．针对野生大花万代兰具有的保护价值及其目前所面临的各种威胁．提出加大管护力度、对其分布及种群数量进行长期性监测、开展人工培育技术研究等保护建议．

西藏高寒地区不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化

[目的]对西藏DG水电站6种不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化进行对比研究,为西藏水电工程扰动区生态环境的修复提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]采用实地测量和室内试验等方法,分析不同边坡生态修复类型的肥力变化特征及植被生长情况,并用相关性分析确定边坡土壤肥力时空变化与植被生长情况之间的相关性,探讨影响边坡植被生长土壤的肥力主控因素。[结果]在6种边坡生态修复类型土壤中有机质和氮元素波动变化均较大,随季节变化呈现先降低后增加再降低的趋势,而pH值、速效磷、速效钾变化相对较小。从不同边坡对比结果来看,边坡的土壤养分含量从高到低依次均为:弃土弃渣地>土质边坡>一般施工场地>土石混合边坡>岩质边坡>施工硬化地表,不同边坡的植被恢复生长状况方面,与土壤养分含量呈现相同的排序。各肥力指标中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷与植被生长情况的相关性最高,其次为速效钾、有机质,而与pH值相关性最低,说明氨氮、硝氮、速效磷对边坡植被生长效果的影响较大。[结论]在不同边坡的土壤肥力状况中,弃土弃渣地表现最佳,而岩质边坡和施工硬化地表均表现较差,且土壤肥力中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷含量与植被生长情况紧密相关。

呼伦贝尔某煤矿区地境结构特征及其对草原生态恢复的意义

呼伦贝尔草原是世界四大草原之一,近年来由于煤炭资源的大量开采,造成局部地区地面塌陷,土壤质量随之下降,草原生态环境退化。根据生态地质学的相关理论和方法,通过调查呼伦贝尔某煤矿塌陷区附近不同类型土地的植被地下生境中不同层片的养分运移、植物根群结构和植物群落特征,将不同层片的土壤肥力测试结果与植物根系生长情况进行对比,总结并分析不同区域土壤的质量以及植物根系在各层片的发育特点与分布规律,提出草原区土地复垦的最佳覆土厚度和植被恢复的生态意义。研究结果表明:原生草原区、地面塌陷裂缝区、地面塌陷治理区和草原耕地区的植物根系、土壤肥力分布具有近似的规律性,肥分含量从表层土壤到深层土壤逐渐减少;地面塌陷治理区肥分含量基本恢复到背景值,但植物种类单一,根系主功能区稍浅,有机质和速效钾流失严重,植物群落发生了演替。为了在开采矿产资源的同时有效保护呼伦贝尔大草原,必须做好土地复垦和植被恢复工作,复垦时尽可能保证所种植植物的根系结构完整,覆土厚度应达到60cm。

Effect of Vegetation Changes on Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau

Vegetation is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. The effects of vegetation destruction and vegetation restoration on soil erosion were quantified using data from long-term field runoff plots established on the eastern slope of the Ziwuling secondary forest region, China and a field survey. The results showed that before the secondary vegetation restoration period (before about 1866-1872), soil erosion in the Ziwuling region of the Loess Plateau was similar to the current erosion conditions in neighboring regions, where the soil erosion rate now is 8000 to 10000 t km-2 year-1. After the secondary vegetation restoration, soil erosion was very low; influences of rainfall and slope gradient on soil erosion were small; the vegetation effect on soil erosion was predominant; shallow gully and gully erosion ceased; and sediment deposition occurred in shallow gully and gully channels. In modern times when human activities destroyed secondary forests, soil erosion increased markedly, and erosion rates in the deforested lands reached 10000 to 24000 t km-2 year-1, which was 797 to 1682 times greater than those in the forested land prior to deforestation. Rainfall intensity and landform greatly affected the soil erosion process after deforestation. These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration in deforested regions.

Vegetation Change Prediction with Geo-Information Techniques in the Three Gorges Area of China

A computerized parametric methodology was applied to monitor, map, and estimate vegetation change in combination with '3S' (RS-remote sensing, GIS-geographic information systems, and GPS-global positioning system) technology and change detection techniques at a 1:50000 mapping scale in the Letianxi Watershed of western Hubei Province, China. Satellite images (Landsat TM 1997 and Landsat ETM 2002) and thematic maps were used to provide comprehensive views of surface conditions such as vegetation cover and land use change. With ER Mapper and ERDAS software, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was computed and then classified into six vegetation density classes. ARC/INFO and ArcView software were used along with field observation data by GPS for analysis. Results obtained using spatial analysis methods showed that NDVI was a valuable first cut indicator for vegetation and land use systems. A regression analysis revealed that NDVI explained 94.5% of the variations for vegetation cover in the largest vegetation area, indicating that the relationship between vegetation and NDVI was not a simple linear process. Vegetation cover increased in four of areas. This meant 60.9% of land area had very slight to slight vegetation change, while 39.1% had moderate to severe vegetation change. Thus, the study area, in general, was exposed to a high risk of vegetation cover change.

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes in Xiaosihai Lake,a shallow lake along the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes were studied in autumn 2007 in the Xiaosihai Lake, a shallow lake along the middle reach of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River. Based on the plant cover, the lake was divided into three major habitats： Myriophyllum spicaturn habitat （MS habitat）, Trapa bispinosa habitat （TB habitat）, and non-vegetation habitat （NV habitat）. A modified pop-net was used for quantitative sampling of small fishes in the three habitats, and the Zippin＇s removal method was used for estimating densities of the small fishes. A total of 13 species belonging to 5 families were collected, with 11 species in MS habitat, 7 species in TB habitat, and 5 species in NV habitat. Habitat type had significant effect on the spatial distribution of small fishes. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the MS, TB and NV habitats were 1.28, 0.56 and 0.54, respectively. The total density and biomass of small fishes were significantly higher in the MS habitat （13.68 ind/m^2 and 4.44 g/m^2） than in the TB habitat （1.41 ind/m^2 and 0.54 g/m^2） and the NV habitat （1.08 ind/m^2 and 0.40 g/m^2）, and were not significantly different between the TB habitat and the NV habitat. Water depth had no significant effect on spatial distribution of the small fishes. It was suggested that vegetation type played an important role in habitat selectivity of small fishes, and the presence of submersed vegetation should be of significance in the conservation of small fish diversity.

Effects of climate change on potential habitats of the cold temperate coniferous forest in Yunnan province, southwestern China

We built a classification tree （CT） model to estimate climatic factors controlling the cold temperate coniferous forest （CTCF） distributions in Yunnan province and to predict its potential habitats under the current and future climates, using seven climate change scenarios, projected over the years of 2070-2099. The accurate CT model on CTCFs showed that minimum temperature of coldest month （TMW） was the overwhelmingly potent factor among the six climate variables. The areas of TMW〈-4.05 were suitable habitats of CTCF, and the areas of -1.35 〈 TMW were non-habitats, where temperate conifer and broad-leaved mixed forests （TCBLFs） were distribute in lower elevation, bordering on the CTCF. Dominant species of Abies, Picea, and Larix in the CTCFs, are more tolerant to winter coldness than Tsuga and broad-leaved trees including deciduous broad-leaved Acer and Betula, evergreen broad- leaved Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus in TCBLFs. Winter coldness may actually limit the cool-side distributions of TCBLFs in the areas between -1.35℃ and -4.05℃, and the warm-side distributions of CTCFs may be controlled by competition to the species of TCBLFs. Under future climate scenarios, the vulnerable area, where current potential （suitable ＋ marginal） habitats （80,749 km^2） shift to non-habitats, was predicted to decrease to 55.91% （45,053 km^2） of the current area. Inferring from the current vegetation distribution pattern, TCBLFs will replace declining CTCFs. Vulnerable areas predicted by models are important in determining priority of ecosystem conservation.

Application of Remote Sensing Detection and GIS in Analysis of Vegetation Pattem Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta

Regional vegetation pattern dynamics has a great impact on ecosystem and climate change. Remote sensing data and geographical information system （GIS） analysis were widely used in the detection of vegetation pattern dynamics. In this study, the Yellow River Delta was selected as the study area. By using 1986, 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2005 remote sensing data as basic information resource, with the support of GIS, a wetland vegetation spatial information dataset was built up. Through selecting the landscape metrics such as class area （CA）, class percent of landscape （PL）, number of patch （NP）, largest patch index （LPI） and mean patch size （MPS） etc., the dynamics of vcgetation pattern was analyzed. The result showed that the change of vegetation pattern is significant from 1986 to 2005. From 1986-1999, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS decreased, the NP increased, the vegetation pattern tends to be fragmental. The decrease in vegetation area may well be explained by the fact of the nature environment evolution （Climate change and decrease in Yellow River runoff） and the increase in the population in the Yellow River Delta. However, from 1999 2005, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS increased, while the NP decreased. This trend of restoration may be due to the implementation of water resources regulation for the Yellow River Delta since 1999.

Study on Original Ecological Tridimensional Slope Vegetation

No matter from the perspective of slope protection, landscape effect and construction cost, or from the perspective of ecological benefit, the development of original ecological tridimensional vegetation has become the inevitable trend for slope vegetation in pursuit of protecting ecological condition, decreasing soil erosion, maintaining ecological balance and beautifying environment of slope. The concept of original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is proposed in this paper, and the original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. Specifically, the mechanical effect of slope vegetation in reinforcing the cohesion and shear strength of soil mass is firstly discussed, and then experiments are performed to study the water interception and containing function of slope under various vegetation conditions. Moreover, the relation between soil moisture and cohesion, the relation between root distribution density and cohesion, and the relation between root distribution density and soil shear strength are also studied based on experiments.Finally, based on field observation, the soil erosion states of slope under various vegetation conditions are comparatively studied. It is found that the original ecological tridimensional slope, which combines grass,shrub and tree, can generate comprehensive slope protection effects, and hence strengthen the slope protection ability and bring multiple slope protection benefits. Thereby, the theoretical foundation for developing original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is established.

基于遥感的长江经济带邻近海域滩涂生态承载力评估

建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制已列为中央全面深化改革的一项重大任务。滩涂作为长江经济带邻近海域的优势资源,其生态承载力评价是海洋生态承载力整体评估中重要的一部分。采用多源多时相遥感数据,构建基于遥感的滩涂生态承载力评价指标体系,以滩涂面积保有率和典型生境植被覆盖度变化率来反映滩涂生态系统变化状况,进而综合分析滩涂生态承载力。结果分析显示:长江经济带邻近海域滩涂生态承载力分为超载、临界超载和可载3个类型区,占比分别为44%、28%和28%,人为因素是造成生态承载能力超载的主要原因。本研究揭示了长江经济带生态承载力评价现状,为进一步研究长江经济带邻近海域生态环境提供了先进的技术手段和科学的数据基础。

A case study of the role of climate, humans, and ecological setting in Holocene fire history of northwestern Europe

We present the major results from studies of fire history over the last 11000 years(Holocene) in southern Sweden, on the basis of palaeoecological analyses of peat sequences from three small peat bogs. The main objective is to emphasize the value of multiple, continuous sedimentary records of macroscopic charcoal(macro-C) for the reconstruction of local to regional past changes in fire regimes, the importance of multi-proxy studies, and the advantage of model-based estimates of plant cover from pollen data to assess the role of tree composition and human impact in fire history. The chronologies at the three study sites are based on a large number of 14 C dates from terrestrial plant remains and age-depth models are achieved using Bayesian statistics. Fire history is inferred from continuous records of macro-C and microscopic charcoal counts on pollen slides. The Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm(LRA) for pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of local vegetation cover is applied on the three pollen records for plant cover reconstruction over the entire Holocene. The results are as follows:(1) the long-term trends in fire regimes are similar between sites, i.e., frequent fires during the early Holocene until ca. 9 ka BP, low fire frequency during the mid-Holocene, and higher fire frequency from ca. 2.5 ka BP;(2) this broad trend agrees with the overall fire history of northwestern and western Europe north of the Mediterranean area, and is due to climate forcing in the early and mid-Holocene, and to anthropogenic land-use in the late Holocene;(3) the LRA estimates of plant cover at the three sites demonstrate that the relative abundance of pine played a primordial role in the early and mid-Holocene fire history; and(4) the between-site differences in the charcoal records and inferred fire history are due to local factors(i.e., relative abundance of pine, geomorphological setting, and anthropogenic land-use) and taphonomy of charcoal deposition in the small peat bogs. It is shown that continuous macro-C records are most useful to disentangle local from regional-subcontinental fire history, and climate-induced from human-induced fire regimes, and that pollen-based LRA estimates of local plant cover are more adequate than pollen percentages for the assessment of the role of plant composition on fire history.