Objectives:Losing an only child is a life-altering event that destroys Chinese women’s lives and health in several dimensions.However,there is no unified theory exists to guide nursing practice.This study aimed to di...Objectives:Losing an only child is a life-altering event that destroys Chinese women’s lives and health in several dimensions.However,there is no unified theory exists to guide nursing practice.This study aimed to discover the substantive theory of how Chinese women live with the loss of their only child.Methods:This qualitative study used the grounded theory method.Purposive sampling,snowball sampling,and theoretical sampling were used to recruit participants.Saturated data from the in-depth interview,observation,and field notes with 13 Chinese women who have lost an only child in Southwest China were analyzed using the constant comparative method concurrently supplemented by the ATLAS.ti program,memo writing,and diagramming.Findings:Struggling to live a new normal life among Chinese women after losing an only child emerged as the substantive theory.It consists of three phases:living in agony,coming to terms,being alive in a new way.Receiving support motivated them to deal with such a loss.However,it brought them back to the previous phase(s)whenever they encountered adverse triggering situations.Therefore,they moved back and forth between these phases.The findings also illustrated that this process was profoundly affected by Chinese culture and personal beliefs.Conclusions:This substantive theory may guide nursing practice based on understanding the living process by working through the three phases.It would help develop a professional care plan recognizing individual diversity and incorporating socio-cultural and religious knowledge to effectively support women to deal with the loss of an only child.展开更多
The momentum of rapid aging, old-age service supply has become a big problem. Our country also could not escape the threat of this trend, the implementation of the one-child policy, the core of the family, the old lon...The momentum of rapid aging, old-age service supply has become a big problem. Our country also could not escape the threat of this trend, the implementation of the one-child policy, the core of the family, the old lonely man, and the children in the competitive society, under the strong pressure of endowment service supply. Aiming at the problem of community endowment service insufficient supply, scholars have also launched a rich discussion and a lot of research, this article will talk about the definition, the concept of community endowment service supply and supply problems.展开更多
Since the 80 s, our country is working on implementing birth limitation and having only one, ＂one of the most glorious＂ policy, the policy is very good solve the problem of China＇s population rising too rapidly, at...Since the 80 s, our country is working on implementing birth limitation and having only one, ＂one of the most glorious＂ policy, the policy is very good solve the problem of China＇s population rising too rapidly, at the same time also the certain negative impact. In other words, lose the sole group production is to limit the second child victims. Of course, only child＇s death is the biggest hidden trouble, this not only can bring economic loss to lose alone group, will give group cause huge loss alone cannot make up for the spiritual loss. If only children died, their relatives and friends, especially the parents very easily into the depression, are not interested in anything, their thoughts are on the verge of collapse, it is also a need to study and to explore the topic.展开更多
Objective Both decreased glomemlar filtration rate （GFR） and arterial stiffness were considered as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Previous studies have suggested the association between central arterial stiffness...Objective Both decreased glomemlar filtration rate （GFR） and arterial stiffness were considered as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Previous studies have suggested the association between central arterial stiffness and the degree of GFR loss. Whether decreased GFR contributes to peripheral artery stiffness remains controversial. Moreover, data analyzed from a cohort of Chinese women are rare. Our aim was to explore the relationship between GFR and regional arterial stiffness in Chinese women. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we randomly recruited 1131 adult women residents with GFR 〉 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 estimated by the Chinese Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation from three large communities. Central and peripheral arterial stiffness were estimated simultaneously by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity （PWVcf） and carotid-radial PWV （PWVcr） using a validated automatic device. Augmentation Index at heart rate 75 beats/minutes （AIx-75） was measured by pulse wave analysis as a composite parameter reflecting both large and distal arterial properties. Results The mean estimated GFR （eGFR） of the study group was 100.05 ＋ 23.26 mL/minute per 1.73 m2. Subjects were grouped by tertiles of eGFR level. PWVef and AIx-75 increased ongoing from the top to the bottom eGFR tertile, while the values of PWVcr were comparable. Both univariate Pearson correlations and multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that eGFR significantly correlated to PWVcf, but not to PWVcr and AJx-75. Conclusions In Chinese women with normal to mildly impaired renal function, decreased eGFR affected carotid-to-femoral rather than carotid-to-radial stiffening. This provides rational to conduct future prospective studies to investigate predictors of atherosclerosis in this population.展开更多
It has been 30 years since the family planning policy had been implemented in the last 1970s. Today, the first generation of only child has already reached thirties and their parents have entered into old age so that ...It has been 30 years since the family planning policy had been implemented in the last 1970s. Today, the first generation of only child has already reached thirties and their parents have entered into old age so that they may confront such a dilemma situation in which they should not only look after their own child but also take care of their parents. The paper find the different demand of the aging people in different type of family through the site investigation about pension service demand in three different kinds of communities in Cao Hejing. The survey mainly make a statistical analysis in economic situation, life care and emotional solace through the on-site questionnaire and interview, finding the particularity of the only child family, sorting out the best pension service strategy for the one-child family through the analysis research and the reference of international practice.展开更多
LAQIAO is a tiny village in the karstic mountains of Libo. Its 96 Shui residents in their community of 20 households decided, in 2002,to take part in an environmental protection program. This was a welcome decision,...LAQIAO is a tiny village in the karstic mountains of Libo. Its 96 Shui residents in their community of 20 households decided, in 2002,to take part in an environmental protection program. This was a welcome decision, in view of the ecological significance of the swamps and karst forests in the Maolan Nature Reserve of Libo.展开更多
The presence of sperm was observed in different organs of the reproductive tract of M. schmitti. These were the club, baffle and terminal zone of the oviducal gland, posterior portion of the uterus and in the cervix. ...The presence of sperm was observed in different organs of the reproductive tract of M. schmitti. These were the club, baffle and terminal zone of the oviducal gland, posterior portion of the uterus and in the cervix. This fact allowed for consideration not only its storage but its interaction with the female reproductive tract epithelia as well. SEM （microscopic observation studies） detected loose and sole spermatozoa in the club and baffle zones in a pregnant female. On the other hand, histochemical techniques showed sperm storage tubules of the terminal zone, which contain bundles of sperm, do not stain AB （alcian blue） or PAS （periodic acid schiff）. Disintegration of some of the male gametes was observed in the posterior part of the uterus with TEM （transmission electron microscopy） studies which would indicate a first uterine sperm selection. The uterine epithelial cells involved in this process showed an important level of secretion vacuoles suggesting an interaction with sperm cells. Sperm in the cervix was found without the matrix that constitutes the spermatozeugmata formed in the male tract. Some heads of the sperm were uncurled while they were interacting with the cervical cells.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy(DN)through bioinformatics analysis.The research commenced...This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy(DN)through bioinformatics analysis.The research commenced with a comprehensive database search for DN-associated datasets and gene targets of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi.Subsequently,the ssGSEA method was employed to score the drug target gene sets,and based on these scores,subjects were categorized.Further analysis involved differential analysis and enrichment analysis techniques to elucidate differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and associated pathways between the two groups.Based on the ssGSEA scoring results,the data were stratified into two groups:the"High NZZ group"and the"Low NZZ group".Through differential analysis,a total of 18 DEGs were identified,comprising 14 upregulated genes(EGR1,CCL2,CDH6,VCAN-AS1,VCAN,C3,MMP7,RNASE6,C1QC,MOXD1,APOC1,SFRP2,CCL21,and LUM)and four downregulated genes(OTTHUMG00000152025,RERG,B3GALT2,and NELL1).Notably,several genes exhibited concurrent expression patterns in both the DN and High NZZ groups,including VCAN-AS1,CCL21,VCAN,MOXD1,CCL2,SFRP2,MMP7,C3,RNASE6,LUM,C1QC,APOC1,and CDH6.Enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to"regulation of apoptotic cell clearance"and"granulocyte chemotaxis",among others.These findings highlighted the potential value of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in the treatment of DN and unveiled novel potential targets for prognosis and therapy in DN patients.This study offered promising avenues for enhancing both the prognosis and treatment outcomes for individuals affected by this condition.展开更多
During the 11th Five-year Plan （2006-2010）, the total fertility rate of the mainland of China was 1.481 and was stable with a slight decline, exhibiting a spatial pattern of moderately low fertility in the central a...During the 11th Five-year Plan （2006-2010）, the total fertility rate of the mainland of China was 1.481 and was stable with a slight decline, exhibiting a spatial pattern of moderately low fertility in the central and western regions, very low fertility in the east and extremely low fertility in the northeast. Except for a rebound in a few provinces and regions with extremely low fertility rates, the ratio of actual fertility rates to policy fertility rates is still falling. The reduced fertility rate is mainly driven by development, notably the proportion of the total population represented by the exuberantly fertile women of child-bearing age and their greater urbanization, growing level of non-agricultural employment and outflow from rural areas, as well as the assimilative effect of urban production, lifestyles and culturalconcepts upon the agricultural population. Development has catalyzed an irreversible trend of declining fertility; existing fertility policy has proven insufficient to keep fertility rates stable at reasonably low levels. Policy-based rebounds may emerge in urban areas and the east and northeast, where family planning policy has been better implemented; on the other hand, a non-policy-based rebound may have been released. In the central and western rural areas, multiple births occur on average among only 4.12 percent of the younger generation of women. As fertility policy is adjusted and improved, fertility rebounds in transitional fertility policy adjustment can be effectively regulated through a gradual strategy which will not provoke a sharp rebound. The time is ripe for China to conduct a nationally unified adjustment of the existing fertility policy.展开更多
On the basis of the findings of 227 surveys of Chinese fertility intentions over the years 1980-2011, this paper investigates the longitudinal changes in fertility intentions through cross-temporal meta-analysis. It i...On the basis of the findings of 227 surveys of Chinese fertility intentions over the years 1980-2011, this paper investigates the longitudinal changes in fertility intentions through cross-temporal meta-analysis. It is found that the ideal number of children for the Chinese trended downwards from 1980, but since 2000 the average number has remained basically stable at 1.6 to 1.8. In the 1980s, people＇s fertility levels were higher than their fertility intentions. With economic and educational progress in China, both fertility levels and fertility intentions showed a downward trend, with the former declining faster than the latter. Since 1990, people＇s fertility levels have been lower than their fertility intentions; that is, their actual number of children has been less than their ideal number. This provides an empirical basis for examining the changes in China＇s fertility intentions and fertility levels.展开更多
A population of migrant workers have appearing during the process of China’s urbanization,and is an important part of the society that cannot be ignored.In the process of integration into cities,the equal development...A population of migrant workers have appearing during the process of China’s urbanization,and is an important part of the society that cannot be ignored.In the process of integration into cities,the equal development between the rights and obligations of migrant workers is gaining attention.Especially,the issure of schooling of their children has garnered a lot of attention.All problems resulting from schooling of their children are rooted in the asynchronization between system changes and social development.Systematic barriers have become the crux of schooling problem of migrant workers’children.展开更多
Mating behavior and sexual selection in relation to morphometric traits in a polygamous beetle, Glenea cantor （F.） （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, were investigated. Upon encounter, a male approached a female, mounte...Mating behavior and sexual selection in relation to morphometric traits in a polygamous beetle, Glenea cantor （F.） （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, were investigated. Upon encounter, a male approached a female, mounted her, grasped her terminal abdomen with his hind tarsi, and attempted to mate. Successful mating lasted about 3.5 h. Although all traits measured in females and half of traits in males were significantly correlated with mating success, the primary selection on virgin females was the genital trait, thebursa copulatrix length, and that on males was the body length and hind tarsal length. Longer bursa copulatrix accommodated a larger ejaculate, suggesting that this female trait benefits the male that first mates with the female in terms of in- creasing ejaculate size to beat subsequent males in sperm competition. Under a female-biased sex ratio, more than 20% of mat- ings failed within 20s after the male genitalia had been inserted into hers, suggesting that males assess genital features of the re- ：male before insemination and undertake cryptic male mate choice. Larger males were more capable of grasping females and achieving mating. During the premating struggle the male almost always used his hind tarsi to lift the female terminal abdomen to the position for his genitalia to insert, and as a result, males with longer hind tarsi achieved higher mating success [Current Zoolo- gy 59 （2）： 257-264, 2013].展开更多
文摘Objectives:Losing an only child is a life-altering event that destroys Chinese women’s lives and health in several dimensions.However,there is no unified theory exists to guide nursing practice.This study aimed to discover the substantive theory of how Chinese women live with the loss of their only child.Methods:This qualitative study used the grounded theory method.Purposive sampling,snowball sampling,and theoretical sampling were used to recruit participants.Saturated data from the in-depth interview,observation,and field notes with 13 Chinese women who have lost an only child in Southwest China were analyzed using the constant comparative method concurrently supplemented by the ATLAS.ti program,memo writing,and diagramming.Findings:Struggling to live a new normal life among Chinese women after losing an only child emerged as the substantive theory.It consists of three phases:living in agony,coming to terms,being alive in a new way.Receiving support motivated them to deal with such a loss.However,it brought them back to the previous phase(s)whenever they encountered adverse triggering situations.Therefore,they moved back and forth between these phases.The findings also illustrated that this process was profoundly affected by Chinese culture and personal beliefs.Conclusions:This substantive theory may guide nursing practice based on understanding the living process by working through the three phases.It would help develop a professional care plan recognizing individual diversity and incorporating socio-cultural and religious knowledge to effectively support women to deal with the loss of an only child.
文摘The momentum of rapid aging, old-age service supply has become a big problem. Our country also could not escape the threat of this trend, the implementation of the one-child policy, the core of the family, the old lonely man, and the children in the competitive society, under the strong pressure of endowment service supply. Aiming at the problem of community endowment service insufficient supply, scholars have also launched a rich discussion and a lot of research, this article will talk about the definition, the concept of community endowment service supply and supply problems.
文摘Since the 80 s, our country is working on implementing birth limitation and having only one, ＂one of the most glorious＂ policy, the policy is very good solve the problem of China＇s population rising too rapidly, at the same time also the certain negative impact. In other words, lose the sole group production is to limit the second child victims. Of course, only child＇s death is the biggest hidden trouble, this not only can bring economic loss to lose alone group, will give group cause huge loss alone cannot make up for the spiritual loss. If only children died, their relatives and friends, especially the parents very easily into the depression, are not interested in anything, their thoughts are on the verge of collapse, it is also a need to study and to explore the topic.
文摘Objective Both decreased glomemlar filtration rate （GFR） and arterial stiffness were considered as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Previous studies have suggested the association between central arterial stiffness and the degree of GFR loss. Whether decreased GFR contributes to peripheral artery stiffness remains controversial. Moreover, data analyzed from a cohort of Chinese women are rare. Our aim was to explore the relationship between GFR and regional arterial stiffness in Chinese women. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we randomly recruited 1131 adult women residents with GFR 〉 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 estimated by the Chinese Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation from three large communities. Central and peripheral arterial stiffness were estimated simultaneously by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity （PWVcf） and carotid-radial PWV （PWVcr） using a validated automatic device. Augmentation Index at heart rate 75 beats/minutes （AIx-75） was measured by pulse wave analysis as a composite parameter reflecting both large and distal arterial properties. Results The mean estimated GFR （eGFR） of the study group was 100.05 ＋ 23.26 mL/minute per 1.73 m2. Subjects were grouped by tertiles of eGFR level. PWVef and AIx-75 increased ongoing from the top to the bottom eGFR tertile, while the values of PWVcr were comparable. Both univariate Pearson correlations and multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that eGFR significantly correlated to PWVcf, but not to PWVcr and AJx-75. Conclusions In Chinese women with normal to mildly impaired renal function, decreased eGFR affected carotid-to-femoral rather than carotid-to-radial stiffening. This provides rational to conduct future prospective studies to investigate predictors of atherosclerosis in this population.
文摘It has been 30 years since the family planning policy had been implemented in the last 1970s. Today, the first generation of only child has already reached thirties and their parents have entered into old age so that they may confront such a dilemma situation in which they should not only look after their own child but also take care of their parents. The paper find the different demand of the aging people in different type of family through the site investigation about pension service demand in three different kinds of communities in Cao Hejing. The survey mainly make a statistical analysis in economic situation, life care and emotional solace through the on-site questionnaire and interview, finding the particularity of the only child family, sorting out the best pension service strategy for the one-child family through the analysis research and the reference of international practice.
文摘LAQIAO is a tiny village in the karstic mountains of Libo. Its 96 Shui residents in their community of 20 households decided, in 2002,to take part in an environmental protection program. This was a welcome decision, in view of the ecological significance of the swamps and karst forests in the Maolan Nature Reserve of Libo.
文摘The presence of sperm was observed in different organs of the reproductive tract of M. schmitti. These were the club, baffle and terminal zone of the oviducal gland, posterior portion of the uterus and in the cervix. This fact allowed for consideration not only its storage but its interaction with the female reproductive tract epithelia as well. SEM （microscopic observation studies） detected loose and sole spermatozoa in the club and baffle zones in a pregnant female. On the other hand, histochemical techniques showed sperm storage tubules of the terminal zone, which contain bundles of sperm, do not stain AB （alcian blue） or PAS （periodic acid schiff）. Disintegration of some of the male gametes was observed in the posterior part of the uterus with TEM （transmission electron microscopy） studies which would indicate a first uterine sperm selection. The uterine epithelial cells involved in this process showed an important level of secretion vacuoles suggesting an interaction with sperm cells. Sperm in the cervix was found without the matrix that constitutes the spermatozeugmata formed in the male tract. Some heads of the sperm were uncurled while they were interacting with the cervical cells.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81973486,82173974)State Administration of Tra ditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Inheritance Project(Grant No.202259)+2 种基金National Key Research and Development Pla n(Grant No.2018YFC1707002)Shanxi Provincial Basic Research Program General Project(Grant No.202203021211220)Study on Processing Synergistic Mechanism of Ligustrum aga inst Diabetic Nephropathy Based on TGFB1/Smads Pathway(Grant No.2024ZYYA021)。
文摘This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy(DN)through bioinformatics analysis.The research commenced with a comprehensive database search for DN-associated datasets and gene targets of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi.Subsequently,the ssGSEA method was employed to score the drug target gene sets,and based on these scores,subjects were categorized.Further analysis involved differential analysis and enrichment analysis techniques to elucidate differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and associated pathways between the two groups.Based on the ssGSEA scoring results,the data were stratified into two groups:the"High NZZ group"and the"Low NZZ group".Through differential analysis,a total of 18 DEGs were identified,comprising 14 upregulated genes(EGR1,CCL2,CDH6,VCAN-AS1,VCAN,C3,MMP7,RNASE6,C1QC,MOXD1,APOC1,SFRP2,CCL21,and LUM)and four downregulated genes(OTTHUMG00000152025,RERG,B3GALT2,and NELL1).Notably,several genes exhibited concurrent expression patterns in both the DN and High NZZ groups,including VCAN-AS1,CCL21,VCAN,MOXD1,CCL2,SFRP2,MMP7,C3,RNASE6,LUM,C1QC,APOC1,and CDH6.Enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to"regulation of apoptotic cell clearance"and"granulocyte chemotaxis",among others.These findings highlighted the potential value of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in the treatment of DN and unveiled novel potential targets for prognosis and therapy in DN patients.This study offered promising avenues for enhancing both the prognosis and treatment outcomes for individuals affected by this condition.
基金the partial result of the National Social Science Fund of China titled"Population Development Simulation and Alternative Fertility Policy"(No.08BRK009)
文摘During the 11th Five-year Plan （2006-2010）, the total fertility rate of the mainland of China was 1.481 and was stable with a slight decline, exhibiting a spatial pattern of moderately low fertility in the central and western regions, very low fertility in the east and extremely low fertility in the northeast. Except for a rebound in a few provinces and regions with extremely low fertility rates, the ratio of actual fertility rates to policy fertility rates is still falling. The reduced fertility rate is mainly driven by development, notably the proportion of the total population represented by the exuberantly fertile women of child-bearing age and their greater urbanization, growing level of non-agricultural employment and outflow from rural areas, as well as the assimilative effect of urban production, lifestyles and culturalconcepts upon the agricultural population. Development has catalyzed an irreversible trend of declining fertility; existing fertility policy has proven insufficient to keep fertility rates stable at reasonably low levels. Policy-based rebounds may emerge in urban areas and the east and northeast, where family planning policy has been better implemented; on the other hand, a non-policy-based rebound may have been released. In the central and western rural areas, multiple births occur on average among only 4.12 percent of the younger generation of women. As fertility policy is adjusted and improved, fertility rebounds in transitional fertility policy adjustment can be effectively regulated through a gradual strategy which will not provoke a sharp rebound. The time is ripe for China to conduct a nationally unified adjustment of the existing fertility policy.
基金supported by the Social Research and Database Construction Project of CentralUniversity of Finance and Economicsthe National Social Sciences Fund(Project No.:14CRK011)
文摘On the basis of the findings of 227 surveys of Chinese fertility intentions over the years 1980-2011, this paper investigates the longitudinal changes in fertility intentions through cross-temporal meta-analysis. It is found that the ideal number of children for the Chinese trended downwards from 1980, but since 2000 the average number has remained basically stable at 1.6 to 1.8. In the 1980s, people＇s fertility levels were higher than their fertility intentions. With economic and educational progress in China, both fertility levels and fertility intentions showed a downward trend, with the former declining faster than the latter. Since 1990, people＇s fertility levels have been lower than their fertility intentions; that is, their actual number of children has been less than their ideal number. This provides an empirical basis for examining the changes in China＇s fertility intentions and fertility levels.
文摘A population of migrant workers have appearing during the process of China’s urbanization,and is an important part of the society that cannot be ignored.In the process of integration into cities,the equal development between the rights and obligations of migrant workers is gaining attention.Especially,the issure of schooling of their children has garnered a lot of attention.All problems resulting from schooling of their children are rooted in the asynchronization between system changes and social development.Systematic barriers have become the crux of schooling problem of migrant workers’children.
文摘Mating behavior and sexual selection in relation to morphometric traits in a polygamous beetle, Glenea cantor （F.） （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, were investigated. Upon encounter, a male approached a female, mounted her, grasped her terminal abdomen with his hind tarsi, and attempted to mate. Successful mating lasted about 3.5 h. Although all traits measured in females and half of traits in males were significantly correlated with mating success, the primary selection on virgin females was the genital trait, thebursa copulatrix length, and that on males was the body length and hind tarsal length. Longer bursa copulatrix accommodated a larger ejaculate, suggesting that this female trait benefits the male that first mates with the female in terms of in- creasing ejaculate size to beat subsequent males in sperm competition. Under a female-biased sex ratio, more than 20% of mat- ings failed within 20s after the male genitalia had been inserted into hers, suggesting that males assess genital features of the re- ：male before insemination and undertake cryptic male mate choice. Larger males were more capable of grasping females and achieving mating. During the premating struggle the male almost always used his hind tarsi to lift the female terminal abdomen to the position for his genitalia to insert, and as a result, males with longer hind tarsi achieved higher mating success [Current Zoolo- gy 59 （2）： 257-264, 2013].
