"林草兴"之于"生态兴"的基础性作用

当前关于森林和草原对推动生态文明作用重要性的学术研究多为定性论述,而基于科学数据和生态学原理的学理性研究鲜有涉及。森林和草原作为自然生态系统的主体,是保持生态平衡、维护生态安全的基础,是绿色循环经济体的主要载体,是实现"双碳"目标的重要保障,同时也是生态文明教育的天然课堂。"林草兴"对提升生态系统的整体功能,实现天蓝、地绿、水清等良好生态环境,推进绿色循环低碳发展,培养公众生态文明理念,加强生态文明建设等方面具有基础性作用。新时代"林草兴"推动"生态兴",需科学开展大规模国土绿化行动,坚持山水林田湖草沙一体化保护,建立生态价值转化和生态保护补偿机制,大力提升公众的生态文明意识,共同打造人与自然和谐共生的美丽家园。

“生态兴则文明兴”--从毛泽东到习近平看中国共产党带领人民加强生态建设创造美好生活的百年征程

中国共产党一贯重视生态文明建设。从毛泽东开始,到习近平同志提出“我们要建设的现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化,既要创造更多物质财富和精神财富以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要,也要提供更多优质生态产品以满足人民日益增长的优美生态环境需要”,展现出中国共产党带领人民加强生态建设、创造美好生活的伟大征程。“绿化祖国,造福万代。”为实现中华民族伟大复兴奠定坚实的生态基础,是一百年来中国共产党人的初心和使命在生态维度上的充分体现。

乡村振兴视角下广西农村生态文明建设路径探索

全面实施乡村振兴战略是脱贫攻坚任务完成之后农村的重点工作,生态兴是乡村振兴的重要内容。伴随国家经济发展,广西农村发展取得重大成效,但随之出现破坏环境、资源浪费等生态问题,亟需解决。文章通过分析广西农村生态文明建设的现状,结合广西当地实际,从生态文明培养、生产生活方式转变、政府保障三方面为广西农村生态问题的解决提供有效建议,从而有效贯彻落实广西乡村振兴战略。

打造绿色屏障 建设生态家园

如何打造绿色屏障,建设生态家园,黑河市平山林场做了有效的尝试。在发展战略上坚持"生态兴场",在发展理念上树立了"依法治场、科学立场、管理兴场",努力拼搏、锐意进取,充分发挥资源优势,积极挖掘自身潜力,推动了林场持续健康发展。

习近平生态文明思想的发展属性论析

习近平生态文明思想是新时代推动我国生态文明建设、实现美丽中国的重要思想指引。本文从习近平生态文明思想理论体系发展属性的二层内涵来认识与理解其时代生命力。以生态兴则文明兴为例,第一层内涵体现于习近平总书记个人工作经历及其关于生态文明论述视角、内涵、阶段等的逐步深化过程,并最终形成了一个包含治理理念、治理方式、治理体系与治理目标的逻辑体系。第二层内涵体现于习近平生态文明思想核心要义、生态文明论述、制度与政策、实践与问题间的交互碰撞,未来将继续维持一个动态的演进过程,得到进一步丰富与发展。

Effects of fire disturbance on the forest structure and succession in the natural broad-leaved/Korean pine forest

Investigations on charcoal in the soil, fire-scarred trees, stand composition, forest structure as well as regeneration status were carried out in the natural broad-leaved/Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest after fire disturbance at Liangshui Nature Reserve on the mid-north of Xiaoxingan Mountains from 1990 to 1992, and the ecological effects of fire disturbance on the formation and succession of this kind of forest were analyzed according to the survey results. The average depth of charcoal in the soil was related to the timing of the fire. According to the characteristic of fire-scarred trees, the dynamic map of the fire behavior was drawn onto the topographic map. It showed that the dimension and extent of the fire disturbance was closely related with site conditions. Fire disturbance only led to a significant difference in stand composition and diameter class structure for the stands at different locations, rather than completely destroying the forest. After fire disturbance, the horizontal community structure was a mosaic of different patches, which were made up of different deciduous species or different sizes of Korean pines, and the succession trend of each patch was also different. In the sites with the heavy fire disturbance, the intolerant hardwood species were dominant, and there were a large number of regenerative Korean pine saplings under the canopy. In the moderate -disturbed sites, the tolerant hardwood species were dominant, and a small number of large size Korean pines still survived. In the light-disturbed sites, large size Korean pines were dominant.

Investigation on Physiological Status of Regional Vegetation Using Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imager Data

To extract vegetation pigment concentration and physiological status has been studied in two test areas covered with swamp and flourish vegetation using pushbroom hyperspectral imager (PHI) data which flied in September of 2000 at Daxing'anling district of Heilongjiang Province, China. The ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (RARS) indices, which were put forward by Chappelle et al (1992), are chosen in this paper owing to their effect and simpleness against both comparison with various methods and techniques for exploration of pigment concentration and characteristics of PHI data. The correlation coefficients between RARS indices and pigment concentration of vegetation were up to 0.8. The new RARS indices modes are established in the two test areas using both PHI data and spectra of different vegetations measured in the field. The indices' parameter images of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and carotenoids (Cars) of the test areas covered with swamp and flourish vegetation are acquired by the new RARS indices modes. Furthermore, the regional concentration of Chl a and Chl b are extracted and quantified using regression equations between RARS indices and pigment concentrations, which were built by Blackburn (1998). The results showed the physiological status and variety clearly, and are in good agreement with the distribution of vegetation in the field.

BUILDING A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS——Revitalizing the Countryside

The problem of China’s uneven and insufficient development is the most striking in the countryside. Countryside rejuvenation is of historical significance to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and turning China into a modernized socialist country. The reform of rural land system is vital to integrating urban and rural development. We must allow farmers to gain their due share of value-added revenues from land, and share in the dividends of urbanization. Based on household operations, we should enhance the basic rural operation system, foster new agricultural operators, and develop modern agriculture as the foundation for revitalizing countryside industries. We must deepen agricultural supply-side structural reforms to ensure sufficient supply and security of main agricultural products. We must reform the rural collective ownership system to implement property rights to farmers and protect their interests in the context of urban and rural integration. We must promote green development and revitalize countryside ecological environment. We must enhance rural governance to revitalize rural organizations.

Industrial Ecosystem and the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries

Based on the theories of business ecosystem and national innovation system, this paper proposes a concept of industrial ecosystem. Differ from ecologists and environmentalists who regard industrial ecosystem as the natural ecosystems in which material, energy and information circulates, this paper defines industrial ecosystem as a set of factors that are vital to the development of a certain industry and their interrelationship. The industrial ecosystem consists of three sub-systems that are innovation ecosystem, production ecosystem, and application ecosystem, and subsidiary factors that include factor supply, infrastructure, socio-cultural environment, international environment and policy system. The industrial ecosystem is characterized by interdependencies, complex interactions, self-recovery and co-evolution. The development of an industry is＇ the result of the reaction of the whole industrial ecosystem; therefore, the competition in strategic emerging industries among countries is in essence the competition in industrial ecosystems. Those countries which are able to take the lead in setting up complete industrial ecosystem will occupy advantage in developing strategic emerging industries. Cultivating and developing strategic emerging industries requires promoting the development and coordination of the whole ecosystem.

Impacts of Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems in Northeast China

This paper reviews the studies and research on climate change impacts on the forest ecosystems in Northeast China. The results show that in the context of global and regional warming, the growing season of coniferous forests has been increasing at an average rate of 3.9 d per decade. Regional warming favors the growth of temperate broad-leaved forests and has a detrimental effect on the growth of boreal coniferous forests. Over the past hundred years, the forest edge of the cool temperate zone in the southern Daxing＇anling region has retreated 140 km northward. From 1896 to 1986, the northern boundary of broad-leaved forests in Heilongjiang province has extended northwestward about 290 km. Future climatic changes （until 2060） may lead to the northern deciduous needle forests moving out of China＇s territory altogether. The occurrence cycles of pests and diseases have shortened; their distribution ranges have expanded. The life cycle of tent caterpillars （Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky） has shortened from 14-15 years in the past to 8-10 years now. The pine caterpillar （Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu）, which has spread within western Liaoning province and the nearby areas, can now be found in the north and west. Lightning fires in the Daxing＇anling region have significantly increased since 1987, and August has become the month when lightning fires occur most frequently. Overall, the net primary productivity （NPP） of forest in Northeast China has increased. The NPP in 1981 was around 0.27 Pg C, and increased to approximately 0.40 Pg C in 2002. With the current climate, the broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystem acts as a carbon sink, with a carbon sink capacity of 2.7 Mg C hm-2. Although the carbon sink capacity of the forest ecosystems in Northeast China has been weakened since 2003, the total carbon absorption will still increase. The forest ecosystems in Northeast China are likely to remain a significant carbon sink, and will play a positive role in the mitigation of climate change.

彝家新寨建设与花卉产业开发研究——以凉山杜鹃花旅游资源开发为例

凉山彝家新寨所在地域拥有丰富花卉旅游资源,野生杜鹃花资源更是独具特色,开发前景广泛。采取有效措施,保护并因地制宜地开发花卉资源,形成彝家新寨新的经济增长点,变资源优势为产业优势,将产生富民兴凉的经济效益和良好的生态环境效益。

Noto Peninsula after GIAHS Designation: Conservation and Revitalization Efforts of Noto's Satoyama and Satoumi

The “Noto’sSatoyama andSatoumi” in Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan is a system of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes （SEPLS） mosaics interconnected with highly productive coastal areas that have been formed and maintained through long-term human inlfuence, which supports not only its diverse and traditional agriculture, forestry and ifsheries, but also sustains local livelihoods and conserves its lfourishing biodiversity. Since the designation of Noto as Globaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） in 2011, there have been active developments of conservation and revitalization efforts amongst the local gov-ernments, and communities, as well as pouring interest from the academia, international community and private sector. The paper wil discuss the developments of Noto’s GIAHS through examining several case studies of recent conservation and revitalization efforts of new initiatives and those building on existing schemes. The report wil be based on literature reviews, interviews with and information provided by Ishikawa Prefectural Government and ifeld surveys conducted. It is found that modest but steady steps are being taken in conservation of GIAHS and Noto is taking an active role contributing to the GIAHS initiative.

Black band disease as a possible factor of the coral decline at the northern reef-flat of Yongxing Island,South China Sea

Black band disease （BBD）, characterized by the Cyanobacterial dominated pathogenic consortium, is thought to play a key role in the global decline of the coral reef ecosystems. The present paper originally documents a case of BBD from Yongxing Island （Xisha Islands, South China Sea）, and further probes the reasons of this abnormal phenomenon. Prior to 2007, corals at northern reef-flat of Yongxing Isand were in healthy growth. Catastrophic coral mortality occurred between 2007 and 2008. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR amplification, with universally conserved primers, were applied to detect the conta- gious bacterial community of the microbial mat. The results demonstrated that six bacterial divisions constituted the clone libraries derived from the BBD mat, and that Cyanobacteria are the most diversely represented group that inhabit BBD bacteri- al mats, despite the fact that species in five others divisions （a-Proteobacteria, y-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomi- crobia and Actinobacteria） are also consistently diverse within the BBD mats of diseased coral. Other factors such as coral bleaching, typhoons, ocean acidification and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, are not primarily responsible for the coral mortality within such a short time interval. The disaster expansion of BBD associated with Cyanobacterial blooms is a more likely mechanism impacting these coral reefs. Excessive human activity enhances the eutrophication of the marine water of the reefal region and may result in occurrence of the BBD.

Spatiotemporal dynamics in a network composed of neurons with different excitabilities and excitatory coupling

Spiral waves have been observed in the biological experiments on rat cortex perfused with drugs which can block inhibitory synapse and switch neuron excitability from type II to type I. To simulate the spiral waves observed in the experiment, the spatiotemporal patterns are investigated in a network composed of neurons with type I and II excitabilities and excitatory coupling. Spiral waves emerge when the percentage(p) of neurons with type I excitability in the network is at middle levels, which is dependent on the coupling strength. Compared with other spatial patterns which appear at different p values, spiral waves exhibit optimal spatial correlation at a certain spatial frequency, implying the occurrence of spatial coherence resonance-like phenomenon. Some dynamical characteristics of the network such as mean firing frequency and synchronous degree can be well interpreted with distinct properties between type I excitability and type II excitability. The results not only identify dynamics of spiral waves in neuronal networks composed of neurons with different excitabilities, but also are helpful to understanding the emergence of spiral waves observed in the biological experiment.