黑龙江省生态种植业现状、问题及对策

本文介绍了生态种植的基本概念,并对生态种植和绿色种植、传统种地和生态养地的内涵进行了辨析;通过分析黑龙江省生态种植业资源优势、政策支持及具体实践的现状,发现黑龙江省生态种植业监管力度薄弱、农民生态种植意识薄弱及包地的人不养地的问题;提出了加大投资力度,完善基础设施建设、完善保障机制,增加土地流转期限、加大宣传培训力度,增强农民的生态种植意识、为年龄偏大的农民和小农户提供托管服务的发展建议。

经济绿肥开发利用技术研究与推广

针对传统绿肥直接经济效益低 ,导致绿肥生产严重滑坡 ,土壤肥力普遍下降 ,农业环境日趋恶化等问题 ,以提高种植绿肥的经济效益为中心 ,采用“攻关—示范—推广”协同发展的技术路线 ,在建立了一套完整的经济绿肥引种筛选与评价方案的基础上 ,研究确定了 10多个适宜湖南推广应用的经济绿肥品种及其优化栽培技术 ,因地制宜组装了 11种与湖南农业结构调整相配套的高效复种制度 ,提出了走菜肥、饲肥、粮肥、经肥等兼用的道路来恢复和发展绿肥生产。 9年来 ,经济绿肥已推广应用 83万hm2 ,新增产值 3 2亿元 ,产生了显著的生态与社会效益。

Effects of grassland amelioration on terrestrial ecosystem nutrients:a case study in Jianou Niukenglong Grassland Ecosystem Experimental Station, Fujian Province

This paper studies the effects of land cover changes on distributions andcirculations of nutrients in a terrestrial ecosystem, taking Jianou Niukenglong Grassland EcosystemExperimental Station as a case study. During a two year experiment from 1994 to 1996, the land covertypes were changed from desert slopeland to grasslands, in particular, Chamaecristarotundifolia(pers) green + Pasdum thunbergii and Glycine max var. + Pasalum thunbergii. In order tostudy land cover change effects on nutrients in the terrestrial ecosystem, we selected organicmaterials (OMs), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and aluminum (Al) to study theirchanges in total soil nutrient concentrations, nutrient reserves in soil, distributions andreservations of nutrients in distinct grassland communities and overall nutrient contents reservedin terrestrial ecosystem, and their circulation with land cover change. The experimental resultsindicate that with the increase of vegetation coverage, the total concentrations of N, P and K growrapidly in the soil, but that of Al decreases markedly. The increases of the total concentrations ofN, P and K were mainly the consequences of changes of the factors that affect soil evolution, e.g.,soil moisture, and changes of soil evolution processes, e.g., weathering rate and the decrease ofsoil erosion. These changes were caused by land coverage growth from desert slopeland to grassland.With the change of the land cover types and the increase of land coverage, the activity of Alaccelerated as well, and the vertical penetration and lateral penetration of Al have been increased.Therefore, the loss of Al within the experimental terrestrial ecosystem was inevitable, and thetotal concentration and reserve of Al in soil have become smaller and smaller, in spite of thegrowth of grass absorbing some amounts of Al. The Al reserve has increased in vegetation, but it hasdeclined in total terrestrial ecosystem. Land cover change also affects the circulations ofnutrients in the terrestrial ecosystem and for the purpose of study on nutrient circulations, wechoose to study plant absorption, litter and reservation of nutrients to establish an index toindicate the situations of nutrient circulations within terrestrial ecosystems. The results indicatethat in the two land cover types (two grassland ecosystems), the sequence of nutrient circulationindices are N > K > P > Al in Chamaecrista rotundifolia(pers) green + Pasalum thunbergii and P > N >K > Al in Glycine max var. + Pasalum thunbergii. On the basis of the study, we can conclude thatland cover change affects both distributions and circulations in the terrestrial ecosystem, and thatdifferent changes have distinct influences on distributions and circulations. Some nutrients wereaffected differently in some contents.

Trophic Ecology of Sharks in the Mid-East Pacific Ocean Inferred from Stable Isotopes

As apex predators, sharks are of ecological and conservation importance in marine ecosystems. In this study, trophic positions of sharks were estimated using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen for five representative species caught by the Chinese longline fleet in the mid-east Pacific, i.e., the blue shark （Prionace glauca）, the bigeye thresher shark （Alopias superciliosus）, the silky shark （Carcharhinus falciformis）, the scalloped hammerhead （Sphyrna lewini）, and the oceanic whitetip shark （Car-charhinus longimanus）. Of these species, oceanic whitetip shark has the lowest trophic level and mean 815N value （3.9 and 14.93%o± 0.84%o）, whereas bigeye thresher shark has the highest level/values （4.5 and 17.02%o±1.21%o, respectively）. The bigeye thresher shark has significantly higher 515N value than other shark species, indicating its higher trophic position. The blue shark and oceanic whitetip shark has significantly higher 813C values than bigeye thresher shark, silky shark and scalloped hammerhead, possibly due to different diets and/or living habitats. The stable isotope data and stomach content data are highly consistent, suggesting that sta-ble isotope analysis supplements traditional feeding ecology study of sharks, and thus contributes to understanding their trophic linkage.

Nutritional Contribution Model of Litterfall for Adjacent Areas According to the Distance of Forest

The goal of this study is to evaluate the drift of litterfall from forest to adjacent areas, validate a method to estimate the drift with water balance, direction and speed of winds and quantify the nutrients of litterfall in nearby area of the forest patch as function of distance. This phenomenon can be considered an ecosystem service to improve soil quality of the agriculture crops around the forests by nutrient input coming from the litterfall. The experiment was installed in adjacent areas of the tropical forest at central region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The branches, reproductive material and leaves which fell were measured for three years into the forest and adjacents areas. The sampled nets were located on edge and equal distances from the edge. It＇s analyzed and estimated the contribution of the litterfall components to adjacent areas by air. The quantity of litterfall by distance had large variation between adjacent areas. And it was confirmed that model estimated the leaf drift by distance with good precision.

Modeling the Effects of Nutrient Dynamics and Surface Circulation on the Productivity of Hooghly Estuary

River estuarine environment plays a key role in the cycling of biological and chemical parameters and a significant region for the transaction of freshwater and seawater. In the present study, a first attempt has been made towards the development of a coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic circulation model with four compartment （nitrate, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus） biogeochemical model in the Hooghly estuary （21 °36′-22° 16′1 and 87°42＇-88°15′E） to simulate the varying effect of plankton biomass with the heavy input of anthropogenic litter from industrial effluents of Haldia port which is effecting the chemical and biological processes that control the plankton dynamics in the estuary. In-situ observational data for physico-chemical and biological parameters are collected from Calcutta University during 2010 are assimilated using multiscale OA （objective analysis） for different seasons and incorporated in ROMS （Regional Ocean Modeling System） to develop a high resolution （0.5 km x 0.5 kin） biogeochemical model. Recent analysis on physico-chemical parameters of the estuary is done as it is one of the largest estuaries in India and is the habitat for vast biodiversity. Influence of high nitrate （above 34 μg/L） and phosphate （5.22 μg/L） is predominant whereas DO （dissolved oxygen） is low （4.07 mg/L） in the Haldi River mouth which is sliding the productivity （less than 1 mg/L） and also affects water quality.

Nutritional content explains the attractiveness of cacao to crop raiding Tonkean macaques

Nutritional ecology has been linked to crop raiding behavior in a number of wildlife taxa. Here our goal is to explore the role nutrition plays in cacao crop raiding by Tonkean macaques Macaca tonkeana in Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June - Sept. 2008 we collected fruit samples from 13 species known to be important Tonkean macaque foods and compared their nutritional value to that of cacao Theobroma cacao, an important cash crop in Sulawesi. Cacao pulp was significantly lower in protein, but lower in dietary fiber, and higher in digestible carbohydrates and energy content compared to forest fruits. These findings, com- bined with the fact that cacao fruits are spatially concentrated and available throughout the year, likely explain why Tonkean ma- caques are attracted to this cultivated resource. We use these data along with published feeding ecology data to propose strategies to minimize human-macaque conflict. Namely, we recommend the deliberate protection of Elmerillila tsiampaccca, Ficus spp. and Arenga pinnata, fruit species known to be regularly consumed and of considerable nutritional value. We also identify the A. pinnata palm as a potential buffer resource to curb cacao crop raiding by macaques. Cacao is a hard-to-process food because the pods have a thick outer skin that encases the seeds and pulp. Aren palm fruit, although lower in digestibility, is easier-to-process, higher in protein, and also available year round. In addition, because the palm has considerable cultural and economic signifi- cance for local people, the strategy of planting Aren palm in a buffer corridor is likely to garner local community support [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 160-169, 2013].

Soil Microbial Activities in Beech Forests Under Natural Incubation Conditions as Affected by Global Warming

Microbial activity in soil is known to be controlled by various factors. However, the operating mechanisms have not yet been clearly identified, particularly under climate change conditions, although they are crucial for understanding carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, a natural incubation experiment was carried out using intact soil cores transferred from high altitude(1 500 m) to low(900 m) altitude to mimic climate change scenarios in a typical cold-temperate mountainous area in Japan. Soil microbial activities, indicated by substrate-induced respiration(SIR) and metabolic quotient(q CO2), together with soil physicalchemical properties(abiotic factors) and soil functional enzyme and microbial properties(biotic factors), were investigated throughout the growing season in 2013. Results of principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) andβ-glucosidase activity were the most important factors characterizing the responses of soil microbes to global warming. Although there was a statistical difference of 2.82 ℃ between the two altitudes, such variations in soil physical-chemical properties did not show any remarkable effect on soil microbial activities, suggesting that they might indirectly impact carbon dynamics through biotic factors such as soil functional enzymes. It was also found that the biotic factors mainly controlled soil microbial activities at elevated temperature,which might trigger the inner soil dynamics to respond to the changing environment. Future studies should hence take more biotic variables into account for accurately projecting the responses of soil metabolic activities to climate change.