公建场馆雨水生态利用系统设计

为实现对自然水资源的高效率利用,以某公建场馆为例,从构造和工艺两方面开展雨水生态利用系统的开发与设计。通过雨水分流装置、雨水储蓄装置、雨水回收利用泵、雨水控制处理装置、雨水排污泵、辅助性构件等硬件系统的设置,实现雨水主动收集功能;通过引进智能化技术,优化雨水生态利用总控功能,为自然雨水资源化利用提帮助。

北京城市公园人工林生态系统水分利用效率的季节变化

【目的】干旱、半干旱环境中人工林生态系统碳吸收与水分损失之间的平衡关系尚不明确,阐明森林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)应对环境因子的响应机制有助于量化城市人工林碳、水通量的平衡关系。【方法】应用涡度协方差技术,结合微气象观测系统,获取北京奥林匹克森林公园内油松人工林生态系统碳、水通量和环境因子数据,运用统计和模拟方法,分析人工林碳、水通量在季节尺度的平衡关系以及在干旱、半干旱环境条件下碳吸收与水分损失之间的平衡关系。【结果】研究期2012—2014年降水少,均发生季节性土壤干旱情况,年降水量低于过去60年均值,且逐年降低,2014年降水总量仅271 mm。WUE年均值为2.2~2.9 g·kg^(-1),2012年最小(2.2 g·kg^(-1))、2013年最大(2.9 g·kg^(-1))。生长季WUE主要受植被指数(NDVI)、净辐射(Rn)、气温(Ta)、土壤水分含量(SWC)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)的影响。在季节尺度,调控WUE的主要环境因子有所不同,春季NDVI的影响最大(P<0.05),可解释春季WUE变异的48%;夏季Rn和Ta的影响较强(P<0.05),可分别解释夏季WUE变异的52%和57%;秋季SWC和VPD的影响较强(P<0.05),可分别解释秋季WUE变异的44%和54%。在生长季,WUE和Ta呈线性负相关(P<0.01),WUE与VPD和R_n呈非线性负相关(对数曲线关系),WUE与SWC呈线性正相关(P<0.01);然而在极端干旱月份,如2014年5、6和8月,WUE与SWC呈负相关(P<0.01),WUE降至最低。2012和2013年7月均出现连续无雨的干旱期,WUE达最低值3.7 g·kg^(-1)。相较而言,在生长季的连续降水期,随着SWC增加,WUE达最大值10.3 g·kg^(-1)。【结论】干旱、半干旱环境中人工林生态系统碳、水通量是相互耦合的,季节性干旱和炎热降低碳吸收量和水分损失量,导致WUE降低。生长季的干旱期,在Ta较高的环境下,随着SWC降低,WUE降至最低。在生长季不同气温条件影响下,人工林可利用的土壤有效水与干旱特性(干旱强度和持续时间)相结合共同影响生态系统碳、水通量的季节变化,从而导致人工林WUE应对干旱事件的年际响应差异。

建三江垦区景观结构动态变化及其土地利用生态系统安全时空分异

对受到强干扰下的区域景观结构动态变化及其土地利用生态安全时空分异特征进行研究,是区域生态安全和可持续利用研究的重要组成部分。以建三江垦区15个农场为研究区,利用遥感手段提取研究区1992年、2001年和2010年的景观类型信息,定量分析了研究区景观结构变化特征;定量计算研究区不同尺度的景观稳定性,并结合DPSIR模型构建研究区土地利用生态安全综合评价指标体系;对15个农场的土地利用生态安全等级进行评价,并分析了其时空分异变化特征。结果表明:1992—2010年,各农场的景观整体组合特征大体分为三种类型,景观空间格局特征亦有显著变化。在时间分异上,创业农场、二道河农场和浓江农场的土地利用生态安全评价值和等级呈先下降后上升的态势,其他农场的土地利用生态系统安全值和等级都呈逐年上升态势。在空间分布上,1992年,等级相对较高的地区集中在中西部、西北部和东部;2001年,呈现两个带状分布;2010年,土地利用生态安全等级均提升,等级低的地区镶嵌其中。这种等级变化和时空分异特征体现了不同土地利用生态系统的稳定状态,即结构和功能对干扰的抗性和恢复性水平,并体现人类的土地利用行为对保障土地的可持续利用能力起到关键作用。

区域土地利用生态系统服务价值估算与修正——以山西省河曲县沙坪村为例

以"3S"技术为基础,运用市场价值法、机会成本法、影子工程法等,以山西省河曲县沙坪村为例,详细分析2010年土地利用生态系统的类型和特点,对生态系统服务价值进行估算,并采用价格修正系数进行修正。结果表明,沙坪村生态系统服务总价值为960.18×104元,是农村经济总收入的5.28倍。通过价值核算,以期为改变沙坪村和砖窑沟流域农业内部结构和土地利用格局、缓解人地矛盾、促进人与自然和谐发展提供科学依据,进而为绿色GDP的研究提供科学的评价方法和理论依据。

山东省土地利用生态-社会-经济系统耦合协调度时空演变及障碍因子分析

旨在为优化配置土地资源及促进区域生态、社会、经济可持续发展提供理论参考和数据支持,本研究通过构建土地利用效益评价指标体系和耦合协调度模型,引入相对发展度和障碍度模型,探究了山东省17地市土地利用生态-社会-经济系统耦合协调度时空演变特征及主要影响因素。结果表明,2008—2017年间,山东省土地利用生态-社会-经济系统整体处于磨合阶段的初级协调状态,耦合协调度多年均值为0.63,且呈持续上升趋势,由0.54提升至0.70;各地市间耦合协调度均衡化水平逐步提高,变异系数由0.126降至0.072,但仍呈现出较明显的自鲁东至鲁中、鲁西地区递减的梯度分布差异;各地市土地利用生态、社会、经济子系统间相对发展度差异显著,至2017年,威海市同鲁中地区南部两侧及其以北构成了明显的半圈式生态滞后区;影响土地利用生态、社会、经济耦合协调发展的社会经济障碍一直占据主导,但2013年后生态影响有所增强。研究期内,山东省各地市土地利用生态-社会-经济系统耦合协调水平不断提高,但区域间差异性仍较明显,尚有较大改善空间,建议各地市考虑其主要障碍因子,执行因地制宜的差别化发展战略。

干旱地区大水矿井水资源生态集成利用体系研究

针对干旱地区大水矿井水资源浪费现象,结合干旱区水资源利用现状,在系统分析生态脆弱的干旱矿区水资源类型与用水领域基础上,结合集成和水资源配置相关理论,探讨干旱区富水煤矿水资源生态集成利用问题,将梯级利用、层级利用、错时利用等水资源利用方式相融合,构建水资源生态集成利用系统,并应用于金鸡滩矿区,为干旱矿区水资源利用模式研究提供参考依据。

对忻州市土地利用生态系统服务价值估算

本研究以山西省忻州市为例,详细分析了2008年土地利用生态系统的类型,参照谢高地等的研究,对全市生态系统服务价值进行估算。结果表明,忻州市生态系统服务总价值为3048234.68万元,是全市经济总产值的96%,其中,林地价值最大,占总价值的48.62%,其次为草地,占总价值的21.65%。通过价值估算,以期为改变全市土地利用格局、缓解人地矛盾、促进人与自然和谐发展提供科学依据。

迭部县生态系统服务价值评价·管理与开发研究

以甘肃省迭部县为例,根据实测数据和有关调查资料,采用直接市场评价法等对生态系统服务价值进行了评价。结果表明,迭部县生态系统碳储量丰富,约占全国陆地生态系统碳储量的0.2%。2016年全县生态系统服务总价值为115.31亿元,是当年GDP的10.16倍。另外,迭部县生态资产负债率低于10%,远小于国际上40%~50%的警戒线水平。建议迭部县做好扎尕那﹑老龙沟等地的景观、生物多样性保护和建设,真正把生态系统服务优势转化为经济优势。

基于涡度相关法的长江中下游稻田水分利用效率变化规律

揭示水稻生态系统水分利用效率(WaterUseEfficiency,WUE)的变化规律,有助于动态评价稻田水碳循环过程和农业用水效益。该研究利用涡度相关法得到中国长江中下游双季稻田的3年通量数据,研究生态系统尺度的稻田WUE季节变化规律及其年际差异,揭示生态系统夜间呼吸消耗对稻田水分利用的影响,阐明WUE与净生态系统生产力(Net Ecosystem Productivity,NEP)和ET的关系。结果表明:双季稻WUE季节尺度变化特征与NEP基本一致,呈现出先增大、后减小的趋势,表明其季节变化由NEP主导,取决于作物自身以生育期为尺度的生长发育规律。早、晚稻日均WUE均在拔节孕穗期达到峰值,且在生长中期均维持较高水平,日均WUE分别达到5.8、5.5g/kg。早、晚稻全生育期WUE均值分别为(3.3±0.3)、(3.4±0.4)g/kg,生态系统夜间呼吸消耗使WUE下降40%以上。不同稻季WUE的年际差异达到9.2%~12.4%,其中抽穗开花期差异最大。不同纬度的稻田WUE存在差异,该研究得到的中国长江中下游稻田WUE高于菲律宾、巴西等热带地区稻田,但低于中国东北辽河三角洲稻田,与小麦、玉米等农田生态系统相比,稻田WUE也较低。研究结果可为评价中国长江中下游稻作区农业用水效率以及优化水碳管理模式提供依据。

不同土壤水分条件下杨树人工林水分利用效率对环境因子的响应

运用涡度相关(Eddy covariance,EC)开路系统和微气象观测系统,于2007年对位于北京市大兴区永定河沙地杨树(Populus euramericana)人工林与大气间碳、水和能量交换进行了连续测定。通过分析总生态系统生产力(GEP)、蒸发散(ET)以及水分利用效率(WUE=GEP/ET)随相对土壤含水量(REW)的变化趋势,探讨杨树人工林不同土壤水分条件下水分利用效率对气象因子以及下垫面因素的响应,为杨树人工林经营管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明:当REW<0.1时,GEP和ET受到严重水分胁迫的影响维持在较低水平,环境因子对GEP、ET和WUE的影响较小;当0.1<REW<0.4时,GEP和ET随着土壤体积含水量(VWC)的增加而增大,WUE随VWC的增大而减小;REW>0.4时,气象因子是影响碳固定和水分损耗的主要原因,由于ET对气象因子变化的响应较GEP更为敏感,因此,WUE随空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的增大而减小。沙地土壤保水能力较差,不能保证土壤水分被植物有效利用,因此当VWC处于5.2%—8.8%(0.1<REW<0.4)范围时,碳固定与水分消耗达到最高效率。研究表明杨树人工林WUE随降水变化而变化,未来气候变化和变异有可能影响杨树林耗水和生产力之间的关系。

德国城市雨水再利用

城市雨水利用在国外已不新鲜。从上世纪80年代开始,世界各国就开始探索雨水资源化。德国的城市雨水利用方式有三种:一是屋面雨水集蓄系统,集下来的雨水主要用于家庭。

自然人之生存性排污权探析

生存性排污权是指自然人因人身生存之需要而应当享有的向生态系统排放一定污染物的权利,此项权利是生存所必需,也是请求权利救济的基础、公权力保护的依据,生态系统容量应当优先满足生存需要。生存性排污权主体为自然人,客体为生态系统环境容量,具有平等性,其对象限生存需要所排放之污染物,其性质当属人身性生态权。生存性排污权的内容包括:优先排污权、便利排污权、免费使用公用排污系统权、要求对可重新利用生活垃圾支付对价权等。

Impacts of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Value in Yanchi County of Ningxia

Based on TM image data in 1989, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2009 of Yanchi County of Ningxia, the land use date of Yanchi County in each year were extracted supported by RS and GIS technology, and used to analyze the dynamic change of land use. The land use data were studied for estimating the change of ecosystem services value caused by the land use change of Yanchi County, using the evaluation method of China terrestrial ecosystem services value. The results showed that the changes of land use were obvious during 1989 to 2009. The area of woodland and construction land had an increasing tendency; grassland area changed from decreasing to increasing, which was in contrary to farmland and un-used land areas （from increasing to decreasing）; water area fluctuated slightly. The ecosystem services value of Yanchi County had an increasing tendency during 1989 to 1995, because the increasing woodland area had took the major role in raising the total ecosystem services value. The grassland accounted for a large proportion of the total ecosystem service value of Yanchi County, with its contribution rate from 49.8% to 60.4%. And the composition of the ecosystem services value of Yanchi County happened benign change for the increasing contribution rate of woodland. The ecosystem services value sensitivity index of each land use type was less than 1, indicating that the ecosystem services value of Yanchi County lacks flexibility on its service value index, and the research results are reliable.

Response of Ecosystem Service Value Based on Land Use Changes and Analysis of its Driving Factors in Typical Hilly Region with Red Soil

The contribution rate of ecosystem service value variation was used to analyze the effects of land use changes on the changes of ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005.Grey integrated correlation was employed to explore the contribution level of the indicators such as total population,urbanization level,proportion of primary industry and investment of social fixed assets on ecosystem service value,and the correlation analysis was also carried out.The results showed that the ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005 mainly was woodland,and the decrease of woodland area was the major reason for the sustained reduction of ecosystem service value.With the further increase of market demand and the incentives of local government,the garden area rapidly increased during 2001-2005,and the influence degree of garden towards the changes of ecosystem service value was only second to woodland,ranking No.2.Four socio-economic indicators had different correlation degree with ecosystem service value during the different research periods.Total population,urbanization level and proportion of primary industry had high correlation degree with ecosystem service value,whereas the influence degree of various socio-economic indicators on ecosystem service value was equal with each other day by day.Urbanization level,investment of social fixed assets and total population had significant negative correlation with ecosystem service value,while the proportion of primary industry had positive correlation with ecosystem service value.

Technical Innovation of Land Treatment Systems for Municipal Wastewater in Northeast China

On the basis of ecological principles including holistic optimization, cycling and regeneration, and regional differentiation, land treatment systems (LTSs) for municipal wastewater were continuously explored and updated in the western Shenyang area and the Huolinhe area, China. Intensified pretreatment, addition of a man-made soil filtration layer, and use of an ecologically diversified secondary plant cover were proved to be technically feasible. Hydraulic loading was determined according to the assimilation capacity of soil ecosystems, thus ensuring safe operation of wastewater treatment. This modernized and alternative approach to wastewater treatment had been widely applied in middle-sized and small cities and towns of Northeast China, and these innovative systems in some areas had indicated favorable ecological, social, and economic benefits.

Evaluation for Use Efficiency of Agricultural Resources in Grain Production:A Case Study of Changshu,Taihe and Ansai in China

This paper aims to establish an index system for evaluation of agricultural resources use efficiency(ARUE) in grain production and discuss the causes of low efficiency and high consumption of agricultural resources in Changshu of Jiangsu Province,Taihe of Jiangxi Province and Ansai of Shaanxi Province in China by analyzing the data about meteorology,soil,water consumption and grain production. Agro-ecological Zone(AEZ) method was adopted to calculate the potential productivity,and synthetically multivariate equation was used to evaluate the ARUE of study areas. This paper can be concluded as:1) the agricultural resources in grain production can be classified into five categories,i.e.,climatic resources,water resources,land resources,biological resources and assistant resources,and 15 indexes were selected to evaluate their use efficiency in grain production;2) the values of ARUE in grain production are 0.5868,0.6368 and 0.5390 respectively in Changshu,Taihe and Ansai;and 3) Changshu ranks the highest among the three study areas in terms of the use efficiency of climatic resources and biological resources(evaluation values are 0.0277 and 0.1530) ,but Taihe tops the three in terms of the use efficiency of water resources,land resources and assistant resources(evaluation values are 0.0502,0.2945 and 0.1379 respectively) . However,the ARUE remains always low in Ansai for all the resources. The inefficiencies are caused by poor grain revenue in Changshu,deficient agriculture investments in Taihe and unfavorable natural conditions in Ansai.

Impact of Land-use Patterns on Distributed Groundwater Recharge and Discharge——A Case Study of Western Jilin,China

The impact of land-use on distributed groundwater recharge and discharge in the western Jilin (WJ) was analyzed in this study. WJ is a transitional, semi-arid zone with a fragile, hydrological closed ecosystem in the Songhua River Basin (SRB). The research tool includes a seamlessly linked MODFLOW, WetSpass, the Seepage packages, and ArcGIS. The model calibration showed good agreement between simulated water table elevation and measured water table depths, while predicted groundwater discharge zones showed strong correlations with field occurrences of drainage systems and wetlands. Simulated averages for distributed recharge, water table elevation and groundwater drawdown were 377.42mm/yr, 194.43m, and 0.18m respectively. Forest vegetation showed the highest recharge, followed by ag- ricultural farmlands, while open-water and other drainage systems constituted groundwater exit zones. When present land-use conditions were compared with the hypothetical natural pre-development scenario, an overall loss of ground- water recharge (24.09mm/yr) was observed, which for the project area is 18.05×108m3. Groundwater abstraction seemed to be the cause of water table drawdown, especially in the immediate vicinities of the supply wells. An important issue of the findings was the ability of the hypothetical forest vegetation to protect, and hence sustain aquifer reserves and dependent ecosystems. The profound data capture capability of ArcGIS makes it particularly useful in spa- tio-temporal hydroecological modeling.

Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycle Research in Mountainous Ecosystems

Phosphorus(P),as a limiting nutrient,plays a crucial role in the mountainous ecosystem development.Its biogeochemical cycle in mountainous ecosystems determines the bioavailability and sustainable supply of P,and thus becomes a crucial process which needs to be fully understood and described for ecological and environmental conservation.However,most of research about P biogeochemical processes has been carried out in aquatic environment and agronomic field,but rare researches have been done in mountain ecosystem.In the present review,we summarize researches on P biogeochemical cycle concerning mountain ecosystem in recent decades,including rock weathering,the release,transformation and bioavailability of P,interactions between the P biological cycle and microbial and plant life,as well as the development of models.Based on the state of art,we propose the future work on this direction,including the integration of all these research,the development of a practical model to understand the P biogeochemical cycle and its bioavailability,and to provide a reference for ecological and environmental conservation of mountainous ecosystems and lowland aquatic systems.

Mapping and Assessing Typhoon-induced Forest Disturbance in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve Using Time Series Landsat Imagery

Monitoring forest disturbances is important for understanding changes in ecosystems. The 1986 Typhoon Vera was a serious disturbance that severely impacted the forest ecosystems of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve. Although the typhoon disturbance occurred more than two decades ago, the effects of the typhoon still remain within the study area. Few studies have focused on mapping and assessing disturbances across broad spatial and temporal scales. For this study, we first generated a map of forest composition prior to the typhoon disturbance, which served as a baseline data for the extraction of disturbed area. Then, the Disturbance Index(DI) method was tested for mapping the extent and magnitude of disturbance in the study area by applying a Tasseled Cap transformation to the Landsat imagery. The Landsatbased DI method estimated that an area of 13,764.78 ha of forest was disturbed by the typhoon. Based on visual assessments, these results correspond closely with the reference map derived from ground surveys. These results also revealed the influence of local topographic features on the distribution of windthrow areas. Windthrow areas were more pronounced inareas with elevations ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 m, slopes of less than 10 degrees, and southwestern to northwestern aspects. In addition, the relatively long(25 years) post-typhoon recovery period assessed by this study provided a more comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of forest recovery processes over time. Windthrow areas did not recover immediately after the typhoon, likely due to forest management practices enacted at the time. So far, forest recovery has proceeded more rapidly at elevations below 1,400 m, particularly on western slopes within the study area. Finally, a time series of DI values within the study period suggests a secondary disturbance may have occurred between 2000 and 2001.

Analyzing Land-use Change in Farming-pastoral Transitional Region Using Autologistic Model and Household Survey Approach

Land change science （LCS） strives to understand and model land-use change, which will further advance the understanding of multiple issues in the socio-ecological systems. Based on GIS/RS techniques, autologistic model, and household survey method, this study investigated major land use changes and their causes from 1978 to 2008 in Uxin Banner （county-level）, Inner Mongolia in China and then developed an understanding of the relationships between household livelihood and land-use pattern. Results showed that cultivated land increased from 1988 to 2000, and leveled offafter 2000. Built-up land increased stably for the period 1978 2008. The change of grassland and bare land differed among the three periods. From 1978 to 1988, grassland increased by 23.3%, and bare land decreased by 20.48%. From 1988 to 2000, bare land expanded by 1.7%, but grassland declined by 1.3%. From 2000 to 2008, an increase in grassland area by 1.8% was observed, but a decrease in bare land area by 9.0% was witnessed. The autologistic models performed better than logistic models as indicated by lower Akaike Information Criterion （AIC） values. Factors associated with human activities significantly correlated with the change of cultivated land, forest land, grassland, and built-up land. The produce prices and extensive cultivated land use are major issues in the farming area. This study suggests that completing land circulation systems and maintaining the stability of price are effective solutions. By contrast, reclamation and overgrazing are major concerns in the pastoral areas. Implementing environmental policies effectively, transferring population out of rural pastoral areas, and developing modem animal husbandry are effective ways to address these issues.