This research was to introduce the characteristics of and countermeasures for ecological compensation. From the analysis of the current situation of ecological compensation, a series of characteristics of ecological c...This research was to introduce the characteristics of and countermeasures for ecological compensation. From the analysis of the current situation of ecological compensation, a series of characteristics of ecological compensation in resource exploitation and economic development were elaborated. The principles and practical issues are complex in ecological compensation, and the corresponding object, entity, financial system of ecological compensation are the keys to set up compensation mechanism, and studying of ecosystem service function and ecological footprint calculation are important ways to quantitatively assess ecological compensation, and are also important foundations for establishing calculation system of green GDP. Advocating the benefit compensation mechanism of ecological economy and enclosing ecological compensation principle are important ways for establishing the new environmental management pattern and manifesting social justice and the ecological civilization ideas. This research proposed some views of and approaches to ecological compensation mechanism for constructing natural resource development and utilization.The establishment of ecological compensation is an important approach to prevent the imbalance of resource allocation, the system guarantee for sustainable development, and the important basis of saving resources.展开更多
We use the term 'basal birds' for a relatively small number of primitive fossil birds that fall outside the major clade Ornithothoraces,which includes both modern birds and enantiorni-thines. Eight genera and ...We use the term 'basal birds' for a relatively small number of primitive fossil birds that fall outside the major clade Ornithothoraces,which includes both modern birds and enantiorni-thines. Eight genera and twelve valid species have been reported from China in the last 15 years,whereas Archaeopteryx lithographica remains the only basal bird to have been described from non-Chinese specimens(although confuciusornithid material is apparently present in North Korea).Here we briefly review the Chinese basal birds and their anatomy,phylogeny and ecology.Chinese fossils have contributed extensively to scientific understanding of early avian evolution,demon-strating collectively that basal birds were generally relatively large and morphologically and eco-logically quite diverse.Although some significant uncertainties remain,particularly with respect to the relative phylogenetic positions of Jeholornis,Sapeornis and Zhongornis,an increasingly clear picture of the first stages of avian evolution is emerging from the Chinese fossil record.展开更多
To make clear ecological sustainable development in Hunan Province, biomass resources and the energy consumption indexes of Hunan Province in 2013 were selected, and quantity analysis of the regional ecological consum...To make clear ecological sustainable development in Hunan Province, biomass resources and the energy consumption indexes of Hunan Province in 2013 were selected, and quantity analysis of the regional ecological consumption and the ecological carrying capacity was carried out using the ecological footprint method. The results showed that the net ecological deficit per capita was 1.718 hm2 in 2013 in Hunan Province, which indicated the regional development was beyond the scope of ecological carrying capacity. So, according to the present unsustainable situation, the corresponding development suggestions were put forward.展开更多
Ecological civilization is the major progress of human civilization develop- ment idea, mode and path of development. The close relationship between ecological civilization and tourism, ecological tourism development ...Ecological civilization is the major progress of human civilization develop- ment idea, mode and path of development. The close relationship between ecological civilization and tourism, ecological tourism development reflects the urgent needs of the protection of the ecological environment, the construction of ecological civilization, and the sustainable development of regional economy. Ecological tourism development are various, with great potential. In order to promote the development of ecological tourism city, China should actively carry out the ecological values of propaganda, reform of tourism management mode, strengthening technological inno- vation, and in this process, the government should provide appropriate support and guidance.展开更多
Mangrove endophytic fungus 1893 was isolated from Kandelia candel from an estuarine mangrove on the South China Sea Coast Two new lactones 1893A and 1893B, together with other known compounds, have been isolated from ...Mangrove endophytic fungus 1893 was isolated from Kandelia candel from an estuarine mangrove on the South China Sea Coast Two new lactones 1893A and 1893B, together with other known compounds, have been isolated from its fermentation broth. To classify the endophyte correctly for further industrial application, a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was used to approach its identity. The endophyte was compared with similar species having trichogynes or trichogyne-like hyphae which apparently fused with an- theridium-like hyphae, and perithecia initials developing from an ascogonial coil surrounded by enveloping hyphae in early developmental stages on pure culture. Further morphological characteristics on host and non-host were used for comparison with similar species when the endophyte was cultivated on leaves ofKandelia candel and Mangifera indica, respectively, which resulted in classifying the endophyte as a Phomopsis specics. The ITS sequence of rDNA was used to infer its phylogenetic relationships with Phomopsis species that resembled the strain in morphology or ecology. Finally, the endophyte was identified as Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae based on morphological and molecular evidence. Our study is a first report ofDiaporthephaseolorum var. sojae isolated from mangrove Kandelia candel.展开更多
Ecological Civilization Construction and natural conservatiorl and sustain- able resources use are three aspects of same object proposed from various angles of theory and practice. The paper intends to simply deal wit...Ecological Civilization Construction and natural conservatiorl and sustain- able resources use are three aspects of same object proposed from various angles of theory and practice. The paper intends to simply deal with some problems of this aspect and to propose corresponding suggestions for related departments.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare the morphological char- acteristics of rice （Oryza sativa L.） with different cultivation methods and investigate the dynamics of organ growth and development characte...[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare the morphological char- acteristics of rice （Oryza sativa L.） with different cultivation methods and investigate the dynamics of organ growth and development characteristics of different rice culti- vars. [Method] Based on continuous field observation and destructive sampling over a growing season, detailed organ morphological data were obtained including leaf length, node number, plant height, tiller number, leaf angle, leaf area and specific leaf weight, to compare organ morphological differences among 4 rice cultivars of Baidao （indica）, Jinnanfeng （japonica）, 9325 （japonica） and 9915 （japonica） with 3 cultivation methods of field planting in Weigang, pot planting in Weigang, and field planting in Jiangpu. [Result] Maximum leaf length of each node gradually increased at the early growth stage and decreased at the later growth stage, the relationship between maximum leaf length and node position can be described by the equations y=a,,-~ and y=ax＋b; node number, growth duration, leaf length and plant height of pot planting rice in Weigang were smaller than that of the other two field planting meth- ods; the relationship between plant height and sunshine duration, plant height and GDD （growing degree days） can be described by the equation y=ax＋b, 19.23 ℃.d of GDD （≥10 ≥-d） and 8.12 h of sunshine duration were required to increase 1 cm of plant height; plant height, tiller number, and leaf area of Baidao were higher than that of the other 3 laponica rice cultivars, but the specific leaf weight and leaf angle were smaller. [Conclusion] Comparison of morphological characteristic differ- ences among rice cultivars is an important way to select water-saving and drought- tolerant rice varieties. In this study, the experimental results can be integrated into a rice functional-architectural model to simulate rice organ growth dynamics in a three- dimensional space, thereby providing reference for selecting water-saving and drought-tolerant rice cultivars.展开更多
Oxytrichidae s. l. ciliates usually have 18 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri which are clustered to six distinct groups usu- ally originating from six longitudinal primordia segregating 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 cirri. During ...Oxytrichidae s. l. ciliates usually have 18 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri which are clustered to six distinct groups usu- ally originating from six longitudinal primordia segregating 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 cirri. During morphogenesis, three dorsal kinetics anlagen are primarily formed. Fragmentation of kinety 3 usually present, while sometimes secondarily lost. Dorsomarginal kineties are formed, while sometimes lost. Oxytrichids tend to have overlapping characters, e.g. cell shape and size, infraciliature, pellicle fea- tures. This makes a great problem for genera separation. In the present work, all typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri Oxytrichi- dae s. 1. genera were revised systematically based on their living morphology, ciliature patterns and dorsal morphogenetic features. The outline of the genera, the schematic illustrations, and the key to typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri genera of Oxytrichidae s. l. were clarified. Additionally, some morphological and morphogenetic patterns were summarized and compared.展开更多
The posterior gut of the Drosophila embryo, consisting of hindgut and Malpighian tubules, provides a simple,well-defined system where it is possible to use a genetic approach to define components essential for epithel...The posterior gut of the Drosophila embryo, consisting of hindgut and Malpighian tubules, provides a simple,well-defined system where it is possible to use a genetic approach to define components essential for epithelial morphogenesis.We review here the advantages of Drosophila as a model genetic organism, the morphogenesis of the epithelial structures of the posterior gut, and what is known about the genetic requirements to form these structures.In overview, primordia are patterned by expression of hierarchies of transcription factors; this leads to localized expression of cell signaling molecules, and finally, to the least understood step: modulation of cell adhesion and cell shape. We describe approaches to identify additional genes that are required for morphogenesis of these simple epithelia, particularly those that might play a structural role by affecting cell adhesion and cell shape.展开更多
As natural ecosystems provide the material basis and fundamental support for regional sustainable devel-opment,the sustainability of natural ecosystems is an important prerequisite and a viable approach for the achiev...As natural ecosystems provide the material basis and fundamental support for regional sustainable devel-opment,the sustainability of natural ecosystems is an important prerequisite and a viable approach for the achievement of regional sustainable development.It is also the final criteria to assess whether sustainable development paradigm is successful.Along with the increasing impacts of human activities on natural ecosystems,the evaluation of regional ecological sustainability has become one of the key issues for research on macro ecology and sustainable development.Based on different unit of indicators,this study firstly groups the evaluation frameworks of regional ecological sus-tainability into three major types:comprehensive index evaluation with dimensionless unit,monetary valuation,and biophysical quantity measurement.We then discuss and compare these types in terms of basic principles,scope of ap-plications,advantages and shortcomings.Finally,drawn on the discussion about characteristics of ecological sustain-ability,we outline the current trend and future directions of regional ecological sustainability evaluation,for instance,transition from sustainable development evaluation to sustainability science,integration of goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches,combination of spatial pattern analysis and ecological sustainability evaluation,and en-hancement of ecological sustainability evaluation at landscape scale.展开更多
The resemblance of some parasitic cuckoos to Accipiter hawks has been known since ancient times. Recent experiments show that the hawk-like features of Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) facilitate access to Reed Warble...The resemblance of some parasitic cuckoos to Accipiter hawks has been known since ancient times. Recent experiments show that the hawk-like features of Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) facilitate access to Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) host nests. However, social information alerts hosts to see through the cuckoo’s mimetic disguise. In turn, this has promoted the evolution of a cuckoo polymorphism to thwart host recognition. Here we show by comparative analyses that parasitic cuckoos with hawk-like features (yellow eyes, barred underparts, yellow legs) are more likely to be polymorphic (29% of species) than those without (8% of species). Phylogenetic analyses confirm correlated evolution of hawk-like features and cuckoo polymorphism. We suggest that mimicry dynamics are particularly likely to promote the evolution of various guises in parasitic cuckoos to beat host defences.展开更多
基金Supported by National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science&Technology(2006BAD26B0902)National Program on Key Basic Research Project(973program)(2006CB705809)+2 种基金Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX-YW-09)Program of Soft Sciences from China Meteorological Administration(QR2008-39)Scientific Re-search Fund of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology(20070105)~~
文摘This research was to introduce the characteristics of and countermeasures for ecological compensation. From the analysis of the current situation of ecological compensation, a series of characteristics of ecological compensation in resource exploitation and economic development were elaborated. The principles and practical issues are complex in ecological compensation, and the corresponding object, entity, financial system of ecological compensation are the keys to set up compensation mechanism, and studying of ecosystem service function and ecological footprint calculation are important ways to quantitatively assess ecological compensation, and are also important foundations for establishing calculation system of green GDP. Advocating the benefit compensation mechanism of ecological economy and enclosing ecological compensation principle are important ways for establishing the new environmental management pattern and manifesting social justice and the ecological civilization ideas. This research proposed some views of and approaches to ecological compensation mechanism for constructing natural resource development and utilization.The establishment of ecological compensation is an important approach to prevent the imbalance of resource allocation, the system guarantee for sustainable development, and the important basis of saving resources.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China,and the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘We use the term 'basal birds' for a relatively small number of primitive fossil birds that fall outside the major clade Ornithothoraces,which includes both modern birds and enantiorni-thines. Eight genera and twelve valid species have been reported from China in the last 15 years,whereas Archaeopteryx lithographica remains the only basal bird to have been described from non-Chinese specimens(although confuciusornithid material is apparently present in North Korea).Here we briefly review the Chinese basal birds and their anatomy,phylogeny and ecology.Chinese fossils have contributed extensively to scientific understanding of early avian evolution,demon-strating collectively that basal birds were generally relatively large and morphologically and eco-logically quite diverse.Although some significant uncertainties remain,particularly with respect to the relative phylogenetic positions of Jeholornis,Sapeornis and Zhongornis,an increasingly clear picture of the first stages of avian evolution is emerging from the Chinese fossil record.
基金Supported by National Agricultural Zoning Office Program(06162130111242027)~~
文摘To make clear ecological sustainable development in Hunan Province, biomass resources and the energy consumption indexes of Hunan Province in 2013 were selected, and quantity analysis of the regional ecological consumption and the ecological carrying capacity was carried out using the ecological footprint method. The results showed that the net ecological deficit per capita was 1.718 hm2 in 2013 in Hunan Province, which indicated the regional development was beyond the scope of ecological carrying capacity. So, according to the present unsustainable situation, the corresponding development suggestions were put forward.
文摘Ecological civilization is the major progress of human civilization develop- ment idea, mode and path of development. The close relationship between ecological civilization and tourism, ecological tourism development reflects the urgent needs of the protection of the ecological environment, the construction of ecological civilization, and the sustainable development of regional economy. Ecological tourism development are various, with great potential. In order to promote the development of ecological tourism city, China should actively carry out the ecological values of propaganda, reform of tourism management mode, strengthening technological inno- vation, and in this process, the government should provide appropriate support and guidance.
基金supported partly by the Guangzhou Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.2007Z3-EO581)the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.2007A0200300001-7)+1 种基金the Chinese High-Tech 863 Project (Grant No.2006AA09Z422)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 20572136).
文摘Mangrove endophytic fungus 1893 was isolated from Kandelia candel from an estuarine mangrove on the South China Sea Coast Two new lactones 1893A and 1893B, together with other known compounds, have been isolated from its fermentation broth. To classify the endophyte correctly for further industrial application, a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was used to approach its identity. The endophyte was compared with similar species having trichogynes or trichogyne-like hyphae which apparently fused with an- theridium-like hyphae, and perithecia initials developing from an ascogonial coil surrounded by enveloping hyphae in early developmental stages on pure culture. Further morphological characteristics on host and non-host were used for comparison with similar species when the endophyte was cultivated on leaves ofKandelia candel and Mangifera indica, respectively, which resulted in classifying the endophyte as a Phomopsis specics. The ITS sequence of rDNA was used to infer its phylogenetic relationships with Phomopsis species that resembled the strain in morphology or ecology. Finally, the endophyte was identified as Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae based on morphological and molecular evidence. Our study is a first report ofDiaporthephaseolorum var. sojae isolated from mangrove Kandelia candel.
基金Supported by the"Strategic Priority Research Program"of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05050300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41171041)~~
文摘Ecological Civilization Construction and natural conservatiorl and sustain- able resources use are three aspects of same object proposed from various angles of theory and practice. The paper intends to simply deal with some problems of this aspect and to propose corresponding suggestions for related departments.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101084)Scientific Research Foundation of the Education Ministry for Returned Chinese Scholars~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare the morphological char- acteristics of rice （Oryza sativa L.） with different cultivation methods and investigate the dynamics of organ growth and development characteristics of different rice culti- vars. [Method] Based on continuous field observation and destructive sampling over a growing season, detailed organ morphological data were obtained including leaf length, node number, plant height, tiller number, leaf angle, leaf area and specific leaf weight, to compare organ morphological differences among 4 rice cultivars of Baidao （indica）, Jinnanfeng （japonica）, 9325 （japonica） and 9915 （japonica） with 3 cultivation methods of field planting in Weigang, pot planting in Weigang, and field planting in Jiangpu. [Result] Maximum leaf length of each node gradually increased at the early growth stage and decreased at the later growth stage, the relationship between maximum leaf length and node position can be described by the equations y=a,,-~ and y=ax＋b; node number, growth duration, leaf length and plant height of pot planting rice in Weigang were smaller than that of the other two field planting meth- ods; the relationship between plant height and sunshine duration, plant height and GDD （growing degree days） can be described by the equation y=ax＋b, 19.23 ℃.d of GDD （≥10 ≥-d） and 8.12 h of sunshine duration were required to increase 1 cm of plant height; plant height, tiller number, and leaf area of Baidao were higher than that of the other 3 laponica rice cultivars, but the specific leaf weight and leaf angle were smaller. [Conclusion] Comparison of morphological characteristic differ- ences among rice cultivars is an important way to select water-saving and drought- tolerant rice varieties. In this study, the experimental results can be integrated into a rice functional-architectural model to simulate rice organ growth dynamics in a three- dimensional space, thereby providing reference for selecting water-saving and drought-tolerant rice cultivars.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372148)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Oxytrichidae s. l. ciliates usually have 18 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri which are clustered to six distinct groups usu- ally originating from six longitudinal primordia segregating 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 cirri. During morphogenesis, three dorsal kinetics anlagen are primarily formed. Fragmentation of kinety 3 usually present, while sometimes secondarily lost. Dorsomarginal kineties are formed, while sometimes lost. Oxytrichids tend to have overlapping characters, e.g. cell shape and size, infraciliature, pellicle fea- tures. This makes a great problem for genera separation. In the present work, all typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri Oxytrichi- dae s. 1. genera were revised systematically based on their living morphology, ciliature patterns and dorsal morphogenetic features. The outline of the genera, the schematic illustrations, and the key to typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri genera of Oxytrichidae s. l. were clarified. Additionally, some morphological and morphogenetic patterns were summarized and compared.
文摘The posterior gut of the Drosophila embryo, consisting of hindgut and Malpighian tubules, provides a simple,well-defined system where it is possible to use a genetic approach to define components essential for epithelial morphogenesis.We review here the advantages of Drosophila as a model genetic organism, the morphogenesis of the epithelial structures of the posterior gut, and what is known about the genetic requirements to form these structures.In overview, primordia are patterned by expression of hierarchies of transcription factors; this leads to localized expression of cell signaling molecules, and finally, to the least understood step: modulation of cell adhesion and cell shape. We describe approaches to identify additional genes that are required for morphogenesis of these simple epithelia, particularly those that might play a structural role by affecting cell adhesion and cell shape.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40635028,40801066)State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology of China (No.2008-KF-04)
文摘As natural ecosystems provide the material basis and fundamental support for regional sustainable devel-opment,the sustainability of natural ecosystems is an important prerequisite and a viable approach for the achievement of regional sustainable development.It is also the final criteria to assess whether sustainable development paradigm is successful.Along with the increasing impacts of human activities on natural ecosystems,the evaluation of regional ecological sustainability has become one of the key issues for research on macro ecology and sustainable development.Based on different unit of indicators,this study firstly groups the evaluation frameworks of regional ecological sus-tainability into three major types:comprehensive index evaluation with dimensionless unit,monetary valuation,and biophysical quantity measurement.We then discuss and compare these types in terms of basic principles,scope of ap-plications,advantages and shortcomings.Finally,drawn on the discussion about characteristics of ecological sustain-ability,we outline the current trend and future directions of regional ecological sustainability evaluation,for instance,transition from sustainable development evaluation to sustainability science,integration of goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches,combination of spatial pattern analysis and ecological sustainability evaluation,and en-hancement of ecological sustainability evaluation at landscape scale.
基金funded by the Natural Environment Research Council
文摘The resemblance of some parasitic cuckoos to Accipiter hawks has been known since ancient times. Recent experiments show that the hawk-like features of Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) facilitate access to Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) host nests. However, social information alerts hosts to see through the cuckoo’s mimetic disguise. In turn, this has promoted the evolution of a cuckoo polymorphism to thwart host recognition. Here we show by comparative analyses that parasitic cuckoos with hawk-like features (yellow eyes, barred underparts, yellow legs) are more likely to be polymorphic (29% of species) than those without (8% of species). Phylogenetic analyses confirm correlated evolution of hawk-like features and cuckoo polymorphism. We suggest that mimicry dynamics are particularly likely to promote the evolution of various guises in parasitic cuckoos to beat host defences.
