北京市地面生态监测网络建设构想

北京市地面生态监测网络的建设是顺应国家生态文明建设形势下的一项工作,对北京城市发展有着重要的意义。通过调研相关资料和实地考察,指出目前北京市地面生态监测在功能、结构、技术方面存在的问题,提出了要建立覆盖功能全面的地面生态监测网络的总体目标。初步研究了地面生态监测网络建设的原则,即以政府管理和公众需求为导向进行建设,并提出阶段性长期发展建设思路,研究并总结出3种网络架构,分别是以城市生态系统为主体的地面生态监测网络、以生态功能区为依据的地面监测网络、均匀网格化的地面生态监测网络,并根据北京市需求特点提出针对性的建议。

生态型铺装地面的分类及构造做法浅析

本文介绍了生态型铺装地面的分类及构造做法,着重分析了生态型铺装地面对城市生态环境的影响和意义。总结和分类生态型铺装地面的构造做法。为保持城市的宜居和可持续发展,生态型铺装在满足实用性和观赏性的同时,需要采取有效的措施,选取更适合城市环境的工艺技法,减少对城市生态环境的影响。随着生态环保型城市建设步伐的加快,生态型铺装地面将成为城市铺地的首选。

中原油田洒落石油对地面生态的污染与防治

洒落石油对地面生态（土壤、包气带）的污染主要分布在井下作业频繁与窃油现象严重的采油井井场内。油污染物在包气带中运移，并受油污染浓度大小的控制，当石油污染物的浓度大于近似残余饱和度，污染物向下迁移，对地下水产生污染。油污染处理最为妥当的方法是生物处理技术，可进行推广使用。

生态化地面铺装在城市建设中的应用优势分析

随着我国国民经济的持续快速发展，工业化和城市化步伐不断加快，城市面积不断扩大，而目前强调“最大密实”原则的铺装技术广泛使用，城市不透水地面过量铺装产生了一系列生态问题。通过比较分析生态化地面铺装技术的优点，指出在城市建设中应用新型生态化地面铺装的必要性。

基于物联网的牲畜携带式牧场环境信息采集系统的设计

应用物联网技术,包括ZigBee技术、传感器技术、RFID射频识别技术等研究开发一种可以对草原、牧场环境的湿度、温度等环境参数进行流动的动态实时采集、上传的牲畜携带式装置。该装置通过GPS、RS、GPRS等技术,可以对牲畜进行定位,配合遥感生态监测系统收集地面环境生态数据。除此而外,这种装置通过配置相应传感器还可以对牲畜及牲畜群生命体征、群体健康状况、所处位置等数据进行采集、传输。

Landscape Ecology:Coupling of Pattern,Process,and Scale

Landscape ecology provides new theoretical frameworks and methodologies for understanding complex ecological phenomena at multiple scales.Studies of landscape ecology focus on understanding the dynamics of eco-logical patterns and processes,and highlight the integration of multiple disciplines.In this paper,we discussed the problems and challenges that landscape ecology is currently facing,emphasizing the limitations of current methods used to describe dynamic landscape patterns and processes.We suggested that the focus should be on the integration of ground-based observation,mobile monitoring,transect survey,and remote-sensing monitoring,as well as improved coupling of experimental and model simulations.In addition,we outlined the research frontiers in landscape ecology,including scaling,integrated pattern and process modeling,and regional synthesis.Lastly,a brief review of pat-tern-process-scale coupling studies in China was provided.We concluded by pointing out that pattern-process-scale interactions,correlations between natural,economic,and social processes,and the coupling of human and natural systems will be major research areas in landscape ecology in the future.

Assessment on soil fertility of Dongting Lake wetland area (China) based on GIS and fuzzy evaluation

Using soil data of the Second National Field Survey,the soil fertility of wetland ecosystem of Dongting Lake was evaluated by using the technology of GIS and method of fuzzy evaluation.Integrated with the wetland actuality of Dongting Lake and particularity of paddy,seven factors (including soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available phosphorus,available potassium,and pH value),closely related with soil fertility,were chosen to establish the index system of synthetical evaluation.Based on the effect degree of each selected index on soil fertility,a judgment matrix was built,and the weight coefficient was determined by the method of correlation coefficient.Finally,under the support of the spatial analysis module of GIS (Geographic Information System),the spatial distribution properties of soil fertility in wetland ecosystem of Dongting Lake were studied.The results show that the soil fertility of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem is not very good,and the area of type III and type IV achieves 69.8%.As a result,many countermeasures should be taken to improve the soil fertility.As for the spatial properties,the soil fertility level of central and west Dongting Lake is much higher than that of north and south part.The soil fertility of paddy field surpasses that of red soil,and the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in paddy field are large.

Eco-compensation of Wetlands in Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province,China

Wetlands play an important ecological role and provide many functions for people, yet wetlands are cur- rently decreasing and deteriorating. The ability to calculate an economic value for the loss of wetlands is becoming in- creasingly important for policy makers. In this study, remote sensing, field investigations, department visits, and other methods were used to survey wetland types, assess wetland area changes, and calculate wetland economic value. Mar- ket value loss and ecological ftmction value loss, caused by reduction of wetland area and environmental pollution were calculated using commonly accepted methods of market valuation, ecological valuation, environmental protection investment cost analysis, and outcome parameters. According to market value loss and ecological function value loss, preliminarily fund allocation for wetland and ecological compensation was calculated. This will provide an important reference for future Yellow River Delta eco-compensation studies.

Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program(GGP), which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian(in Chongqing Municipality) and Ansai(in Shaanxi Province) were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.

Tourist Behaviors in Wetland Park:A Preliminary Study in Xixi National Wetland Park,Hangzhou,China

Public education as well as tourism and leisure are the two important functions of national wetland park, and tourist behaviors act as the guiding factor in the national wetland park construction and management.As the first national wetland park in China, Xixi National Wetland Park, located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, will give constructive instructions to the construction and management of other wetland parks and ecotourism resorts.This paper analyzed the tourist behaviors in Xixi National Wetland Park.By the observation, in-depth interview and questionnaire, the results show that tourists in wetland parks are different from those in the other common destinations, and they are also different from those strict eco-tourists.In fact, the tourists in wetland park have unique characteristics, such as the intense perception to the functions of wetland ecosystem and the environment impact behaviors.Those tourists are preferred to natural landscapes in their motivations and expectations.Wetland landscapes are the main image to those tourists in the Xixi National Wetland Park.Tourist expectation, experience and satisfaction are all critical factors for the success of the planning and management in national wetland parks.Based on the results, some measures for the sustainable development of wetland parks, including to optimize wetland theme landscape and tourism products, to improve tourist facilities and services, to enhance quality of visitor experiences, and to implement total quality management based on tourist characteristics, are given to national wetland park ecotourism.

The research on the thermal destruction of environment and controlling techniques of the No.4 outcrops fire in Haibaoqing

The coal fire is one of very serious disasters in natural, not only amount of coal resources was burned and some ecological environment problems such as ground subsidence, acid rain, pollution and vegetation died were caused serious. The No.4 coal seam outcrops fire in Haibaoqing was take as research object, based on the existing theory of mechanism and characteristics of coal outcrop fires, a new fire-fighting composite gel is applicated which fits in with extinguishment of outcrop coal fires well. The technology has many advantages in extinguishing coal fires including isolating the coal from oxygen and lowering the temperature of the high-temperature coal and rock. The structure and chemical composition as well as fires-fighting properties of the composite gel is analyzed profoundly, as a result, reduce and stop the environment destruction caused by the coal fire.

Estimation of Artificial Plantings of Pinus sylvestris in Kazakhstan according to Their Geographical Origin

35-40-year experience of the study of geographical cultures in Kazakhstan has allowed accumulating of significant scientific information on test of seed progeny of different origins of Pinus sylvestris. Results on growing of climatic types of the pine in provenance trial plantations of Pavlodarskaya, East-Kazakhstan, Kostanayskaya and Akmolinskaya oblasts of the Republic of Kazakhstan are given. Long-term studies have shown that at growing of different origins in determined conditions with the use of identical agricultural techniques, different silvicultural, selection and economic effects are reached. Analysis of all the available material has been conducted on the basis of which new forest seed zoning is designed and the most productive and stable ecotypes are selected as candidates for sort-populations. Arakaragayskiy ecotype is universal for different zones and site conditions of the pine in Kazakhstan. Chebarkulskiy ecotype has good indices on productivity, stability, quality of plantings and on selection effect. Given geographical ecotypes are recommended as candidates for sort-populations.

我国海岸带地质环境监测技术及应用现状

地质环境监测作为海岸带地质工作的主要内容之一，是地区经济规划、防灾减灾、保持经济可持续发展的重要依据。随着我国海岸带地质环境调查工作的不断推进，国家和地方政府对海岸带地质环境监测工作也日益重视。“十二五”期间，我国海岸带地区将重点开展：海岸带侵蚀与淤积、海水入侵、地面沉降、区域地壳稳定和生态地球化学五项监测工作。本文在查阅了大量文献资料的基础上，对当前国内外在海岸带开展地质环境监测所应用的技术方法及应用现状进行了较为系统的论述和总结，为后续开展海岸带地质环境监测工作提供了技术支撑和技术准备。

Analysis of ecological effects of comprehensive treatment in the Tarim River Basin using remote sensing data

Based on multi-type,multi-temporal remote sensing data,we have monitored recent changes in cultivated land use and vegetation,in sandy areas and salinized desertification in the Green Corridor zone of the main channel of the Tarim River Basin.The results of our investigation show that the ecological environment in the Green Corridor of the main channel of the Tarim River Basin has conspicuously improved from 2002 to 2004.These improvements show up largely in such aspects as an increase in the rate of vegetation cover,a reduction in desertification land areas and a weakening in the intensity of sandy and the salinized land.On the other hand,the cultivated area in the Tarim River Basin significantly increased from 2002 to 2004.The rate of growth in cultivated areas during this period was significantly higher than that from 1999 to 2002.The increase in the use of irrigation resulting from the substantial increase in cultivated areas has a long-term potential restraining effect on the restoration of ecological functions of the Tarim River.

Narrative Environmental Ethics, Nature Writing, and Ecological Science as Tradition： Towards a Sponsoring Ground of Concern

Over the last 30 years, environmental philosophers and ecological researchers have turned their attention to the possibilities of narratives： the stories people tell about their lives in conjunction with the human and non-human agents they live with. An interest in narrative environmental ethics reflects a re-evaluation of canonical ecophilosophical texts. Works such as Paul W. Taylor＇s Respect for Nature suggest an essentialist view of environmental ethics in which predetermined principles are imposed on places and situations. On the other hand, Aldo Leopold＇s A Sand County Almanac combines first-person prose with science-based explanations of the ＂biotic pyramid＂ towards the development of a land ethic. Examples, such as Leopold＇s, of narrative ethics are thought to offer relational, place-based, non-authoritative, and non-anthropocentric models. This article examines three critical components of environmental narratives： self, context, and tradition. In order for environmental narratives to advance ecological ethics, they must be accompanied by the tradition of natural science （geology, ecology, and evolution） to provide the ＂sponsoring ground＂ for ethical concern and action. The role of natural science as a tradition--and indeed one of many--in narrative ethics provides the basis for ecological selfhood in the context of place. These assertions will be supported by an analysis of the environmental narratives of Karen Warren and Jim Cheney. However, in the temporally expansive and ecologically conscious poetic narratives of John Kinsella we find an environmental ethics deeply rooted in the material realities of place.

Simulation of Sliding Failure Occurred at Highway Embankment in 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake

In the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, the highway embankments were almost less damaged comparing with the past earthquakes in Japan. But the only one embankment close to the Naka Interchange at Joban Highway was damaged a little severely and remarkably because of two interesting phenomena. One phenomenon is the toe-sliding failure observed at the shallow soft base ground and the other one is one-side slope sliding failure. It can be seen that the increase in the degree of saturation at embankment body or the direction of the ground motion or the interaction between the strength of the base ground and the embankment body are involved in the stability of the embankment by modifying the phenomenon by analytical approach such as circular sliding method and dynamic response analysis. Through this research, some important lessons can be obtained for future seismic countermeasure of embankments.

The Governance of Wetlands in the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia

Cambodia is a country where wetlands cover 30% of the country＇s total area. The Tonle Sap Lake is an important wetland area of Cambodia and Southeast Asia. However, wetland is under threats from infrastructure development, land conversion, water withdrawals, pollution, increased population pressure and hydropower dams building and affect the livelihoods of rural communities. The governance of wetlands is a key action in sustaining the wetland services and the well-being of people. The ＂wise use＂ is a key concept of wetland governance. Although there is considerable research on the ＂wise use＂ and the application of this concept in wetland management, its application in Tonle Sap remains challenged. Hence, this article addresses the question： How wise use is operationalized for the governance of wetlands in Tonle Sap and what implication it has on the wellbeing of peoples and the ecosystem services？ It uses a literature review and a case study to analyze the wetland governance in Tonle Sap, Cambodia. The article describes the wetland governance based on ecosystem services, the direct and indirect driver affecting wetlands and how it threatens the livelihood security of wetland dependent communities. It concludes that the officially wise use of wetlands is a problematic in Tonle Sap.

污水处理厂经济实用型景观设计思路浅析

城镇污水处理厂景观已成为城镇景观不可分割的一部分,而传统厂区景观设计基本以绿地植物配置研究主,以市政公园类景观节点研究为补充,难以做到良好效果与低成本及安全生产等需求的兼顾。文章从厂区生产使用及企业管理基本需求入手,提出生产安全、成本低廉、环境优美、功能复合四项污水厂经济实用型景观设计原则。采用经验分析法,对两个污水厂项目景观设计方案及建成效果进行分析,论证上诉景观设计原则切实可行,并从中发现提炼出一种基于海绵生态地面的厂区景观设计新模式。

An Ecological Compensation Mechanism based on the Green Productive Area of Cities

China’s urban expansion,food security,and energy transition are in a critical situation.One solution is to tap into the green production potential of the built urban environment and explore new ways to save land space and alleviate ecological pressure through food and solar energy production.This paper differs from previous ecological compensation studies,which mostly focus on key ecological functional areas or fiscal compensation mechanisms,in that it innovatively establishes an ecological compensation mechanism within the urban space.In this paper,we propose the"green productive area"of cities as a way to measure the ecological carrying capacity improvement potential of cities from the perspective of urban ecology,and it is based on converting the green resource income of cities into the ecological footprint area they could save under the same conditions.First,a typological approach was used to establish a compensation strategy for green production.Second,a spatial inventory was taken of all elements of the built environment and an analysis of their green production potential was carried out.Finally,it was necessary to establish a unified accounting standard for the ecological land saving benefits of different green production options,which could be converted into green productive land area indicators.In the case of Xuefu Street in Nankai District,Tianjin,the available rooftops and idle land were used for green production,which supplemented the ecological carrying capacity provided by the natural land occupied by 12%of the buildings in the district.