论生态型生产力

生态型生产力作为自然力、劳动力和自然生态系统的整体性结构张力的总和,是人与自然协调发展的关键 所在。生态学视阈从整体性上考察了自然力、劳动力和生态制约性的内在综合;从系统论维度而言,生态型生产力是生态机制对劳动生产力的内在制约;生产力的发展历史表明了生产力的发展是劳动力与自然力的辩证过程。

论社会生产力的发展形态

自然物不仅是劳动的对象和条件,也是重要的生产力。自然生产力是以自然资源和能源作为要素态的生产力。劳动生产力是人的体力和智力的价值生成能力。劳动生产力的发展是对自然生产力的超越。重要的是,生态型生产力是自然力、劳动力和生态制约机制的内在综合所构建的整体性生产力形态。

构建内含环境伦理理念的生产方式——兼论马克思的环境伦理思想

建设环境友好型社会,要求构建与环境友好的生产方式。马克思的环境伦理思想为构建与环境友好的生产方式奠定了理论基础。构建生态型即内涵环境伦理的生产方式,必须发展生态型生产力和构建生态型生产关系。

Responses of Vegetation and Primary Production in North-South Transect of Eastern China to Global Change Under Land Use Constraint

A regional model of vegetation dynamics was revised to include land use as a constraint to vegetation dynamics and primary production processes. The model was applied to a forest transect in eastern China (NSTEC, North-South transect of eastern China) to investigate the responses of the transect to possible future climatic change. The simulation result indicated that land use has profound effects on vegetation transition and primary production. In particular, land use reduced competition among vegetation classes and tended to result in less evergreen broadleaf forests but more shrubs and grasses in the transect area. The simulation runs with land use constraint also gave much more realistic estimation about net primary productivity as well as responses of the productivity to future climatic change along the transect. The simulations for future climate scenarios projected by general circulation models (GCM) with doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted that deciduous broadleaf forests would increase, but conifer forests, shrubs and grasses would decrease. The overall effects of doubling CO2 and climatic changes on NSTEC were to produce an increased net primary productivity (NPP) at equilibrium for all seven GCM scenarios. The predicted range of NPP variation in the north is much larger than that in the south.

Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling with IBIS:Progress and Future Vision

Dynamic Global Vegetation Models(DGVM)are powerful tools for studying complicated ecosystem processes and global changes.This review article synthesizes the developments and applications of the Integrated Biosphere Simulator(IBIS),a DGVM,over the past two decades.IBIS has been used to evaluate carbon,nitrogen,and water cycling in terrestrial ecosystems,vegetation changes,land-atmosphere interactions,land-aquatic system integration,and climate change impacts.Here we summarize model development work since IBIS v2.5,covering hydrology(evapotranspiration,groundwater,lateral routing),vegetation dynamics(plant functional type,land cover change),plant physiology(phenology,photosynthesis,carbon allocation,growth),biogeochemistry(soil carbon and nitrogen processes,greenhouse gas emissions),impacts of natural disturbances(drought,insect damage,fire)and human induced land use changes,and computational improvements.We also summarize IBIS model applications around the world in evaluating ecosystem productivity,carbon and water budgets,water use efficiency,natural disturbance effects,and impacts of climate change and land use change on the carbon cycle.Based on this review,visions of future cross-scale,cross-landscape and cross-system model development and applications are discussed.

Improvement of predicting ecosystem productivity by modifying carbon-water-nitrogen coupling processes in a temperate grassland

Aims Prediction of changes in ecosystem gross primary productivity(GPP)in response to climatic variability is a core mission in the field of global change ecology.However,it remains a big challenge for the model community to reproduce the interannual variation(IAV)of GPP in arid ecosystems.Accurate estimates of soil water content(SWC)and GPP sensitivity to SWC are the two most critical aspects for predicting the IAV of GPP in arid ecosystems.Methods We took a widely used model Biome-BGC as an example,to improve the model performances in a temperate grassland ecosystem.Firstly,we updated the estimation of SWC by modifying modules of evapotrainspiration,SWC vertical profile and field capacity.Secondly,we modified the function of controlling water-nitrogen relation,which regulates the GPP-SWC sensitivity.Important Findings The original Biome-BGC overestimated the SWC and underestimated the IAV of GPP sensitivity,resulting in lower IAV of GPP than the observations,e.g.it largely underestimated the reduction of GPP in drought years.In comparison,the modified model accurately reproduced the observed seasonal and IAVs in SWC,especially in the surface layer.Simulated GPP-SWC sensitivity was also enhanced and became closer to the observations by optimizing parameter controlling nitrogen mineralization.Consequently,the model's capability of reproducing IAV of GPP has been largely improved by the modifications.Our results demonstrate that SWC in the surface layer and the consequent effects on nitrogen availability should be among the first considerations for accurate modeling IAV of GPP in arid ecosystems.