长江上游生态大保护“五域五治”创新模式初探

实施生态大保护是长江上游贯彻“共抓大保护、不搞大开发”的必然选择,是守住发展底线和生态红线的总基调与大前提,是事关长江经济带高质量发展的全局性、根本性和战略性问题。探索长江上游生态大保护的内在逻辑,须明确阐释“整体利益与局部利益、自然属性与社会属性、经济价值与生态价值、国家权力与社会权力”四种张力。本文尝试从要素、主体、方式去构建长江上游生态大保护的理论框架,并以此为基础去探索形成长江上游政域合治、流域同治、物域共治、跨域联治、全域整治的“五域五治”生态大保护模式。

长江经济带生态大保护政策:演变、特征与战略探索

长江经济带的生态大保护是对流域生态、经济、社会复合系统的全面保护,是长江流域生态文明建设的重要保障。长江经济带生态大保护政策演变历程可划分为环保体系初步构建、环保区域分治体系形成、环保多元共治体系完善、生态大保护战略全面推进四个阶段。对长江经济带生态大保护政策演变历程及其演变特征的分析可以看出,中国已基本建立了流域生态文明的生态大保护战略政策体系。为深入推进长江经济带的生态大保护工程,应以整体系统化保护思维将生态大保护机制中的多元化属性归整到系统化属性,以“六全”为基本维度,以“三生空间”为重要载体,构建生态大保护政策共建共治共享机制,实现长江经济带生态大保护政策的持续稳定。

长江上游生态大保护的内涵、策略与路径

长江上游生态大保护事关长江经济带发展的全局性、根本性和战略性问题。长江上游实现生态大保护的首要在环境保护,根本在科学发展,重点在有序发展,核心在高质量发展。从演进、特征和延展角度阐释长江上游生态大保护的基本内涵,从遵循原则、空间维度、顶层设计上去探索长江上游生态大保护的推进策略,从战略、理论、政策和实践上去构建长江上游生态大保护的总体路径,从学理上对生态大保护进行解读,将会为推动长江上游实现生态大保护提供理论支撑。

生态大保护背景下长江流域水生态系统治理存在突出问题及对策研究

随着绿色生态理念以及生态大保护思想的持续深入,我国长江流域水生态系统的治理得到了越来越多的关注,然而,由于长江流域在保护以及开发之间不够平衡,导致长江流域水生态功能以及结构受到损伤。因此,文章首先对水生态系统做简单介绍;其次,对长江流域水生态系统治理存在的问题展开深入分析;最后,提出生态大保护背景下长江流域水生态系统治理的具体对策。

困局还是变局?--技术创新调节下长江大保护政策对化工企业绩效的影响研究

长江大保护政策对沿江化工企业发展的后续影响是衡量政策实施效果的重要方面。论文基于2012—2019年中国沪深A股142家化工上市企业的面板数据,运用双重差分模型(DID)检验了长江大保护政策对沿江化工上市企业绩效的影响。研究发现:长江大保护政策显著降低了沿江化工上市企业绩效,但技术创新对负向影响具有削弱效应。进一步拓展分析可知,该政策对非国有企业绩效的负向作用更突出,且对长江中游的企业绩效降低更明显。研究结论对巩固化工企业治理成效,提升长江大保护政策的实施效果具有理论与实践价值。

三峡工程建设成就与库区发展路径——三峡工程建设三十周年学术研讨会暨2021年重庆市区域经济学会年会综述

2022年是三峡工程建设三十周年,总结三峡工程的建设成就,展望三峡库区的发展前景,对于进一步提升三峡工程效益、推动长江经济带高质量发展、为世界水利水电库区发展提供经验借鉴具有重要意义。2022年4月2日,重庆市区域经济学会、三峡大学、湖北省区域经济学会联合举办了“三峡工程建设三十周年学术研讨会暨2021年重庆市区域经济学会年会”,与会专家学者围绕三峡工程效益、三峡库区生态屏障构筑、人口变迁与移民生计扶持、污染源及风险源治理、景观生态风险防控、国家公园建设、库区工业布局、绿色金融发展、智慧能源开发、消落带治理等议题进行了深入探讨。与会专家学者认为,作为“国之重器”,三峡工程在防洪、发电、航运、环保、科技、水资源综合利用、文化旅游等方面实现了巨大的功能效益,并有效推动了长江经济带发展,为我国流域安澜、区域协调发展作出了卓越贡献;同时,长江上游重要生态屏障的构筑初具成效,移民扶持政策和农村电商发展有效提升了移民生计,库区人口发展趋势总体向好,建设三峡国家公园的条件与机遇也得天独厚。与会专家学者认为,保护好生态环境是未来三峡库区发展的主要目标,应以生态整治为基础、以绿色发展为动力、以协调发展为保障,加快构建三峡库区生态大保护新格局。在生态整治方面,三峡库区应全力构筑长江上游重要生态屏障,强化系统保护、整体保护,建立和完善污染源及风险源治理体系和机制,积极防控景观生态风险;在绿色发展方面,三峡库区应坚持绿色发展导向,算好“大账、长远账、整体账、综合账”,统筹推进绿色发展,并以工业空间布局调整为抓手优化绿色发展格局,以绿色金融发展为重点强化绿色发展支撑,以智慧能源创新体系构建激发绿色发展新动能;在协调发展方面,三峡库区需要协调好生态保护与经济发展之间的关系,协调好人口发展与资源利用之间的关系,协调好人居环境与生态环境之间的关系,进而实现人与自然的和谐共生。此外,有学者还建议举办“长江三峡国际论坛”,向世界讲好“三峡故事”。

Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer＇s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of watersaving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bioconomic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer＇s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer＇s welfare.

Ecology, Environment, Sustainability： The Development of the Environmental Movement in Israel

The article surveys the development of the environmental movement in Israel from the establishment of the state through the present day. Based on trends and transformations in the institutional planning system, it appears that activism by environmental movement organizations in Israel can be divided into three sub-periods： the establishment period, marked by the Sharon Plan, the founding of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel and MALRAZ--Council for the Prevention of Noise and Air Pollution in Israel, and the enactment of the Kanovitch Law and the National Parks and Nature Reserves Law （1963）. The next phase of institutionalization is characterized by the establishment of designated institutional bodies--the Nature Reserves Authority, the National Parks Authority and the Environmental Protection Service, and their integration into the national planning system. The institutionalization period concludes with the establishment of the Ministry of the Environment （1989） and the transition to the third period, sustainability. Prominent during this period is a trend toward multidimensional proactive environmental planning and policymaking, reaching across many areas and including extensive regulation As far as environmental organizations are concerned, these three periods comprised a framework of cultural action in which they developed, acted and shaped environmental discourse and practice in Israel. Based on other studies, the article offers a model that illustrates the development of the environmental movement while emphasizing the interaction between individual actors, local organizing and national organizations. Finally, some characteristics and insights regarding activism by environmental organizations in Israel are suggested.

Distribution of Origanum vulgare L. and Population Dynamics During the Last Decade in Armenia

This paper examines the distribution and structure of populations of a medicinal and culinary herb native to Armenia. As one of the first countries to join the Convention on Biological Diversity （CBD）, Armenia has a strong interest in assessing the biodiversity of its native flora and identifying threats to the conservation of these species, particularly those with economic value. Only limited information, however, is available at this time on the genetic biodiversity, population location, structure and size, and conservation status of most of these species. This paper reports the results of five consecutive years of field studies conducted in Armenia to 1） re-locate native populations of the important medicinal and culinary herb, Origanum vulgare L., 2） locate new populations, and 3） assess the growth pattern and dynamics of the populations. The quadrat sampling technique was used to identify key elements that determined population size and abundance. GPS maps of present and past population distributions were created. Particular habitat and environmental factors were identified as crucial to predicting the future conditions of these populations under the impact of global climate change. The research provides a baseline dataset that can be used for the development of further conservation strategies of this important medicinal and culinary species in Armenia.

Assessment of effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large sample comparison method

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method(LSCM).To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment,the alpine grassland net primary production(NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed.The results showed that:(1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP,the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau.(2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected,the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant,whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan.With the exception of Selincuo,the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert.(3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples:(a) After the establishment of the nature reserves,the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves.(b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun,Changshagongma,Zoige and Selincuo(Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively sig-nificant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves,whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious.(c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow,but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe.This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change.Careful design of the samples used,to ensure comparability between the samples,is crucial to the success of this LSCM.