从经济生态学观点看环境保护科学的动向——为《环境科学》创刊十周年而作

在我国社会主义现代化建设中,保护和改善环境,维护生态平衡,使社会经济发展实现良性循环,是我国环境保护的奋斗目标和战略任务。在《环境科学》创刊十周年之际,笔者谨以此文表示纪念和祝贺。 一、环境的整体性 经济生态学的基本观点有二:一是重视整体经济利益,一是促进协调发展。环境是由若干成分构成的空间,是人类和生物赖以生存和发展的物质与社会条件的综合体。由于构成综合体的主成分不同,可以区分为自然环境、人类社会环境以及陆地环境、大气环境、水环境等等。

水稻套种轮作的经济生态学初探

本文通过总结生产经验,探索水稻套种轮作的经济生态学理论基础和优劣性,分析典型案例,预测水稻套种轮作的发展趋势。

江苏省大丰县水环境问题经济生态学分析初探

本文运用生态学、经济学与社会学研究方法,对大丰县的水环境问题进行了初步分析,得到了水环境恶化造成的损失费用下限与地面水综合污染指数之间的指数型回归方程;并给出了环境成本的概念及环境成本系数、工业净产值环境折扣率和纯工业净产值等指标。经计算得到结论,不仅环境成本逐年递增,环境成本系数、工业净产值环境折扣率也是逐年递增的。进而推论,环境污染损失费用递增速度大于工业生产总值递增速度。建议对大丰县的生态建设予以与经济建设同样的重视。最后,对大丰县的工业布局,从经济生态学角度给出了数量化的依据。

从社会经济生态学看人口问题的研究

现代生态学一反经典生态学的巢臼,展现了更新情况下的多学科特征。社会学和经济学渗入生态学,从而产生了社会科学和自然科学的“远缘杂交”学科——年轻的社会经济生态学这门生态学分支。早在本世纪初期,就有人提出了社会经济生态学的概念。认为不仅在人类中有社会行为,而且在动植物界也同样存在着“社会行为”;况且从一定意义上讲,人类也是地球上生物界的一个成员。同时还认为,经济活动是人类社会活动的一部分,因而人类在自己精确的经济学分析中不可避免地要考虑到自己所处在的生态系统及其经济活动的生态学过程。

经济生态学和它的研究焦点

经济生态学和它的研究焦点黄小勤经济生态学是根据生态学原理，以生态系统为主要对象，不仅研究其一般生态学问题，特别着重研究其经济内容的生态学。它起源于实践，今天的发展同样负有认识自然，解决人类面临的生态学问题和发展一国一地的经济，改善人类生存环境的职责...

国外生态经济学术观点評介(续)

第二节生态经济学的产生与发展一、生态学的源流为了说明生态经济学的源流发展,有必要先简略介绍一下生态学的源流。“生态学”这个名词是德国动物学家达尔文主义者恩斯特·海克尔(E·Haeckle)于1986年提出来的。他对生态学并没有做过深入的研究,但在宣传生物进化论,反对神造论,阐述生物繁殖。

中国生态学会“生态平衡”学术讨论会上的几项建议

1.关于长江流域整体综合治理的建议 长江是我国的第一大河,流经青、滇、川、藏、鄂、湘、赣、皖、苏、沪等十余省、市、自治区、是我国文化、经济的巨大动脉,它的生态环境演变关系着伟大祖国的繁荣富强。所以把长江流域的事情办好,就是把国土的四分之一治理好了。对长江流域的自然环境和生产建设的发展。理所当然地会引起举国上下的普遍关注。

生态经济学的对象与方法的探讨

82年11月,在南昌召开的全国第一次生态经济讨论会上,代表们对如何进行生态经济学的学科建设问题展开了讨论,并针对这门学科的研究对象、具体研真内容、研究方法和一些其他问题发表了意见: 一、关于研究对象许多代表都认为,人类的生存环境是一种生态系统和经济系统互相依存、渗透和耦合的系统,即生态经济系统。这就是生态经济学的研究对象。在具体表述时,一种意见认为,生态经济学应从生态学的角度,以经济系统为主,研究复合系统的经济方面;而如果以生态系统为主要对象,研究复合系统的生态方面,则可称为经济生态学。

知识经济将促进工业生态技术的开发——对21世纪科技振兴经济重点的探索

在工业经济时代,知识用于扩张,多用自然资源为霸主,无暇于工业废物对生态环境的一再冲击;在知识经济时代,知识被用于节约,少用自然资源者为俊杰,以保护生态为己任。伴随知识经济时代的到来。

初探发展林下经济,延伸林业产业链应抓的几个关键问题

随着经济的不断发展,人们对自然界改造和利用的能力在不断增强,与此同时也造成了生态环境的破坏,因此生态问题也成为了当前全球关注的一个重点问题。林业经济的发展是我国在发展生态经济过程中一个重要的环节,而随着我国集体林权制度改革的不断深入,衍生出了林下经济模式,在促进我国林业经济发展、延伸林业产业链等方面起到了重要的作用,本文就针对相关的问题进行简单的探讨。

存活的经济分析和可持续性

探讨可持续性和存活的经济学含义，构筑了存活研究中经济学方法和生物学方法的联系，强调了不可逆性和不确定性在可持续性中的重要性。

马世骏:生态建设的开创者和引路人

在我国有这样一位科学家,他根除了东亚飞蝗蝗灾,建立了复合生态理论系统,开创了生态工程领域,在国外求学却不忘祖国的发展,他就是我国昆虫生态地理学、数学生态学、经济生态学等学科的奠基人一一马世骏。

生态经济学源流

生态经济学是国际上近一、二十年来出现的新兴边缘学科,至今还没有形成完整的理论体系。然而,由于它关系到当今人们的生产和生活、关系到人类未来的生存和发展,近年来许多国家,都在努力探索,积极研究,不少学者发表了大量有关生态经济的文章和专著。无论在生态经济学基本理论研究方面如人类经济活动与自然生态的关系、合理利用自然资源和保护环境的关系等,还是在部门生态经济研究方面如森林生态经济、农田生态经济等,以及在生态经济学的应用方面如生态技术经济、生态经济数学模型、生态经济技术管理等,都取得了一些成果。值得注意的是,生态经济学的发展,与环境经济学相互交叉。

Ecological and Economic Benefits of Vegetation Management Measures in Citrus Orchards on Red Soils

A three-year experiment was conducted to investigate and compare the economic and ecological benefits of six types of vegetation management measures in citrus orchards of the hilly red soil region of the eastern part of China.Six vegetation treatments,including tillage without herbicide(clean tillage)and no tillage without herbicide(sod culture) and with herbicide paraquat(paraquat),glyphosate(glyphosate),glyphosate-glyphosate-paraquat(G-G-P),and paraquat- paraquat-glyphosate(P-P-G),were applied in the citrus orchards on a clayey red soil with slopes of 8°and 13°and a sandy soil with slope of 25°.The results showed that the sod culture,paraquat,glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G treatments reduced surface runoff by 38.8%,42.5%,18.7%,28.7%,and 37.5%,then the soil-water losses by 55.5%,51.7%,39.9%,46.8%, and 50.0%,and the N,P,and K nutrient losses by 60.3%,50.2%,37.0%,41.8%,and 45.4%,respectively,as compared with the clean tillage treatment.The weed regeneration ratios with the treatments of clean tillage without herbicide,paraquat, glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G were reduced by 55.1%,67.2%,30.3%,36.8%,and 51.2%,respectively,as compared with the sod culture.The sod culture,paraquat,glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G treatments could increase the soil fertility (annual accumulation of N,P,K,and OM)by 7.1%,6.9%,5.3%,6.2%,and 6.6%,respectively,whereas the clean tillage treatment without herbicide reduced soil fertility by 4.4% after the three-year experiment.The citrus fruit yields in the treatments of paraquat,glyphosate,G-G-P,and P-P-G increased by 7%-10%;the soluble solid,total sugar,total acidity,sugar-acid ratio,and single fruit weight of citrus fruits of all treatments except sod culture significantly(P>0.05) exceeded that of the clean tillage treatment.In general,the paraquat treatment showed the best economic and ecological benefits among the six treatments;therefore,it could be regarded as the best available vegetation management measure in citrus orchards of hilly red soil region to retain water and soil,enhance soil fertility,and improve the yield and quality of citrus.

Method for Evaluating the Degrees of Land Use Sustainability of Mountainous County and its Application in Yunnan Province,China

The evaluation of sustainable land use is the key issue in the field of studying the sustainable land utilization. In general analysis, the sustainable land use is evaluated respectively from its ecological sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability in China and other countries in recent years. Although this evaluation is an important work, it seems insufficient and hard to comprehensively reflect the whole degree of land use sustainability. Thus, to make up this deficiency, this paper brings forward the evaluation indexes, which make it possible to quantitatively reflect the whole degree of land use sustainability, namely, the concept of ＂degrees of overall land use sustainability＂ （Dos）, and research and measurement development of the method of and calculation in Dos. Taking the evaluation of the degree of land use sustainability in county regions of Yunnan Province as the actual example for analysis, results are basically as follows： 1） The degree of land use sustainability （Dos） is the ration index to organically and systematically integrate the degree of ecological friendliness （DeF）, the degree of economic viability （Dev） and the degree of social acceptability （Dsa）, able to comprehensively reflect the whole sustainability degree of regional land use 2） Based on the value of Dos, the grading system and standard for the sustainability of land use may be established and totally divided into five grades, namely, the high-degree sustainability, middle-degree sustainability, low-degree sustainability, conditional sustainability and non-sustainability. Meanwhile, the standard for distinguishing sustainability grades has also been confirmed so as to determine the nature of sustainability degrees in different grades. This makes the possibility for the combination of nature determination with ration in research result and provides with the scientific guideline and decision-making gist for better implementation of sustainable land use strategy. 3） The practice in evaluation of sustainability degree in county regional land use in Yunnan shows that the value of the degree of land use sustainability （Dos） of whole Yunnan Province is only 58.39, belonging to the grade of low-degree sustainability. Two thirds of counties in the whole province represent the grade of ＂conditional sustainability＂ and ＂non-sustainability＂ in the sustainability of land use. Among these counties, 11.11 % shows ＂non- sustainability＇. The lowest degree of land use sustainability appears especially in the middle plateau mountain region of Northeast Yunnan, where the value of Dos in most counties （districts） is below 40 %, belonging to the grade of ＂non-sustainability＂. The sustainability degree in the karst mountainous region in lower-middle plateau mountain region in Southeast Yunnan is generally low and the value of sustainability degree （Dos） in most of the counties （cities and districts） is below 55. The value of sustainability degree （Dos） in most of the counties （cities and districts） in the north, west, northwest and southwest parts of Yunnan is below 55. This article also analyzes the reasons of low degree of sustainability in land use in Yunnan and puts forward the countermeasures to increase the degree of sustainability in land use in the whole province.

SCENARIOS SIMULATION OF COUPLING SYSTEM BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT IN JIANGSU PROVINCE BASED ON SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL

By means of ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling) and SD (System Dynamics) methods, this paper made a system dynamics model of urbanization and eco-environment coupling in Jiangsu Province according to the implication and PSR (Pressure State Response) framework of urbanization and eco-environment coupling. Moreover, five typical scenarios during 2000-2015 have been simulated and analyzed based on the time serial statistical data during 1990-2003 in Jiangsu, which indicates: firstly, there are significant differences between the results and the scenarios, and the five coupling models all have comparative advantages and drawbacks; secondly, in terms of the characteristics and regional development disparities of Jiangsu and the general rule of world urbanization process, this paper reveals that only when either population urbanization model or social urbanization model to be correspondingly adopted, the sustainable development among population, economy, urbanization and eco-environment can be realized.

Modification of Costanza's model of valuing ecosystem services and its application in China

In the past,evaluations of ecosystem functions were mostly based on Costanza's model,whereas the spatial,quality and temporal characteristics of regional ecosystems were not considered in the model.Focusing on these issues,coefficients of regional difference,spatial heterogeneity and willingness-to-pay(WTP)were established to modify Costanza's model,and a new comprehensive valuation model of ecosystem functions is proposed.The analytical results indicate that the comprehensive model could evaluate regional ecosystem functions in China accurately and provide more helpful information for decision-making.The empirical study on Zhangbei County in Hebei Province shows that the intensive human activities could limit the provision of ecosystem functions while the planned ecological programs might promote the restoration of ecosystem functions.

Eco-transformation of steel industry in China: from the perspective of industrial ecology and circular economy

Recently the behavior of human has resulted in the deterioration of global ecological environment, and global warming and environmental pollution have caused the occurrence of extreme events frequently If we repeat the reckless environmental overkill, civilization will enter a victous circle of decline and lose even the strength and vitality to live in harmony with the environment. At Present, China is in a speciat period of rapid economic develop- ment. Some enterprises focus on short-term profits and don＇t formulate long-term strategies. For example, with the rapid expansion of the steel industry, some serious problems have emerged. Based on principles of industrial ecology and the concept of circular economy, to develop a new development model, taking a new road to industrialization is very necessary. Re-examining the current steel enterprises, this＇ paper proposes the new methods of the integration of material, energy integration, water system integration and sharing of information and facilities. Through ecologi- calization of technology, system, and industrial structure and product structure adjustment, the eco-transformation of the modern steel industry will be gradually achieved in China

农产品加工产业聚集发展水平研究——基于价值链管理视角

农产品加工产业聚集作为新型农业发展模式,完成了资源集约化应用,对带动农业增收、经济发展、农民就业具有重要意义。利用2012—2016年期间长江三角区1 025组农产品加工产业聚集区数据,从从业人口、产业聚集价值链角度构建评价模型,通过空间基尼、E-G测算、最优价值理念、社会经济生态学(economy social ecology,简称ESE)、效率最优理念(intension efficiency harmony,简称IEH)设计指标,并对指标完成单元根校验,建立聚集区散点模型。将农产品加工产业发展状态分为4级,并采用金融发展、多样化集聚、整体聚集度、价值链增值、空间基尼等参数完成分析。结果表明,长江三角区域东部、中部、西部的农产品加工产业聚集空间有明显差别,聚集区发展还存在人才投入估值不理想、技术水平有待提升以及政府投入力度小的问题。