The cartier that the natural tourism projects rely on should be the objective natural environments, including the mountains, water, animals and plants and so on, which are the object present before the development of ...The cartier that the natural tourism projects rely on should be the objective natural environments, including the mountains, water, animals and plants and so on, which are the object present before the development of the project. Therefore, what the natural tourism projects should first be ＂the economic value of the natural resources＂. However, after the man-made planning and being given the humanity, they have the ＂economic value of the human resources＂. In the construction of the future path of the development, we should also have the dynamic study on the subjective preferences of the Chinese consumers. The change of these subjective preferences directly results from the change of the levels of their own income.展开更多
Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services a...Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology.The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’willingness to pay,work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park,and to analyze the relationship between residents’attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey.The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)was employed to determine the willingness.The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP,WTW,WTA,socio-demFographical information,social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties.Based on generalized linear modeling,income and education level are important for residents’WTP and WTA,but other social characteristics,such as gender and age,do not have significant effects.The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’willingness,despite the limitation on education level.Also,government funding is associated with residents’inclination to WTP,WTW and WTA,but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities.The estimated WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10^(7) yuan,1.247×10^(6) hours and 2.3232×10^(7) yuan yr^(-1) based on the survey and published demographics.This study,for the first time,estimates the WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers.Ultimately,to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development,compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent,and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.展开更多
In Nepal,nearly half of the total land is covered by forest,which holds a potentially important position in promoting rural livelihoods and in alleviating rural poverty.The rural landscape that encompasses an agrarian...In Nepal,nearly half of the total land is covered by forest,which holds a potentially important position in promoting rural livelihoods and in alleviating rural poverty.The rural landscape that encompasses an agrarian economy,a fragile ecology,and a complex and differentiated society is changing rapidly in Nepal today.Although poverty alleviation has been one of the top priorities for national development since 1976,poverty still remains widespread,persistent and it is also an acute problem in Nepal,where people are in a state of deprivation with regard to incomes,clothing,housing,healthcare,education,sanitary facilities and human rights.Thus,Nepal is considered as one of the poorest countries in South-Asia,with 25.2%people living below the poverty line.The objective of this study was to assess changes in poverty of forest users brought on by the community forestry program,in order to analyze the level of participation in community forestry management activities.For this study,Bajhang district was chosen as the study site,which is one of the poorest and most remote districts in the country of Nepal.Different Participatory Rural Appraisal methods such as face-to face interviews,focus group discussions and key informants’interviews including secondary data were used to gather information.The findings showed that the forest users'participation in meetings,discussion and other activities,like community forestry management or silvicultural operation related to community forestry,was high.The assessment found that 42.3%,32.6%and 25.1%of respondents strongly agreed,agreed and were neutral,respectively,towards the idea that poverty reduction from community forests had occurred.The results showed almost all the respondents were depended upon agriculture and/or forest resources for their livelihoods.Different ecosystem services such as ethnomedicines,aesthetic value and ecotourism,control of soil erosion/land-slides,water recharge and soil fertility have increased due to the decomposition of leaf litter.This was apparent from the formulation of community forests.Poverty in rural areas of the country is still higher than in urban areas and the incidence of poverty is the highest in the Far western Province where this research was conducted,Therefore,the government,policy makers and other stakeholders should work hand-in-hand to effectively reduce the poverty that persists in Nepal.展开更多
We examined the Hulun Lake protected area（HLPA）and tourist willingness to pay（WTP）for ecotourism resources using the contingent valuation method（CVM）.Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed in the HLPA and...We examined the Hulun Lake protected area（HLPA）and tourist willingness to pay（WTP）for ecotourism resources using the contingent valuation method（CVM）.Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed in the HLPA and 708 questionnaires were collected.To establish the relationship between variables and WTP,11 variables were incorporated into the model.Social trust factors and awareness factor were for the first time applied to the models,and two bid equations were obtained by the first and second bid.We found that tourist WTP for ecotourism resources in the HLPA was CNY 14 710 389 in 2010,indicating that tourists have a large WTP for protected area ecotourism resources.Most tourists（79.9%）were willing to pay for ecotourism resources and 21.1%tourists were unwilling to pay.The most common explanation for unwillingness to pay was that it was the government’s responsibility,influenced by special social and economic characteristics in China and indicating that Chinese residents lack resource protection awareness and participation.Income and the awareness of being in a protected area most significantly affected WTP.Trusting protected area authorities significantly affected WTP.Tourists’satisfaction affected WTP negatively in the first equation and WTP positively in the second equation.These results reveal that tourists had large WTP for ecotourism resources.To improve the WTP for ecotourism resources,the protected area management department could use third-party monitoring mechanisms and accounting systems to strengthen tourists’trust,and increase ecological education and modify the＂one site,several brands＂management system.展开更多
Zhangjiakou is a northern Chinese city that hosted the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games. As an important ice and snow tourist destination, it is essential to investigate Zhangjiakou’s rate of landscape pattern chang...Zhangjiakou is a northern Chinese city that hosted the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games. As an important ice and snow tourist destination, it is essential to investigate Zhangjiakou’s rate of landscape pattern change,the landscape ecological security level, and ecosystem service value, particularly the tourism ecological service value during its construction. With land use data from 2000 to 2020, this study comprehensively analyzed the dynamic changes in Zhangjiakou, including land use dynamics, the land use transfer matrix, landscape vulnerability,landscape disturbance, ecosystem service value, tourism ecological service value, and other aspects. The results show that the landscape pattern in Zhangjiakou was greatly disturbed from 2015 to 2018, and the landscape ecological security was threatened in the process of landscape pattern adjustment. By 2020, after the landscape pattern was adjusted and stabilized, the landscape ecological security was restored, and the ecosystem service value was significantly improved, especially the tourism ecological service value. The results of this study will play an important role in promoting the optimization of Zhangjiakou’s ice and snow landscape pattern and the improvement of tourism ecological value. In addition, it provides important lessons for the development of other ice and snow tourist destinations.展开更多
文摘The cartier that the natural tourism projects rely on should be the objective natural environments, including the mountains, water, animals and plants and so on, which are the object present before the development of the project. Therefore, what the natural tourism projects should first be ＂the economic value of the natural resources＂. However, after the man-made planning and being given the humanity, they have the ＂economic value of the human resources＂. In the construction of the future path of the development, we should also have the dynamic study on the subjective preferences of the Chinese consumers. The change of these subjective preferences directly results from the change of the levels of their own income.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFC0506501)The Program for Ecological Innovation Team in Minzu University of China(2020CXTD02)。
文摘Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology.The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’willingness to pay,work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park,and to analyze the relationship between residents’attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey.The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)was employed to determine the willingness.The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP,WTW,WTA,socio-demFographical information,social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties.Based on generalized linear modeling,income and education level are important for residents’WTP and WTA,but other social characteristics,such as gender and age,do not have significant effects.The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’willingness,despite the limitation on education level.Also,government funding is associated with residents’inclination to WTP,WTW and WTA,but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities.The estimated WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10^(7) yuan,1.247×10^(6) hours and 2.3232×10^(7) yuan yr^(-1) based on the survey and published demographics.This study,for the first time,estimates the WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers.Ultimately,to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development,compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent,and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.
基金The Academician Workstation of Guiyang University,Guizhou Province([2019]5605)The Regional First-class Discipline Construction of Guizhou Province to GYU([2017]85)+1 种基金Provincial Key and Special Subject of Guizhou Province–Ecology(ZDXK[2015]11)The Training Project for High-Level Innovative Talents in Guizhou Province(2016 [4020])
文摘In Nepal,nearly half of the total land is covered by forest,which holds a potentially important position in promoting rural livelihoods and in alleviating rural poverty.The rural landscape that encompasses an agrarian economy,a fragile ecology,and a complex and differentiated society is changing rapidly in Nepal today.Although poverty alleviation has been one of the top priorities for national development since 1976,poverty still remains widespread,persistent and it is also an acute problem in Nepal,where people are in a state of deprivation with regard to incomes,clothing,housing,healthcare,education,sanitary facilities and human rights.Thus,Nepal is considered as one of the poorest countries in South-Asia,with 25.2%people living below the poverty line.The objective of this study was to assess changes in poverty of forest users brought on by the community forestry program,in order to analyze the level of participation in community forestry management activities.For this study,Bajhang district was chosen as the study site,which is one of the poorest and most remote districts in the country of Nepal.Different Participatory Rural Appraisal methods such as face-to face interviews,focus group discussions and key informants’interviews including secondary data were used to gather information.The findings showed that the forest users'participation in meetings,discussion and other activities,like community forestry management or silvicultural operation related to community forestry,was high.The assessment found that 42.3%,32.6%and 25.1%of respondents strongly agreed,agreed and were neutral,respectively,towards the idea that poverty reduction from community forests had occurred.The results showed almost all the respondents were depended upon agriculture and/or forest resources for their livelihoods.Different ecosystem services such as ethnomedicines,aesthetic value and ecotourism,control of soil erosion/land-slides,water recharge and soil fertility have increased due to the decomposition of leaf litter.This was apparent from the formulation of community forests.Poverty in rural areas of the country is still higher than in urban areas and the incidence of poverty is the highest in the Far western Province where this research was conducted,Therefore,the government,policy makers and other stakeholders should work hand-in-hand to effectively reduce the poverty that persists in Nepal.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41301623,41671527)the China National Tourism Administration Tourism Young Expert Training Program(TYETP201519)the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
文摘We examined the Hulun Lake protected area（HLPA）and tourist willingness to pay（WTP）for ecotourism resources using the contingent valuation method（CVM）.Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed in the HLPA and 708 questionnaires were collected.To establish the relationship between variables and WTP,11 variables were incorporated into the model.Social trust factors and awareness factor were for the first time applied to the models,and two bid equations were obtained by the first and second bid.We found that tourist WTP for ecotourism resources in the HLPA was CNY 14 710 389 in 2010,indicating that tourists have a large WTP for protected area ecotourism resources.Most tourists（79.9%）were willing to pay for ecotourism resources and 21.1%tourists were unwilling to pay.The most common explanation for unwillingness to pay was that it was the government’s responsibility,influenced by special social and economic characteristics in China and indicating that Chinese residents lack resource protection awareness and participation.Income and the awareness of being in a protected area most significantly affected WTP.Trusting protected area authorities significantly affected WTP.Tourists’satisfaction affected WTP negatively in the first equation and WTP positively in the second equation.These results reveal that tourists had large WTP for ecotourism resources.To improve the WTP for ecotourism resources,the protected area management department could use third-party monitoring mechanisms and accounting systems to strengthen tourists’trust,and increase ecological education and modify the＂one site,several brands＂management system.
文摘Zhangjiakou is a northern Chinese city that hosted the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games. As an important ice and snow tourist destination, it is essential to investigate Zhangjiakou’s rate of landscape pattern change,the landscape ecological security level, and ecosystem service value, particularly the tourism ecological service value during its construction. With land use data from 2000 to 2020, this study comprehensively analyzed the dynamic changes in Zhangjiakou, including land use dynamics, the land use transfer matrix, landscape vulnerability,landscape disturbance, ecosystem service value, tourism ecological service value, and other aspects. The results show that the landscape pattern in Zhangjiakou was greatly disturbed from 2015 to 2018, and the landscape ecological security was threatened in the process of landscape pattern adjustment. By 2020, after the landscape pattern was adjusted and stabilized, the landscape ecological security was restored, and the ecosystem service value was significantly improved, especially the tourism ecological service value. The results of this study will play an important role in promoting the optimization of Zhangjiakou’s ice and snow landscape pattern and the improvement of tourism ecological value. In addition, it provides important lessons for the development of other ice and snow tourist destinations.
