人工智能的生态树及算力研究

介绍了通用人工智能AGI的生态树,重点分析了AGI生态树的决定性基础建设—算力。算力位于AGI科技发展金字塔的底端,它的发展制约了人工智能的发展。此外,还介绍了当前算力发展的进程和方向。

高校校园文化“生态树”构建探析

高校校园文化"生态树"形象地把学校比喻成"大树",把"树根"、"树干"和"树叶"分别比喻成校园文化建设的各个要素,它促使高校校园文化建设从务虚的环境中提升到以人为本的实体环境,并为高校校园文化建设开辟了一个新的构建模式,有助于高校加强校园文化建设和提升整体实力。

南宁市铁皮石斛林下附树生态栽培技术研究

本试验以中药材铁皮石斛为研究对象,比较不同种植基质、有机肥对铁皮石斛成活率、生长情况、产量及主要有效成分多糖含量的影响。结果表明,所有处理附树生态栽培的铁皮石斛产量和多糖含量均较移栽前提高,经济效益、生态效益及社会效益显著。特别是用花生壳作基质并添加商品有机肥栽植的铁皮石斛表现最好,移栽120 d后株高达到15.17 cm、单株平均鲜重为24.58 g、萌芽数达5.80条/丛、根数26.50条/丛、多糖含量36.88%。

基于“生命树”生态循环系统模型的旅游地形象策划系统研究

旅游地形象策划是对旅游地资源和旅游地市场的抽象化,是一种概念化的印象,具有独特的精神价值,并通过不同的表现手段展现给旅游者。该研究建构了一个具有生命力的形象策划系统,该系统包括理念、行为、视觉、传播,情感、意向等一系列元素,并且这些元素在系统中的能级、活跃性、生命力等多项指数各不相同,它们之间能够进行能量上的传递、信息上的反馈和生命力的扩张,以使旅游地的形象始终充满鲜活性。笔者从生态学中引入"生态系统模型"后,构建"生命树"生态循环系统模型,分别从"系统构成"、"能级金字塔"、"循环关系"、"策划流程"4个方面解析"生命树"生态循环系统模型,通过该模型的构建将旅游地形象策划的各环节相互衔接,形成一套标准的策划流程。

我国竞技体育“树的生态理论”新体系构建的研究

通过对现行竞技体育体制现状的研究,提出竞技体育"树的生态理论"。采用文献法、问卷调查法、专家访谈等方法,得出我国竞技体育体系必须进行改革的结论,提出构建竞技体育"树的生态理论"新体系,并对新体系的具体实施及运行机制提出了积极的构想。

退耕还林过程中树木的选择与栽培技术

阐述了新疆地区退耕还林过程中树木的选择;以杨树为例,介绍了生态树栽培技术;以文冠果栽培为例,介绍了经济林栽培技术。

对学校文化的要素与结构的分析

学校文化建设是整体提升学校办学水平的核心措施。近年来,我国许多学校的文化建设走入了虚幻化、形式化、纸面化的误区。这些误区源自于人们对学校文化的要素和结构缺乏清晰的认识。从要素上看,可以从形态和载体两个角度对学校文化的组成进行细分。从结构上看,可以将学校文化结构分为无生命的几何模型和有生命的树模型两类。生态树模型对学校文化的要素和结构提供了一个合理的描述,对于克服当前学校文化建设中的误区有一定的启发。

具有模块结构的专业教学计划表的编制实例

本文介绍了一种具有模块结构的高等职业教育专业教学计划表的特点；并以计算机应用技术专业为例，介绍了应用这种表格编制教学计划的一些做法：如何设置专业的教学模块，用“生态树”模式编排教学计划，循序渐进的进程安排，合理搭配课程，与考证挂钩，学时学分的自动计算等。

Ecological Assessment on the Introduced Sonneratia caseolaris and S. apetala at the Mangrove Forest of Shenzhen Bay, China

yTwo exotic species, Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. and S. apetala B. Ham., were introduced to Futian Mangrove Forest Nature Reserve, Shenzhen Bay, in 1993 for afforestation. Winter cold caused frigid harm but did not appear to be an obstacle to the introduction. The cold tolerance of the parental and filial generation increased in several years. The two Sonneratia spp. could propagate by seeds and disperse in Shenzhen Bay. While the two species grew faster than indigenous species, at the same time they promoted the growth of indigenous species, but they could not replace indigenous mangrove species. Suitable habitat was more important than the distance from the source in the natural spreading for the two species. The niche of the two species did not overlap with the niche of indigenous species. The two species did not self regenerate, although they could disperse on localized area in Shenzhen Bay. Therefore, it was unlikely that the two species would pose ecological disaster.

Concentrations of foliar and surface soil in nutrients Pinus spp. plantations in relation to species and stand age in Zhanggutai sandy land, northeast China

The concentrations of the foliar and surface soil nutrients and the variation with species and stand age were studied inPinus spp. plantations in Zhanggutai area, northeast China. The results showed that the total N, total P and C: N ratio of the soil inP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands were significantly higher in comparison with those inP. tabulaeformis andP. densiflora stands. ForP. sylvestris var.mongolica, the foliar P concentration appeared to decrease with age, and the foliar N and K concentrations did not show a consistent change with age. As for the different tree species of the similar age, the foliar N and P concentrations were significantly different (p<0.05), being withP. sylvestris var.mongolica>P. densiflora>P. tabulaeformis. The foliar N: P ratio ofP. densiflora significantly was higher thanP. sylvestris var.mongolica andP. tabulaeformis, while the foliar K was no obvious difference between the three tree species. There were significant correlation (p<0.05) between soil total N and P, soil organic matter and total P, foliar N and P, but it did not show significant correlations between soil and foliar nutrient concentrations, which might attribute to the excessive litter raking, overgrazing and low soil moisture in this area. Based on the foliar N: P ratio, we introduced a combination threshold index of N: P ratio with their absolute foliar nutrient concentrations to determine the possible limiting nutrient. According to the critical N: P ratio and their absolute foliar N, P concentrations, theP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands showed a decreased N limitation degree with age, theP. densiflora stands showed unlimited by N and P in the whole, and theP. tabulaeformis stands showed co-limited by N and P. No significant difference in soil nutrient concentrations of the surface soils was found between 45, 29, 20-yr-oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation stands. Keywords coniferous trees - foliar nutrient concentration - limiting nutrients - N - P ratio - Zhanggutai sandy land CLC number S718.55 Document code A Article ID 1007-662X(2004)01-0011-08 Foundation item: This research was supported by Key Knowledge Innovation Project (KZCX3-SW-418) of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Biography: CHEN Guang-sheng (1978-), male, master candidate in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Song Funan

Different Responses of Camptothecin and 10-Hydroxycamptothecin to Heat Shock in Camptotheca acuminata Seedlings

Plants interact with their environment by producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites, one of which is alkaloid. In this study, alkaloids, including camptothecin (CPT) and 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll contents were measured during heat shock in seedlings of Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne unique to China. Responses of different tissues, including young leaves, old leaves, buds and barks, to heat shock were examined in alkaloid changes. CPT and HCPT concentrations reached their peak values separately at 38 degreesC and 40 degreesC, which were below the lethal heat-shock temperature indicated by MDA and chlorophyll, and their great changes took place in young leaves. These results indicated that CPT and HCPT were involved in the C acuminata resistance against heat shock from its environment. Furthermore, plant rigidly observed the cost-benefit principle and mobilized and allocated limited alkaloid sources to young and reproductive tissues preferentially. In addition, HCPT displayed well-regulated changes during incubation at sublethal temperature, and this indicated that HCPT might play a more positively defensive role in enhancement of plant thermotolerance than CPT does.

First report of an endophyte (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae) from Kandelia candel

Mangrove endophytic fungus 1893 was isolated from Kandelia candel from an estuarine mangrove on the South China Sea Coast Two new lactones 1893A and 1893B, together with other known compounds, have been isolated from its fermentation broth. To classify the endophyte correctly for further industrial application, a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was used to approach its identity. The endophyte was compared with similar species having trichogynes or trichogyne-like hyphae which apparently fused with an- theridium-like hyphae, and perithecia initials developing from an ascogonial coil surrounded by enveloping hyphae in early developmental stages on pure culture. Further morphological characteristics on host and non-host were used for comparison with similar species when the endophyte was cultivated on leaves ofKandelia candel and Mangifera indica, respectively, which resulted in classifying the endophyte as a Phomopsis specics. The ITS sequence of rDNA was used to infer its phylogenetic relationships with Phomopsis species that resembled the strain in morphology or ecology. Finally, the endophyte was identified as Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae based on morphological and molecular evidence. Our study is a first report ofDiaporthephaseolorum var. sojae isolated from mangrove Kandelia candel.

Descriptions of Male and Immature Stages of Cryptococcus ulmi Tang et Hao (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) with Brief Notes on Its Biology

In this paper, the crawler, second instar female and male, prepupa, pupa and adult male of Cryptococcus ulmi are described and illustrated for the first time; adult female is redescribed; a key to all stages is given and the biology is briefly repor ted.

Responses of the seedlings of five dominant tree species in Changbai Mountain to soil water stress

Soil water stress was studied on the potted seedlings of five dominant tree species (Pinus koraienes Sieb.et Zucc., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim, Tilia amurensis Rupr. and Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Turcz) from the broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain. Leaf growth, water transpiration and photosynthesis were compared for each species under three soil moisture conditions: 85%-100% (high water, CK), 65%-85% (Medium water, MW) and 45%-65% (low water, LW) of 37.4% water-holding capacity in field. The results showed that the characteristic of typical drought-resistance of the leaves is significantly developed. The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of Fraxinus mandshurica were higher in MW than those in CK. But for the other four species, the net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in CK were lower than those in MW and LW. The transpiration rate responding to soil moistures varied from species to species.

Identification of mangrove endophytic fungus 1403 (Fusarium proliferatum) based on morphological and molecular evidence

A mangrove endophytic fungus 1403 isolated from the South China Sea Coast, which is able to produce griseofulvin and anthra- cenediones under submerged fermentation, was compared with Fusarium genus with the similar morphological characters such as elongated, microconidium-producing conidiophores, ovoid microconidia and straight to slightly curved macroconidia. It was found that the fungus 1403 resembles pathogenic E verticillioides （teleomophy Gibberella moniliforme） in the production of false head or chains and abundant microconidia on the aerial mycelium, but different in the occasional formation of polyphialides with relatively long as well as short mono- phialides, in its typical coiled hyphae and mycelia fusion. Through maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses, the fungus 1403 was fur- ther compared with some similar Fusarium species. The results indicated that this endophyte was identified as Fusarium proliferatum based on the analyses of partial 18S and 28S rDNA genes, ITS region, and EF- 1 α gene.

Regeneration ecology and population status of a critically endangered and endemic tree species （Ilex khasiana Purk.） in north-eastern India

Detailed studies on population structure and regeneration ecology ofllex khasiana were carried out at five representative natural populations i.e. Mylliem （Population - I）, Upper Shillong （Population - II）, Shillong Peak （Population -III）, Laitkor （Population - IV） and Nongpiyur （Population - V） to probe into the responsible affecting factors for its population structure and regeneration ability in these populations. Experimental observation under three controlled light conditions （full sunlight （100%）, intermediate sunlight （50%） and low sunlight （30%）） showed that the growth status and survival rates of seedlings under intermediate and low light were better than those under the high light condition. The density-diameter distribution in population of adult trees （〉Scm dbh） exhibited a typical character of a regenerating population. A higher seedling mortality rate in natural populations of I. khasiana was most probably due to increase in light intensity following vegetation destruction and other anthropogenic disturbances that cause opening of forest canopy. The findings of the present study would be of immense value in formulating appropriate conservation measures for the species.

Evaluation of body weight of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus by computer vision

Apostichopus japonicus(Holothuroidea,Echinodermata) is an ecological and economic species in East Asia.Conventional biometric monitoring method includes diving for samples and weighing above water,with highly variable in weight measurement due to variation in the quantity of water in the respiratory tree and intestinal content of this species.Recently,video survey method has been applied widely in biometric detection on underwater benthos.However,because of the high flexibility of A.japonicus body,video survey method of monitoring is less used in sea cucumber.In this study,we designed a model to evaluate the wet weight of A.japonicus,using machine vision technology combined with a support vector machine(SVM) that can be used infield surveys on the A.japonicus population.Continuous dorsal images of free-moving A.japonicus individuals in seawater were captured,which also allows for the development of images of the core body edge as well as thorn segmentation.Parameters that include body length,body breadth,perimeter and area,were extracted from the core body edge images and used in SVM regression,to predict the weight of A.japonicus and for comparison with a power model.Results indicate that the use of SVM for predicting the weight of 33 A.japonicus individuals is accurate(R^2=0.99) and compatible with the power model(R^2=0.96).The image-based analysis and size-weight regression models in this study may be useful in body weight evaluation of A.japonicus in lab and field study.

Ecological Species Groups and Interspecific Association of Dominant Tree Species in Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve

Abstract： Research on the ecological species groups and interspecific association of plant species are helpful to discover species coexistence processes and mechanisms, and to more fully understand plant community structure, function, and its taxonomy. However, little is known about the ecological species groups （ESG） and the interspecific association of dominant species in Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve of Fujian Province, China. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to explore the ESG using maximal tree, and to analyze interspecific associations of 32 dominant species selected from lo2 sample plots using the chi-square test. The results show that： （1） 32 dominant species have a significant overall positive interspecific association, which indicates that the natural forest in Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve is stable, （a） The species pairs with weak associations, non-associations and positive associations account for lo.88%, 29.64% and 59.48% of the total 496 species pairs respectively, which suggests that the population distributions of the dominant species investigated are relatively independent, （3） The following species pairs may be useful for practical application, 〈Pinus taiwanensis, Rhododendron farrerae〉, 〈Castanopsis carlesii, Altingia chinensis〉, 〈C. carlesii, Castanopsis fargesii〉, 〈Castanopsis eyrei, C. fargesii〉, 〈P. taiwanensis, Fagus lucida〉 , 〈Machilus thunbergii, Castanopsis nigrescens〉, and （4） The results of clustering analysis based on the maximal tree method indicates that the 32 dominant species can be divided into 3 ESGs when A at o.6o, that is ESG I {Pinus massoniana, Cunning hamia lanceolata}, ESG II {P. taiwanensis, R. farrerae, Enkianthus quinqueflorus}, ESG III {C. carlesii, A. chinensis, C. eyrei, Castanopsis fabri, C. fargesii, Schima superba, Machilus thunbergii, Rhododendron latoueheae}. The results may be used for the selection of afforestation tree species in South China Forest Areas and guide the natural management of plantations.