浅析福建生态海盐

本文介绍了《生态海盐评价技术规范》标准中的生态海盐的定义,生态海盐的技术要求以及如何打造福建生态海盐。

浅析工信部百项团标示范项目T/CNLIC 0003-2019《生态海盐评价技术规范》

介绍T/CNLIC 0003-2019《生态海盐评价技术规范》团体标准的研制背景、目的、意义、过程,分析生态海盐的技术指标和宣贯实施情况,为相关生态产品标准的研制工作提供有益借鉴。

Long-term ecological interactions between nutrient and phytoplankton community in the Changjiang estuary

Both nitrate((NO_3)^-) and soluble reactive phosphate((PO_4)^(3-)) concentration in the freshwater end-member at the mouth of the Changjiang River have increased dramatically since the 1960s.Within the same period in the sea area,with surface salinity>30,(NO_3)^-concentration has shown an obvious increase,(PO_4)^(3-) has not changed greatly and dissolved reactive silica((SiO_3)^(2-)) has deceased dramatically.An examination of the elemental ratio of(NO_3)^-to(PO_4)^(3-) at the mouth of the Changjiang River did not show a systematic trend from the 1960s to 2000s largely because both nutrients increased simultaneously.In comparison,the elemental ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) to(PO_4)^(3-) in surface seawater,with salinity>22,has shown a clearly increasing trend.Furthermore,an overall historical change of the(SiO_3)^(2-):(PO_4)^(3-) ratio has undergone a reverse trend in this area.Based on the changes of(SiO_3)^(2-):(PO_4)^(3-) and DIN:(PO_4)^(3-) ratios,we can conclude that an overall historical change of(SiO_3)^(2-):DIN ratio has decreased in this area from the 1950-1960s to 2000s.The argument that phytoplankton productivity in the Changjiang estuary has been enhanced by increasing nutrient input from the riverine transport was supported by these results.A comparative study analyzing the shift of phytoplankton composition from the mid-1980s to 2000s was also made.The results indicated that the average yearly percentage of diatom species in the Changjiang estuary has decreased from 84.6% during 1985-1986 to 69.8% during 2004-2005.Furthermore,the average yearly percentage of diatom abundance in the Changjiang estuary decreased from 99.5% during to 75.5% over the same time period,while the abundance of dinoflagellates has increased dramatically,from 0.7% to 25.4%.

Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae

Coral reefs in the Negril Marine Park （NMP）, Jamaica, have been increasingly impacted by nutrient pollution and macroalgal blooms following decades of intensive development as a major tourist destination. A baseline survey of DIN and SRP concentrations, C：N：P and stable nitrogen isotope ratios （δ^15N） of abundant reef macroalgae on shallow and deep reefs of the NMP in 1998 showed strong P-limitation and evidence of increasing sewage pollution. In 1999, a sewage collection and treatment project began diverting wastewater from the resort and urban areas to a pond system that discharged partially-treated effluent into the South Negril River （SNR）. These sewage discharges significantly increased concentrations of NH2 and SRP （N：P -13） in the SNR, which flows into Long Bay and around Negril＇s ＂West End＂. Concentrations of SRP, the primary limiting nutrient, were higher on shallow reefs of the West End in 2001 compared to 1998. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios （δ^15N） of abundant reef macroalgae on both shallow and deep reefs of the West End in 2002 were significantly higher than baseline values in 1998, indicating an escalating impact of sewage nitrogen pollution over this timeframe. The increased nutrient concentrations and δ^15N enrichment of reef macroalgae correlated with blooms of the chlorophyte Chaetornorpha linum in shallow waters of Long Bay and Codium isthrnocladum and Caulerpa cupressoides on deep reefs of the West End. Sewage treatment systems adjacent to coral reefs must include nutrient removal to ensure that DIN and SRP concentrations, after dilution, are below the low thresholds noted for these oligotrophic ecosystems.

Environment-ecosystem dynamic processes of Spartina alterniflora salt-marshes along the eastern China coastlines

Spartina alterniflora is ecologically important in its original habitat; however, it has caused controversy since it was introduction into China(now it has been spreading rapidly on the Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian coasts). The purpose of the present contribution is, on the basis of an analysis and synthesis of existing data sets, to evaluate the environmental-ecological effects of S. alterniflora, and to identify the relevant scientific problems that require further research in the future. Investigations have shown that, by reducing the near-bed shear stress associated with tidal currents, S. alterniflora can enhance the settling flux of suspended sediment and deposition rate on the tidal flats over the region. Further, field survey and analysis indicate that the S. alterniflora salt-marsh has a high primary production and provides a new type of habitat for the native benthic fauna. Some macro-, meio- and micro-fauna that used to live in the native salt-marshes have adapted to the S. alterniflora salt-marsh, forming a new ecosystem. Under the influences of a number of background factors, such as latitude variations and the coastal type, the environmental-ecological changes induced by Spartine have regional differentiations. To the north of Hangzhou Bay, with a high position of the pre-Holocene stratum base, a large width of the tidal flats, and a gentle bed slope, only a small part of the intertidal zone is occupied by the S. alterniflora salt-marsh. Here, the S. alterniflora salt-marshes mainly play a positive role in coastal protection and ecosystem functioning. In contrary, to the South of Hangzhou Bay, The pre-Holocene deposits are situated in relatively deeo waters, and the width of the tidal flats formed within coastal embayments is relatively narrow. As such, the expansion of S. alterniflora has squeezed the living space of other intertidal organisms, thus has a negative ecological effect. Therefore, the regional differentiation of the Spartina effects should be sufficiently considered in coastal development and management. Furthermore, in order to predict the future evolution of the S. alterniflora wetlands over the region, in addition to in situ monitoring and measurements, an ecosystem dynamic model should be established, taking into account the coupling of the rerrestrial and marine environmental-ecological processes.

Nitrate assimilation by marine heterotrophic bacteria

Nitrate assimilation is a process where bacteria utilize nitrate as a nitrogen source and synthesize it into organic nitrogen. We found that nitrate-assimilating bacteria(NAB) are widely distributed in various marine environments, from surface to the deep ocean and sediment, which indicates that NAB are significant to the oceanic nitrogen cycle. Comparative genomic analysis revealed nitrate-assimilating genes(nas A) in these marine heterotrophic NAB showed different gene arrangements and diverse regulation systems. Summary on recent findings will contribute to understanding the process of nitrate assimilation in NAB and their ecological significance in the nitrogen cycle. A systematic analysis of a number of studies on bacterial nitrate assimilation in marine ecological systems was conducted to clarify directions for future research.