务川臭蛙形态及生态环境研究

务川臭蛙是濒临灭绝的物种，通过对务川臭蛙形态及生态环境的研究，发现“务川臭蛙”是中国特有的喀斯特洞穴大型蛙类，生活在海拔高度为650～810m的遵义市务川仡佬族苗族自治县中部低山丘陵区的深山溶洞内；对生活环境要求较高；生活环境中生物物种数量稀少，种类单一。

成都市郫县花园镇新型城乡形态发展思路初探

运用SWOT分析方法,探讨了花园镇在未来城乡发展中所面临的问题,并提出了构建新型城乡形态的若干战略思路和发展措施。

Pollen Morphology and Ecological Significance of Nine Hygrophyte Species at Sevenstar Lake Area in the Bashang Area of Hebei Province

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics of pollen from nine hygrophyte species at Sevenstar Lake area in the Bashang Area （the southern edge of Inner Mongolian Plateau） of Hebei Province, as well as their ecological significance. MethodThe pollen morphology of nine hygrophyte species distributed at Seven Star Lake area was observed and studied by using an optical microscope, and morphological characteristics like size, shape, surface ornamentation were recorded. ResultsPollen grains were globose, subglobose prolate spheroidal; germination aperture had five types, namely, 3-groove, 6-groove, 3 （4）-groove, 3-colporate, 3 （4）-colporate; ektexine possessed four kinds of ornamentation： reticulate, striped, spiny, granular. Meanwhile, the environmental indication significance of these nine hygrophyte species was also discussed according to their habitats, origin and distribution. ConclusionThe study provides the basis of modern palynology for the study of ancient environment, ancient vegetation and paleoclimate.

新疆少数民族声乐教学特点

少数民族文化丰富多彩,少数民族音乐异彩纷呈。本文以新疆维吾尔、哈萨克、塔吉克三个民族为例,对新疆少数民族生态环境与文化形态、音乐体系和演唱及教学三方面做了细致的研究与阐述。并结合多年实践,对新疆少数民族声乐教学与汉族声乐教学的异同做了具体比较与分析。对新疆少数民族的声乐教学特点、进行了归纳和总结。

On the Generation of Nominalization and its Ecological Significance in Poetic Language

In consideration of the confused debates about the value of nominalization, this paper tries to explore the original generation of nominalization and analyze its use in poetry. This paper attempts to explore the generation of nominalization from a comprehensive point of view, to distinguish between ＂primary nominalization＂ and ＂ideological nominalization＂, to trace the root of primary nominalization, and to analyze the use of primary nominalization in poetry. Based on these analyses, this paper points out that primary nominalization in poetry is more consonant with the Green grammar, with the undivided, holistic ecological worldview and has ecological significance. However, the ideological nominalization in some other nonliterary formal style is an obstacle to the solution to environment problem, and so we should understand the function of nominalization with its contexts and pay more attention to poetic language.

The geography of introgression in a patchy environment and the thorn in the side of ecological speciation

When incompletely isolated taxa coexist in a patchy environment （e.g. mosaic hybrid zones, host-race complexes）, patterns of variation may differ between selected traits/genes and neutral markers. While the genetic structure of selected traits/loci tends to coincide with habitat variables （producing Genetic-Environment Association or GEA）, genetic differentiation at neutral loci unlinked to any selected locus rather depends on geographic connectivity at a large scale （e.g. Isolation- By-Distance or IBD）, although these loci often display GEA at a small scale. This discrepancy has been repeatedly taken as evi- dence for parallel primary divergence driven by local adaptation. We argue that this interpretation needs to be addressed more thoroughly by considering the alternative hypothesis that speciation was initiated in allopatry and secondary introgression has subsequently erased the signal of past differentiation at neutral loci. We present a model of neutral introgression after secondary contact in a mosaic hybrid zone, which describes how GEAs dissipate with time and how neutral variation self-organizes accord- ing to the environmental and geographic structures. We show that although neutral loci can be affected by environmental selection they are often more affected by history and connectivity： the neutral structure retains the initial geographic separation more than it correlates with the environment during the colonization and introgression phases, and then converges to a migration-drift balance, the most frequent outcome of which is GEA at a local scale but IBD at a large scale. This is the exact pattern usually attributed to parallel ecological speciation. Introgression is heterogeneous in space and depends on the landscape structure （e.g. it is faster in small patches, which are more impacted by immigration）. Furthermore, there is no directionality in the association and it is possi- ble to observe reversed GEAs between distant regions. We argue that the history of differentiation should ideally be reconstructed with selected loci or neutral loci linked to them, not neutral ones, and review some case studies for which the hypothesis of a long co-existence of co-adapted genetic backgrounds might have been refuted too hastily [Current Zoology 59 （1）： 72-86, 2013].

Speciation by selection： A framework for understanding ecology＇s role in speciation

Speciation research during the last several decades has confirmed that natural selection frequently drives the genera- tion of new species. But how does this process generally unfold in nature？ We argue that answering this question requires a clearer conceptual framework for understanding selection＇s role in speciation. We present a unified framework of speciation, pro- viding mechanistic descriptions of fundamentally distinct routes to speciation, and how these may interact during lineage splitting Two major categories are recognized： reproductive isolation resulting from （1） responses to selection, ＂speciation by selection,＂ or （2） non-selective processes, ＂speciation without selection.＂ Speciation by selection can occur via three mechanisms： （1） similar selection, （2） divergent selection, and （3） reinforcement selection. Understanding ecology＇s role in speciation requires uncovering how these three mechanisms contribute to reproductive isolation, and their relative importance compared to non-selective proce- sses, because all three mechanisms can occur side-by-side during speciation. To accomplish this, we highlight examination of groups of organisms inhabiting replicated environmental gradients. This scenario is common in nature, and a large literature illus- trates that both parallel and non-parallel responses to similar environments are widespread, and each can result in speciation. This recognition reveals four general pathways of speciation by similar or divergent selection--parallel and nonparallel responses to similar and divergent selection. Altogether, we present a more precise framework for speciation research, draw attention to some under-recognized features of speciation, emphasize the multidimensionality of speciation, reveal limitations of some previous tests and descriptions of speciation mechanisms, and point to a number of directions for future investigation [Current Zoology 59 （1）： 31-52, 2013].