长白山温带森林生态系统关键要素耦合及演替过程动态模拟

认识生态系统内和生态系统间耦合机制,揭示复合生态系统功能规律,对促进我国山水林田湖草沙项目一体化修复和保护实践具有重要的意义。针对目前修复和保护工程中出现的缺乏系统性、连续性等问题,以拥有丰富生态资源的长白山温带森林生态系统为研究区域,对其关键要素“水土气生”进行耦合建模。通过分析模型的运行机理,探究重要子模块之间的相互作用以及子模块内部生态关键要素的耦合机制,并以长白山温带落叶阔叶林的组成树种和环境因素为对象构建模型参数,通过运行林窗模型1000次,得出长白山温带森林的动态演替过程。结果表明:在森林生态系统的演替过程中,“水土气生”体现为模型中有效积温、干旱天数(低于土壤凋萎点的天数)、土壤可利用氮以及可利用光,这些关键要素之间相互影响,综合决定着每棵树木的更新、生长、死亡过程。模拟结果显示在长白山温带针阔混交林的动态演替过程中0—70 a, 70—170 a, 170—280 a, 280—400 a四个阶段分别有不同的树种组成特征,与真实演替过程比较发现模拟林具有明显的阶段性。白桦、山杨为演替先锋树种,0—70 a期间生物量共占比为55%,70 a后生物量减少最后消失;紫椴、蒙古栎、水曲柳等为过渡树种,这些树种进一步改变了生长环境。红松在170 a前生物量占比仅为3%左右,随演替的发展生物量持续增加,170—280 a期间生物量占比15%,280 a之后红松生物量占总林分的50%。该结果模拟森林动态过程符合演替规律,充分说明多关键要素“水土气生”耦合机制的合理性,对于促进生态系统尺度上多生态要素耦合的相关研究提供了科学理论基础以及方法技术。

长白山生态数据爬取及清洗研究

在开展长白山生态数据智能分析时,需要爬取大量的网络数据,这些数据大概率会出现缺失、重复、异常、噪声等情况,因此需要对爬取到的数据进行必要的清洗的功能。设计了一种爬虫,并实现了数据清洗的功能,实验证明,100万条数据的爬取用时<30 min。

拓展儿童文学边界的动物叙事——谈李谦的长白山生态小说

擅写长白山生态的青年作家李谦近年来创作了一系列有关“动物叙事”的“儿童文学”。她不满足于想象和虚构,通过多次亲身体验野生山林生活和巡山护虎活动,建构了真实的生态忧患意识和终极关怀思想。她将儿童视为“人”,从创作思想上完善了儿童的全知感受能力,突出仁与义的强大动力和意义。小说主题的严肃性、描绘生态前景的严峻程度以及小说细节的真实性,都决定了她的作品不限于儿童读者群,小说中强烈的对话意识的自省成长的主题适用于广普人群。李谦力求把长白山地域文化、自然景观知识、民间风俗等内容融入创作,通过趣味盎然的语言和晓畅清晰的叙事完成儿童文学的生态伦理启蒙,成为胡冬林之后又一位成长中的、有特色的长白山生态作家。

吉林省长白县长白山生态食品开发现状及发展对策

基于长白朝鲜族自治县长白山生态食品的开发现状及存在的问题,提出了依托国家政策支持、利用区域优势、壮大产业集群、优化产业结构、着力搞好基地建设、借助互联网+电商平台销售等一系列发展措施。

文学视阈下的长白山生态文化

长白山文学饱含敬畏自然、珍爱万物的生态意识,这在“东北作家群”的作品中比较明显。进入1980年代之后,长白山文学成为生态文学不可缺少的组成部分。长白山诗人朱雷、南永前、朱聿和张咏霖的诗歌表现出对生命的呵护和对自然的膜拜;民间故事中传承着猎人与大自然的和解;胡冬林、王德忱和迟子建等人的文学作品,从对“平等对抗”的诗性言说,到对“母亲河”的追寻,都表现出尊重生命、敬畏自然、平等意识、回归简朴、绿化精神等诸多生态文化因素。

吉林省林学会召开第四界全省林业学术大会暨长白山森林生态系统修复论坛

2016年10月20日,第四界全省林业学术大会获长白山森林生态系统修复论坛在吉林省白山市隆重召开,本次大会由而杯吉林省林学会、吉林省林业技术推广站和白山市林业局共同举办,得到了中国林学会和吉林省科学技术协会的大力支持,中国林学会纳入中国林业智库技术服务创新驱动平台的一项重要内容。

土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响

在实验室条件下 ,将不同含水量的 3种森林类型的土柱分别置于 0、5、1 5、2 5和 35℃条件下 ,进行土壤呼吸测定 .结果表明 ,在 0～ 35℃范围内 ,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关 .在一定含水量范围内 (0 .2 1～ 0 .37kg·kg- 1 ) ,土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高 ,当含水量超出该范围 ,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低 .土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用 .不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异 ,大小顺序为阔叶红松林 >岳桦林 >云冷杉暗针叶林 .阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度 35℃、含水量 0 .37kg·kg- 1 ;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是 2 5℃、0 .2 1kg·kg- 1 ;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是 35℃、含水量 0 .37kg·kg- 1 .但是 ,由于长白山阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上 ,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同 ,相差 4～ 5℃ ,所以野外所测的同期山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率 。

生态敏感地区的转型与再生--以《吉林省长白县城乡发展规划》为例

吉林省长白县位于长白山生态功能区,是全国主体功能区规划中划定的生态敏感地区之一。本文针对生态敏感地区的转型与再生,提出了生态导向下的核心发展路径和借力共荣的区域融入路径两大转型路径;并对空间规划的两类工作方向进行了探索,分别是生态导向下空间规划的系统性整合及生态导向下空间管制与建设方式的创新。在具体的技术方法上,规划以人居环境生态适宜性评价为核心,构建了生态空间与人居空间系统的分析框架;并将规划对策从全域景观生态空间的刚性划定与分类管制,延伸到不同类型生态空间的建设方式与绿色基础设施等生态工程技术的弹性引导。本文有效地指导了长白县的实践转型,呼应了城乡规划改革的思路和方向。

水源热泵技术在吉林白山市的应用

为了建设生态白山,保护长白山自然环境,采用低能耗、无污染的供热、制冷设备———水源热泵机组越来越引起人们的重视。白山市位于长白山脚下,浑江穿城而过,地表、地下水丰富,采用清洁能源的条件优越。

生态敏感地区城乡空间发展的规划探索——以吉林省长白县城乡发展规划为例

位于长白山生态功能区的吉林省长白县是典型的东北高寒地带生态敏感地区,如何在此类地区探索生态文明理念指导下的新型城镇化路径是本次《长白县城乡发展规划》所探讨的主题。规划构建了以人居环境生态适宜性为核心的全域、多尺度的生态网络分析框架与人居空间发展的潜力与适应力评价模型,将规划对策从全域景观生态空间的刚性划定与分类管制,延伸到东北高寒山地生态建设方式与技术手段的弹性引导,并实现了人居、产业、旅游、设施诸系统的空间耦合与政策对接。同时,本次规划针对长白县边境城市的特殊地理区位,提出了中朝跨境区域在不同演化情景下的发展思路,针对长白县国家级边境重点开发开放试验区的构想提出了政策性的发展框架与实施建议。本次规划有效地指导了长白县发展思路的重新思考与实践转型,对类似的生态敏感地区的规划研究与实践有一定的借鉴意义。

Distribution Patterns of Ground Moss Species and Its Relationships with Environmental Factors in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

The relationships of 42 species of ground moss with six environmental factors in 41 sites on Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve were analyzed. Four site groups and four groups of ground moss ecological species were identified using the method of Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). The results of Detrended Canonical. Correspondence Analysis (DCCA) showed that altitude, soil sand content, soil acidity, forest canopy coverage and soil water content are the five major environmental factors influencing the distributional patterns of the moss species. The four groups of ecological species, which correspond well with the four site groups, are projected on the species-environment biplot of DCCA. Group 1 dominated in the bogs of Larix olgensis forest, group 2 in the alpine tundra, group 3 in the dense conifer forest, and group 4 mainly in the Betula ermanii community and the Betula ermanii-Larix olgensis forest in sub-alpine respectively.

长白山森林生态系统服务功能

长白山森林生态系统是亚洲东部最典型的、保存最完好的温带山地森林生态系统, 对维持松花江、鸭绿江和图们江三大流域生态系统的结构和功能具有重要的作 用. 采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法, 对长白山北坡森林生态系统的生态旅游、森林林副产品、木材、涵养水源、水土保持、净化空气、营养元素循环等服务价值及其总体服务价值进行了评估及动态分析. 结果表明, 1999年服务功能价值达3.38 ′ 108万元. 涵养水源服务价值是长白山森林生态系统服务价值的主要部分, 占66%, 涵养水源和净化空气作为森林生态系统最重要的生态功能, 其服务价值占总服务价值的80%, 而木材生产的服务价值仅占总价值的7%. 由此可见, 木材生产并不是森林生态系统服务价值中的主要部分, 充分发展长白山森林生态系统其他的生态功能, 才是发挥其生态系统服务价值的最佳途径.

Spatial pattern of soil carbon and nutrient storage at the Alpine tun-dra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain, China

In August 2003, we investigated spatial pattern in soil carbon and nutrients in the Alpine tundra of Changbai Moun-tain, Jilin Province, China. The analytical results showed that the soil C concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types; the soil C (including inorganic carbon) concentrations at layer below 10 cm are significantly (p<0.05) higher than at layer of 1020 cm among the different vegetation types; the spatial distribution of soil N concentration at top surface of 0-10 cm depth was similar to that at 1020 cm; the soil P concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) lower at Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that at other vegetation types; soil K concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation and Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that in Typical alpine tundra, Meadow alpine tundra, and Swamp alpine tundra vegetations.. However, the soil K had not significant change at different soil depths of each vegetation type. Soil S concentration was dramatically higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types. For each vegetation type, the ratios of C: N, C: P, C: K and C: S generally decreased with soil depth. The ratio of C: N was significantly higher at 010 cm than that at 1020 cm for all vegetation types except at the top layer of the Swamp alpine tundra vegetation. Our study showed that soil C and nutrients storage were significantly spatial heterogeneity.

Response of seedlings of different tree species to elevated CO2 in Changbai Mountain

Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.

长白山生态功能区绿色发展的财政政策研究

近年来东三省处于转型升级阵痛期和关键期,吉林省面临着巨大的经济下行压力,亟须找到新的经济突破口与增长点。本文从吉林省长白山生态功能区经济发展、生态协调层面,探索长白山生态功能区发展对区域增长的影响效应,探索推进长白山生态功能区绿色发展新动能。

Ecological Characteristics of Soil Grown with Tricholoma Matsutake

A 5-year study on the soil ecological environment of matsutake (Trihcholoma Matsutake) growing areas near Changbai Mountains showed that several factors, such as climate, parent material, organism and landform, which form the soil ecosystem provided suitable ecological environment for the formation and growth of matsutake. How to improve the construction and function of the soil ecosystem in order to utilize the natural resource continuously was also studied.

Travel Motivation of Domestic Tourists to the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve in Northeastern China: A Comparative Study

This article seeks to develop a fuller understanding of the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists who visit the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) in Northeastern China. To do so, ecotourists are compared to general travelers visiting this area. A questionnaire was employed to collect data on visitor characteristics and motivations, responses to which were then analyzed via descriptive statistics, T-tests and principal component factor analysis. Results showed that 16% of the visitors to this area were classified as ecotourists, while the remainder general travelers. Five motivations displayed significant differences(P<0.05) between these two types of tourists. Three social motives – boosting self-confidence, feeling at home away from home and being together with family – and two attraction motives – indoor sports and viewing unique landscapes of the CMBR(crater lake, waterfall, gorge and hot spring) – were significantly more important for general travelers(P<0.05); while two social motives of experiencing the tranquility of the natural setting and the natural beauty of the landscape were relatively more important for ecotourists(P<0.1). Results suggest that ecotourists have distinct and complicated attraction and social motives compared to general travelers visiting the CMBR. Results have useful implications for researchers interested in tourist motivations and behavior, as well as for managers who wish to focus their marketing strategies more effectively. National Park of South Africa. Uysal et al.(1994) assessed the travel motives of Australian tourists to U.S. national parks and nature areas and formed five groupings including ‘relaxation/hobbies', ‘novelty', ‘enhancement of kinship relationship', ‘escape', and ‘prestige'. Tao et al.(2004) analyzed motivations of Asian tourists travelling to Taiwan's Taroko National Park using a self-defined approach and found that the most significant benefits sought by self-defined ecotourists are ‘learning about nature' and ‘participating in recreation activities'. Beh and Bruyere(2007) analyzed visitor motivations in three Kenyan national reserves, identifying the three most prominent kinds of tourists as escapers, learners and spiritualists. Pan and Ryan(2007) used factor analysis to reveal five motivational dimensions –‘relaxation', ‘social needs', ‘a sense of belonging', ‘mastery skills', and ‘intellectual needs' – of visitors to the Pirongia Forest Park in New Zealand. Kruger and Saayman(2010) did a comparative study on travel motivations of tourists to Kruger and Tsitsikamma National Parks in South Africa and found that common motives of tourists were ‘escape and relaxation' as well as ‘knowledge seeking', ‘nostalgia' and ‘park attributes'. Despite these efforts, on an overall basis past literature on why visitors travel to national parks and nature areas is still rather limited. In China, a number of empirical studies on tourist motivations have been conducted since the early 1990s(Chen and Miao 2006; Dong 2011; Huang et al. 2011; Jeffrey and Xie 1994; Lu 1997; Ma et al. 2013; Zhang 2012). Some studies have focused on motivations of visitors to nature reserves(Li 2007), geological parks(Chen and Qiao 2010), world heritage sites(Su et al. 2005), and seismic memorial sites(Tang 2014). However, most previous research findings on tourist motivations are not comparable, reflecting the fact that visitors to different parks have quite different motives due to the attributes of particular destinations, the geographic locations of these parks, types of available activities, marketing strategies, and the complexity of travel motives(Chen and Qiao 2010; Pan and Ryan 2007). While it is true that certain motivations were shared in varying degrees by most tourists to these places – i.e., ‘appreciating natural landscapes', ‘family and education', ‘social needs', and ‘perceived prestige of visit' – most previous research has not focused on natural settings as destinations. Thus travel motivations of tourists to these areas must be further explored and clarified in relation to impacts on particular natural areas and patterns of market segmentation. As one of the earliest and largest natural reserves established in China, the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) has long been a draw not only for domestic tourists but also for international visitors, and tourism to the area has been growing steadily since 1980. With the number of visitors to the reserve having climbed to 2.44 million in 2010(Statistical Communiqué of the Changbai Mountain Protection and Development Zone of Jilin Province 2011), it has become imperative for local government officials and reserve wardens to understand tourists' desires and interests when identifying tourism development opportunities. However, the existing literature still suffers from a lack of empirical studies that investigate why people travel to the CMBR and whether tourist motives differ between groups such as ecotourists and general travelers. The target population for this study consists of domestic visitors to the CMBR. The goals of this research include:(1) to identify the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists that influence decisions to visit the CMBR;(2) to explore whether there are any differences between the motivations of these two types of tourists; and(3) to provide some useful management implications for local government and tourism marketers.

跨界生态旅游区整合发展规划对策研究——以长白山生态旅游区为例

近年来,跨区域旅游发展成为旅游发展研究的重要内容。随着国内旅游业的快速发展,围绕旅游资源保护、规划、开发、利用而产生的利益冲突在跨界生态旅游区日益凸显。而在跨界生态旅游区的生态环境保护及基础设施建设等方面,存在各利益主体间职责不清、协调困难等问题。文章以跨界生态旅游区"长白山生态旅游区"为例,以系统学理论、协同学理论、共生理论等为基础,剖析了跨界生态旅游区各利益主体的利益冲突,探寻了利益冲突现状及产生的原因,从而结合实际情况从旅游理念整合、生态旅游资源整合、旅游空间结构整合、旅游交通衔接及基础设施共享等方面提出了相应的规划对策,以期为其它类似地区发展提供借鉴。

中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位研究站

中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位研究站(以下简称"长白山站")位于吉林省安图县二道白河镇(128°28′E、42°24′N),隶属于中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所。长白山站于1979年正式创建,并加入了联合国人与生物圈计划(MAB)。1989年长白山站被批准为中国科学院开放站;1992年被批准为中国科学院生态系统研究网络(CERN)重点站;1993年加入"国际长期生态学研究网络(LTER)";2000年被批准为国家重点开放实验站试点站;2005年被批准为国家野外科学观测研究站,定名为吉林长白山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站;2010年被评为优秀野外台站。

以科技为龙头带动山区经济全面发展——浑江市实行“科技兴市”的初步设想

党的十三大把加快科学技术的发展和应用,提高到在国民经济发展战略中占有总揽全局的首要位置。“科技兴市”发展战略的提出,正是科技工作进入经济建设主战场发挥关键性作用的一项探索。本文就资源型山区城市的实际情况,对浑江市确立“科技兴市”的经济发展战略作些讨论并提出几点建议和设想。一、确立“科技兴市”的客观依据浑江市位于吉林省东南部,地处长白山腹地,系长白山森林生态系统区,自然资源得天独厚,素有“立体资源宝库”之称。是东北三宝——人参、貂皮、鹿茸的故乡。全市森林覆盖率达76％,活立木蓄积量近2亿立方米,占吉林省蓄积量的27.8％,1985年向国家提供木材218万立方米,占全省总量的36％,是我国主要木材生产基地之一;野生经济动植物种类多,经济价值高。据调查统计。