文学生态批评理论研究的困境与超越

生态批评,作为一种新兴的文艺研究方法,其理论研究还处于建设与尝试的状态,尚存在着某些方面的研究盲区和不足,亟需实现新的突破。生态批评的范畴、方法以及生态批评主体素养等理论盲区亟待开垦;生态批评的理论立足点还亟待明辨;生态话语资源的本土发掘及中西融通亟待加强。

当前生态批评理论研究的缺失

作为一种新兴的文学研究方法,生态批评的理论研究还处于建设与尝试的状态,尚存在着某些方面的研究盲区和不足,亟需实现新的突破。生态批评的范畴、方法以及生态批评主体素养等理论盲区亟待开垦;生态批评的理论立足点还亟待明辨;生态话语资源的本土发掘及中西融通亟待加强。

西方生态思潮对我国生态文明理论研究和建设实践的影响

西方生态思潮总的看可划分为以"生态中心论"为基础的"深绿"生态思潮、以人类中心论为基础的"浅绿"生态思潮、以历史唯物主义为基础的生态学马克思主义以及建设性后现代主义生态文明理论四种类型,他们基于不同的理论基础、理论性质和价值立场,围绕着生态本体论、生态价值观、生态发展观等问题展开了激烈的争论,其理论争论根源于自由主义和马克思主义、现代主义与后现代主义、西方中心主义和非西方中心主义之间的分歧。我国学术界对西方生态思潮的研究先后经历了从引进、评介、借鉴到中国形态的生态文明理论的探索四个阶段,由于对西方生态思潮不同流派的借鉴、认同,形成了不同理论谱系的生态文明理论。在这一过程中,我国的生态文明理论研究围绕一些问题产生了激烈的争论:在生态本体论上围绕着如何处理人与自然的关系、如何处理人与人的关系;在生态价值观上围绕着如何处理人类中心主义价值观和生态中心主义价值观、如何理解共同体概念以及树立共同体价值观、生态文明理论研究和建设实践应当树立生态正义还是环境正义的价值取向;在生态发展观上围绕着如何处理经济发展、科技进步和生态文明建设,如何看待生态文明的本质以及如何处理生态文明与工业文明的关系。这些争论展现了西方生态思潮对我国生态文明理论研究和建设实践的理论影响和理论效应。系统清理西方生态思潮的理论得失、理论性质、理论的价值立场及其对我国生态文明理论研究的影响,是建构既促进中国生态治理和生态文明建设又有利于全球环境治理的中国形态的生态文明理论的前提性问题。

生态翻译理论现状及发展趋势研究——基于cite space可视化分析

文本以2001—2021年在国内发表的生态翻译理论领域的学术论文为研究对象,采用文献计量的研究方法,从文献年刊载量、作者合作情况、研究热点、研究前沿等方面分析生态翻译理论发展的总体概况。研究结果表明:生态翻译理论框架基本完善;生态翻译理论研究开始转向精细化术语阐释和深入的理论发展;生态翻译理论的应用研究也在进一步增强。生态翻译理论本体研究、翻译教学、民族翻译是当下生态翻译理论的研究重点,“外宣翻译”“红色旅游翻译”是当前生态翻译理论的热点研究领域。

网络生态平衡理论探讨

随着网络的发展普及,网络环境日益恶化,网络生态系统在一定程度上处于失调状态。因此,唤起人们对网络生态系统的保护意识,规范人们的网络行为,净化网络环境,维持网络生态平衡,是非常有必要的。本文在界定网络生态系统的基础上阐述了网络生态平衡的含义、特征、内容,并主要从网络信息主体角度对网络生态平衡失调及其根源做了深入分析。

微传播时代公安思想政治教育生态研究刍议

微传播时代的到来,为公安思想政治教育研究提供了新的生态语境。整体关联、协调共生、动态平衡的发展理念正成为微传播时代公安思想政治教育生态研究的理论起点。在具体实践中,我们需要从教育主体、教育载体、教育环体三个维度探讨微传播视阈下公安思想政治教育生态系统的构建。

生态马克思主义研究的中国视阈

我国学术界的生态马克思主义研究存在三种研究视阈,即把生态马克思主义看作一种后马克思主义流派,把生态马克思主义看作经典西方马克思主义对生态学关注的结果,把生态马克思主义看作以历史唯物主义为理论底蕴的生态学理论。本文在分析上述三种不同研究视阈的理论得失的基础上,阐发了生态马克思主义理论对推进我国生态文明理论研究的价值和意义,阐明了我国生态文明理论研究应有的致思方向。

生态马克思主义研究的中国视阈

我国学术界的生态马克思主义研究存在三种研究视阈，即把生态马克思主义看作一种后马克思主义流派，把生态马克思主义看作经典西方马克思主义对生态学关注的结果，把生态马克思主义看作以历史唯物主义为理论底蕴的生态学理论。本文在分析上述三种不同研究视阈的理论得失的基础上，阐发了生态马克思主义理论对推进我国生态文明理论研究的价值和意义，阐明了我国生态文明理论研究应有的致思方向。

Effects of probiotic on microfloral structure of live feed used in larval breeding of turbot Scophthalmus maximus

The effects of an exogenous probiotic( Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) on microbial community structure of B ranchionus plicatils and A rtemia sinica were evaluated in this study during turbot( Scophthalmus maximus) larval breeding. The analysis and comparison of the microfloral composition of live feed with probiotic was conducted using the Illumina HiSeq PE250. The abundance of microbial species and diversity of microflora in live feed with B. amyloliquefaciens were higher than those in the control. The microfloral composition was similar among the three replicate experimental groups of B. plicatils compared with the control after enrichment. L actococcus, Pseudoalteromonas, and Alteromonas were always dominant. Additionally, some other bacterial species became dominant during the enrichment process. The microbial community during nutrient enrichment of A. sinica was rather similar among the three control replicates. Relative abundance of Cobetia sp., the most dominant species, was 54%–65.2%. Similarity in the microbial community was still high after adding B. amyloliquefaciens. Furthermore, P seudoalteromonas and Alteromonas replaced Cobetia as the dominant species, and the abundance of Cobetia decreased to 4.3%–25.3%. Mean common ratios at the operational taxonomic unit level were 50%–60% between the two B. plicatils and A. sinica treatments. Therefore, the microbial community structure changed after adding B. amyloliquefaciens during nutrient enrichment of B. plicatils or A. sinica and tended to stabilize. Additionally, the abundance of V ibrio in any kind of live feed was not significantly dif ferent from that in the control. These results will help improve the microflora of B. plicatils and A. sinica and can be used to understand the multiple-level transfer role of probiotic species among probiotic products, microflora of live feed, and fish larvae.

Comparison of intestinal microbiota and activities of digestive and immune-related enzymes of sea cucumber A postichopus japonicus in two habitats

Sea cucumber A postichopus japonicus stock enhancement by releasing hatchery-produced seeds is a management tool used to recover its population under natural environmental conditions. To assess the suitability of releasing sites, we examined the microbiota of the gut contents of A. japonicus from two populations(one in sandy-muddy seagrass beds and one in rocky intertidal reefs) and the microbiota in their surrounding sediments. The activities of digestive and immune-related enzymes in the A. japonicus were also examined. The results indicated that higher bacterial richness and Shannon diversity index were observed in all the seagrass-bed samples. There were significant differences in intestinal and sediment microorganisms between the two habitats, with a 2.87 times higher abundance of Firmicutes in the seagrass bed sediments than that in the reefs. Meanwhile, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were significantly higher abundant in the gut content of A. japonicus from seagrass bed than those from the reefs. In addition, the seagrass-bed samples exhibited a relatively higher abundance of potential probiotics. Principal coordinates analysis and heatmap showed the bacterial communities were classifi ed into two groups corresponding to the two habitat types. Moreover, compared to A. japonicus obtained from rocky intertidal habitat, those obtained from the seagrass bed showed higher lysozyme, superoxide dismutase and protease activities. Our results suggest that bacterial communities present in seagrass beds might enhance the digestive function and immunity of A. japonicus. Therefore, compared with the rocky intertidal reef, seagrass bed seems to be more beneficial for the survival of A. japonicus.

Effects of seawater acidification on the early development of sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis

In this study, we evaluated the effects of CO_2-induced seawater acidification on fertilization, embryogenesis and early larval development in the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis, that inhabits subtidal coastal areas in northern China. The range in seawater p H used in experiments was based on the projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), to the year 2100. A natural seawater treatment(p H_(nbs) =7.98±0.03) and three laboratory-controlled acidified treatments(OA_1, ΔpH_(nbs) =-0.3 units; OA_2, ΔpH_(nbs) =-0.4 units; OA_3, ΔpH_(nbs) =-0.5 units) were used in experiments. Results show that:(1) there was a negative effect of seawater acidification on fertilization and on the percentage of abnormal fertilized eggs;(2) the size of early cleavage stage embryos decreased in a dose-dependent manner with decreasing p H;(3) both the hatching rate of blastulae and the survival rate of four-armed pluteus larvae decreased as pH declined;(4) larval abnormalities including asymmetrical development, changes in the length of skeletal elements, and corroded spicules were observed in all seawater acidified-treatments compared with the control. These data indicate that seawater acidification has a negative impact on the early development of G. crenularis, and supports the hypothesis that the response of echinoderms to ocean acidification(OA) varies among species. Further research is required to clarify the specific cellular mechanisms involved.

The impact of spatial autocorrelation on CPUE standardization between two different fisheries

Catch per unit of eff ort(CPUE) data can display spatial autocorrelation. However, most of the CPUE standardization methods developed so far assumes independency of observations for the dependent variable, which is often invalid. In this study, we collected data of two fisheries, squid jigging fishery and mackerel trawl fishery. We used standard generalized linear model(GLM) and spatial GLMs to compare the impact of spatial autocorrelation on CPUE standardization for different fisheries. We found that spatialGLMs perform better than standard-GLM for both fisheries. The overestimation of precision of CPUE estimates was observed in both fisheries. Moran's I was used to quantify the level of autocorrelation for the two fisheries. The results show that autocorrelation in mackerel trawl fishery was much stronger than that in squid jigging fishery. According to the results of this paper, we highly recommend to account for spatial autocorrelation when using GLM to standardize CPUE data derived from commercial fisheries.

Comparative study of the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of nematocyst venoms from the jellyfish Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye and Nemopilema nomurai Kishinouye

Two species of jellyfish, Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye and Nemopilema nomurai Kishinouye, have occurred offcoastal areas of the northeastern China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea in recent years. They influence marine ecosystem safety and fishery production, and also pose a risk to human health. The current study examined the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of crude venoms extracted from the nematocysts of C. nozakii and N. nomurai. The results showed that there were more nematocysts on tentacles from C. nozakii than on tentacles of the same length from N. nomurai. The protein concentration per nematocyst extracted from N. nomurai was higher than that from C. nozakii. Both nematocyst venoms showed dose-and timedependent hemolytic activity on erythrocytes from chicken, pigeon, and sheep, with sheep erythrocytes being the most sensitive, with EC 50 values of 69.69 and 63.62 μg/m L over a 30-min exposure with N. nomurai and C. nozakii nematocyst venoms, respectively. A cytotoxic assay of both jellyfish venoms on A431 human epidermal carcinoma cells resulted in IC 50 values of 68.6 and 40.9 μg/mL after 24-h incubation, respectively, with venom from C. nozakii showing stronger cytotoxic activity than that from N. nomurai. The results of current study indicate that nematocyst venom from C. nozakii had stronger hemolytic and cytotoxic activities than that from N. nomurai and, thus, C. nozakii might be more harmful to the health of humans and other species than are N. nomurai when they appear in coastal waters.

A novel male-associated marker for sex identification in Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

The Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis is a promising aquaculture fish with sexual dimorphism that males grow 2–3 times faster than females. Therefore, all-male breeding could increase production of this fish, and sex-linked markers would be useful during the breeding process. In this study, a male-associated marker named PuGT54 was isolated in P. ussuriensis from a previously constructed microsatellite library. A total of 185 P. ussuriensis individuals containing 95 females and 90 males were used to test the usage of this maker. And results showed that sexes of all individuals were successfully identified, indicating the high reliability and accuracy of this marker for sex identifi cation. Furthermore, the male-specifi c fragment amplifi ed by this maker was cloned and sequenced, which was 118 base pairs in length. As homologous genes of this fragment was not found through BLASTn, detailed information of the male-specifi c fragment is unknown presently. Nevertheless, this marker would be helpful in conservation, breeding and ecological study of P. ussuriensis.

Development and evaluation of specific PCR primers targeting the ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region of peritrich ciliates in environmental samples

Peritrich ciliates are highly diverse and can be important bacterial grazers in aquatic ecosystems. Morphological identifi cations of peritrich species and assemblages in the environment are time-consuming and expertise-demanding. In this study, two peritrich-specifi c PCR primers were newly designed to amplify a fragment including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region of ribosomal rDNA from environmental samples. The primers showed high specifi city in silico, and in tests with peritrich isolates and environmental DNA. Application of these primers in clone library construction and sequencing yielded exclusively sequences of peritrichs for water and sediment samples. We also found the ITS1, ITS2, ITS, D1 region of 28 S rDNA, and ITS+D1 region co-varied with, and generally more variable than, the V9 region of 18 S rDNA in peritrichs. The newly designed specifi c primers thus provide additional tools to study the molecular diversity, community composition, and phylogeography of these ecologically important protists in dif ferent systems.

Definitions and progress of ecosystem health and ecological security

Along with industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and the states of ecosystem health and ecological security have also deteriorated. As the basic needs for human survival, ecosystem health and ecological security possess very important meanings. Therefore, ecosystem health and ecological security have become research hot topics in recent decades. This paper reviewed the developments of definitions and applications of ecosystem health and ecological security, and found that the research on ecosystem health had achieved a lot. However, the research on ecological security was still relatively undeveloped. Moreover, there are also some confusion between the concepts of ecosystem health and ecological security. We consider that ecosystem health indicates the status of the ecosystem in normal conditions, whereas, ecological security indicates the capabilities of an ecosystem to react to external accidents or extremely adverse effects. An ecosystem which is healthy does not mean that it is secure. However, the ecological security requires an ecosystem to possess the capacity for integrity against any risk, and ecosystem health is the precondition to ecological security.

Otolith shape analysis for stock discrimination of two Collichthys genus croaker(Pieces:Sciaenidae,)from the northern Chinese coast

The otolith morphology of two croaker species(C ollichthys lucidus and C ollichthys niveatus) from three areas(Liaodong Bay, LD; Huanghe(Yellow) River estuary, HRE; Jiaozhou Bay, JZ) along the northern Chinese coast were investigated for species identifi cation and stock discrimination. The otolith contour shape described by elliptic Fourier coefficients(EFC) were analysed using principal components analysis(PCA) and stepwise canonical discriminant analysis(CDA) to identify species and stocks. The two species were well dif ferentiated, with an overall classifi cation success rate of 97.8%. And variations in the otolith shapes were significant enough to discriminate among the three geographical samples of C. lucidus(67.7%) or C. niveatus(65.2%). Relatively high mis-assignment occurred between the geographically adjacent LD and HRE samples, which implied that individual mixing may exist between the two samples. This study yielded information complementary to that derived from genetic studies and provided information for assessing the stock structure of C. lucidus and C. niveatus in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.

De novo transcriptome sequencing reveals candidate genes involved in orange shell coloration of bay scallop Argopecten irradians

Molluscan shell color has received persistent attention for its distinctive diversity and complexity. In the present study, six transcriptome libraries obtained from two developmental stages, pre-pigmentation and post-pigmentation, were used for paired-end sequencing in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. In total, 289 839 646 paired-end reads were assembled into 70 929 transcripts. Using BLASTX and BLASTN, 30 896 unigenes were successfully annotated against the SWISS-PROT, NR, and KOG database. Gene ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes classification identified numbers of unigenes involved in biomineralization and pigmentation. Digital gene expression analysis revealed that melanin, trace metal elements and porphyrins are potentially involved in shell coloration of A. irradians.

A potential germ cell-specific marker in Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus：identification and characterization of lymphocyte antigen 75(Ly75/CD205)

Some germ cell marker genes, such as vasa, nanos, and dead end( dnd), have been identified in fish. Recently, lymphocyte antigen 75(Ly75/CD205) has been identified as a mitotic germ cell-specific cell-surface marker in several fish species. In this study, the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus ly75 homolog( ly75) was cloned and its expression pattern in gonads was analyzed. The full-length c DNA of ly75 was 7 346 bp, with an open reading frame(ORF) of 5 229 bp. The ORF encoded a protein containing 1 742 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 196.89 k Da. In adult tissues, ly75 transcripts were detected in all analyzed tissues but abundantly in the testis. In in-situ hybridization analyses, ly75 mRNA was predominantly localized in oocytes in the ovary and spermatogonia in the testis, but ly75 mRNA was not detected in oogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, or spermatozoa. These results indicated that ly75 could be a potential germ cell-specific marker in P. olivaceus, as in other fishes.

The first complete organellar genomes of an Antarctic red alga,Pyropia endiviifolia:insights into its genome architecture and phylogenetic position within genus Pyropia(Bangiales,Rhodophyta)

Pyropia species grow in the intertidal zone and are cold-water adapted. To date, most of the information about the whole plastid and mitochondrial genomes(ptDNA and mtDNA) of this genus is limited to Northern Hemisphere species. Here, we report the sequencing of the ptDNA and mtDNA of the Antarctic red alga Pyropia endiviifolia using the Illumina platform. The plastid genome(195 784 bp, 33.28% GC content) contains 210 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 6 rRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome(34 603 bp, 30.5% GC content) contains 26 protein-coding genes, 25 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes. Our results suggest that the organellar genomes of Py. endiviifolia have a compact organization. Although the collinearity of these genomes is conserved compared with other Pyropia species, the genome sizes show significant differences, mainly because of the different copy numbers of rDNA operons in the pt DNA and group II introns in the mtDNA. The other Pyropia species have 2–3 distinct intronic ORFs in their cox 1 genes, but Py. endiviifolia has no introns in its cox 1 gene. This has led to a smaller mtDNA than in other Pyropia species. The phylogenetic relationships within Pyropia were examined using concatenated gene sets from most of the available organellar genomes with both the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The analysis revealed a sister taxa affiliation between the Antarctic species Py. endiviifolia and the North American species Py. kanakaensis.