乌梁素海流域生态系统服务变化与驱动力分析

乌梁素海流域作为中国重要的粮食产区和北方生态屏障,其区域生态—社会—经济可持续发展至关重要。运用回归分析对土壤保持、碳储量、产水量、食物供给与水质净化在2000—2010年、2010—2018年、2000—2018年的服务变化和空间变化格局进行分析,在流域尺度上探讨降水、气温、坡度、植被覆盖度等因素对各项服务的影响。结果表明:乌梁素海流域生态系统服务土壤保持最大的影响因素是坡度、植被覆盖度和森林、草地、耕地面积,碳储量最大的影响因素是第三产业产值和各类用地面积,产水量最大的影响因素是降水、建设用地和未利用地面积,食物供给最大的影响因素是第一产业产值、耕地面积和人口密度;耕地面积、第一产业产值和人口密度对水质净化影响较大。通过识别研究区的主导驱动因素和驱动机制,有助于掌控生态系统服务的变化规律,优化生态管理对策,为生态保护政策的可持续实施提供科学依据。

武夷山小流域生态系统服务(簇)权衡/协同及对地形起伏度的响应

地形起伏度(RDLS)通过影响生态系统的格局、过程和功能而作用于生态系统服务,揭示二者间的作用关系对提升生态系统服务认知具有重要意义。综合运用地形起伏度模型、InVEST模型、K-mean聚类分析、生态系统服务变化指数(ESCI)及权衡协同度指数(ESTD)等方法,探究2009—2016年武夷山国家公园武夷山九曲溪流域主要生态系统服务、生态系统服务簇及其权衡/协同关系对地形起伏度的响应规律。结果表明:①2009—2016年生物多样性维持、固碳、水源涵养和水质净化服务及其增益面积均随着RDLS等级的升高而增加。②生态脆弱型服务簇聚集在RDLS较低地方,生态调节型服务簇则聚集在RDLS较高区域,而生态保育型服务簇无明显分布规律。2009—2016年,RDLS较低和较高区域分别有19%、18%的生态保育型服务簇转变为生态脆弱型服务簇和生态调节型服务簇。③生态系统服务权衡/协同关系对RDLS的响应模式有两种模式,即以二级或四级RDLS为峰值的倒U型曲线(固碳与生物多样性维持的权衡关系,固碳与水源涵养的协同关系)和以二级、四级RDLS为拐点的N型曲线(水质净化与固碳、水源涵养的协同关系,水质净化与生物多样性维持的权衡关系)。

中部地区生态系统服务价值评估与权衡协同关系分析

基于2011—2020年中部地区土地利用数据及社会经济数据,采用当量因子法及ESCI模型分析中部四省生态系统服务价值及其变化,并使用ESTD模型分析各生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系。结果显示:(1)从四省整体来看,各单项生态系统服务价值的排序为水文调节、气候调节、气体调节、净化环境、水资源供给、维持生物多样性、土壤保持、美学景观、食物生产、原材料生产、维持养分循环,2011—2015年各项生态系统服务均呈上升趋势,2015—2020年均呈下降趋势;(2)中部地区四省生态系统服务价值排名为湖北省>安徽省>山西省>河南省,价值分布呈现明显的东南高,西北低的格局,各省用地ESV均呈不同程度的增减;(3)中部四省整体呈协同关系,河南省和湖北省2011—2020年都呈协同关系,而山西省、安徽省权衡协同关系并存。

Impacts of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Value in Yanchi County of Ningxia

Based on TM image data in 1989, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2009 of Yanchi County of Ningxia, the land use date of Yanchi County in each year were extracted supported by RS and GIS technology, and used to analyze the dynamic change of land use. The land use data were studied for estimating the change of ecosystem services value caused by the land use change of Yanchi County, using the evaluation method of China terrestrial ecosystem services value. The results showed that the changes of land use were obvious during 1989 to 2009. The area of woodland and construction land had an increasing tendency; grassland area changed from decreasing to increasing, which was in contrary to farmland and un-used land areas （from increasing to decreasing）; water area fluctuated slightly. The ecosystem services value of Yanchi County had an increasing tendency during 1989 to 1995, because the increasing woodland area had took the major role in raising the total ecosystem services value. The grassland accounted for a large proportion of the total ecosystem service value of Yanchi County, with its contribution rate from 49.8% to 60.4%. And the composition of the ecosystem services value of Yanchi County happened benign change for the increasing contribution rate of woodland. The ecosystem services value sensitivity index of each land use type was less than 1, indicating that the ecosystem services value of Yanchi County lacks flexibility on its service value index, and the research results are reliable.

Response of Ecosystem Service Value Based on Land Use Changes and Analysis of its Driving Factors in Typical Hilly Region with Red Soil

The contribution rate of ecosystem service value variation was used to analyze the effects of land use changes on the changes of ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005.Grey integrated correlation was employed to explore the contribution level of the indicators such as total population,urbanization level,proportion of primary industry and investment of social fixed assets on ecosystem service value,and the correlation analysis was also carried out.The results showed that the ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005 mainly was woodland,and the decrease of woodland area was the major reason for the sustained reduction of ecosystem service value.With the further increase of market demand and the incentives of local government,the garden area rapidly increased during 2001-2005,and the influence degree of garden towards the changes of ecosystem service value was only second to woodland,ranking No.2.Four socio-economic indicators had different correlation degree with ecosystem service value during the different research periods.Total population,urbanization level and proportion of primary industry had high correlation degree with ecosystem service value,whereas the influence degree of various socio-economic indicators on ecosystem service value was equal with each other day by day.Urbanization level,investment of social fixed assets and total population had significant negative correlation with ecosystem service value,while the proportion of primary industry had positive correlation with ecosystem service value.

Impacts of land-use change on ecosystem service value in Changsha,China

Changsha,a typical city in central China,was selected as the study area to assess the variations of ecosystem service value on the basis of land-use change. The analysis not only included the whole city but also the urban district where the landscape changed more rapidly in the center of the city. Two LANDSAT TM data sets in 1986 and 2000 and land use data of five urban districts from 1995 to 2005 were used to estimate the changes in the size of six land use categories. Meanwhile,previously published value coefficients were used to detect the changes in the value of ecosystem services delivered by each land category. The result shows that the total value of ecosystem services in Changsha declines from $1 009.28 million per year in 1986 to $938.11 million per year in 2000. This decline is largely attributable to the increase of construction land,and the conversion from woodland and water body to cropland to keep the crop production. In the five districts,there is $6.19 million decline in ecosystem service value between 1995 and 2005. Yuelu District has the highest unit ecosystem service value while Yuhua District has the lowest one. This may be attributed to the greater conversion from cropland and grassland to woodland and water body with the increase of construction land in Yuelu District. It is suggested that the increase rate of construction land should be controlled rigorously and the area of woodland and water body should be increased or at least retained in the study area.

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing:Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Miyun County,located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing,was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years.This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005,and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation.With two-periods TM images,we got land use change data,and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi.Results showed that water area,farm land and unused land decreased while residential land,forest land,grassland and orchard land increased during the study period.The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area.As for spatial variation,there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region.The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable.The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development.More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.

Dynamic Simulation of Carbon Sequestration by Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica

Based on the functional process of carbon sequestration of forest, we categorize carbon sequestration in two parts： carbon capture and carbon storage. Here,Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica was used to simulate the dynamic changing process of carbon sequestration of forest in a century using tree growth formula and the cost of carbon capture and sequestration. We found that the total carbon captured and stored by 100-year-old P. sylvestris var.mongolica are both 966 kg C tree^-1. On the assumption that the current year is the planting year, the present total carbon sequestration value （capital value） of 100-year-old P. sylvesrtis var.mongolica is 54.78 USD tree^-1 at the discount rate of 3%, with the present total carbon capture value of 18.92 USD tree^-1 and carbon storage value of 35.86 USD tree^-1. The dynamic process of the annual value of carbon capture is ilustrated by an upside-down U shape curve, while that of carbon storage service folows an S shape curve. The combination of the dynamic processes of carbon capture value and carbon storage value represent the changing process of carbon sequestration value, which appears to be an S shape curve.

A Review on the Driving Mechanisms of Ecosystem Services Change

Ecosystem services have rapidly changed at the global and regional scales in recent years. Exploring the driving mechanisms of ecosystem services change and projecting future change are of increasing importance to inform policy and decision-making options for ecosystem conservation and sustainable use. Although some research has analyzed the influences of land use or climate changes on ecosystem services, a systematic review on the mechanisms of ecosystem services change has not been carried out so far. This work elaborated on the mechanisms of ecosystem services change based on a literature review, and reached four main conclusions.(1)Climate change and land use jointly determine the ecosystem services change through complex and interacting pathways.(2) Whereas the present research progresses mainly focus on the identification of a single influencing factor, they fail in the determination of multiple influencing factors.(3) Although multi-scenario simulations based on remote sensing and climate models are the main means used to predict future changes in ecosystem services,clarifying the interactive mechanisms of multiple factors is the precondition for future projection of ecosystem services change;(4) Therefore, future research should strengthen the analysis and simulation of the effects of human activities on ecosystem services, especially the development of technology to detect the dynamic responses of ecosystem services to major ecological projects, which is crucial to the selection of restoration measures and the regional arrangement of ecosystem conservation projects.

Consumption of Ecosystem Services in Laos

The exponential increase of ecosystem utilization has instigated a serious conflict between ecosystem services and residents'needs.The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly influenced Laotian production and living,and the scientific assessment of the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos is important for exploring residents'influence on the ecosystem.Based on data for the Laotian consumption of agricultural products,fruits and livestock products during 1961-2013,normalized by either harvest index or feed conversion ratio,this study draws three main conclusions.1)Ecosystem service consumption in Laos is centered on the consumption of farmland,forestry and grassland ecosystem services,which account for over 80%,over 10%and under 2%,showing downward,upward and constant trends,respectively.The consumption of these ecosystem services shows a trend of increasing first,then fluctuating,and finally increasing.2)The consumption of ecosystem services in Laos was characterized by the mode of"dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services"from 1961 to 2008,and the mode of“balanced development of consumption of farmland,forest and grassland ecosystem services”from 2008 to 2013,with a trend of transformation from the former into the latter.3)The formation and change in the consumption mode of Laotian ecosystem services have been affected by both supply and trade.Laos developed agriculture mainly during the period from 1961 to 2008,forming the mode of"dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services".This development benefited from the enriched varieties of imports as well as the increased value of trade and import volume.However,the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos after 2008 changed from the mode of“dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services”to one of“balanced development of consumption of farmland,forest and grassland ecosystem services".This study provides an empirical reference for research on the consumption of ecosystem services.

Delimiting Ecological Space and Simulating Spatial-temporal Changes in Its Ecosystem Service Functions based on a Dynamic Perspective: A Case Study on Qionglai City of Sichuan Province, China

Delimiting ecological space scientifically and making reasonable predictions of the spatial-temporal trend of changes in the dominant ecosystem service functions(ESFs) are the basis of constructing an ecological protection pattern of territorial space, which has important theoretical significance and application value. At present, most research on the identification, functional partitioning and pattern reconstruction of ecological space refers to the current ESFs and their structural information, which ignores the spatial-temporal dynamic nature of the comprehensive and dominant ESFs, and does not seriously consider the change simulation in the dominant ESFs of the future ecological space. This affects the rationality of constructing an ecological space protection pattern to some extent. In this study, we propose an ecological space delimitation method based on the dynamic change characteristics of the ESFs, realize the identification of the ecological space range in Qionglai City and solve the problem of ignoring the spatial-temporal changes of ESFs in current research. On this basis, we also apply the Markov-CA model to integrate the spatial-temporal change characteristics of the dominant ESFs, successfully realize the simulation of the spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs in Qionglai City’s ecological space in 2025, find a suitable method for simulating ecological spatial-temporal changes and also provide a basis for constructing a reasonable ecological space protection pattern. This study finds that the comprehensive quantity of ESF and its annual rate of change in Qionglai City show obvious dynamics, which confirms the necessity of considering the dynamic characteristics of ESFs when identifying ecological space. The areas of ecological space in Qionglai city represent 98307 ha by using the ecological space identification method proposed in this study, which is consistent with the ecological spatial distribution in the local ecological civilization construction plan. This confirms the reliability of the ecological space identification method based on the dynamic characteristics of the ESFs. The results also show that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai City represented strong non-stationary characteristics during 2003–2019,which showed that we should fully consider the influence of the dynamics in the dominant ESFs on the future ESF pattern during the process of constructing the ecological spatial protection pattern. The Markov-CA model realized the simulation of spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs with a high precision Kappa coefficient of above 0.95, which illustrated the feasibility of using this model to simulate the future dominant ESF spatial pattern. The simulation results showed that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai will still undergo mutual conversions during 2019–2025 due to the effect of the their non-stationary nature. The ecological space will still maintain the three dominant ESFs of primary product production, climate regulation and hydrological regulation in 2025, but their areas will change to 32793 ha, 52490 ha and 13024 ha, respectively. This study can serve as a scientific reference for the delimitation of the ecological conservation redline, ecological function regionalization and the construction of an ecological spatial protection pattern.

Ecosystem Service Value Evolution and Security Pattern Optimization in Huaihai Economic Zone

The ecological and environmental effects caused by land use change have attracted global attention.Huaihai Economic Zone, as the core of the Huaihe River ecological economic belt, has experienced a reciprocal evolution of land use, ecological security and regional economic development. Based on multi-stage land use data extracted by Google Earth Engine(GEE), the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of ecosystem service value(ESV) evolution in Huaihai Economic Zone from 1998 to 2018 were analyzed with the help of ESV assessment and a minimum accumulated resistance model(MCR), and the regional ecological security pattern(ESP) was optimized. The results show that ESV intensity has obvious spatial differentiation, which is higher in northeastern China and lower in southwestern China. The median ESV area accounted for the largest proportion, while the high and low ESV areas accounted for a small proportion. The characteristics of EVS temporal and spatial differentiation show decreasing and increasing grades. From the perspective of development period, the ESV grade changes show a positive trend. In the optimization of the ecological security pattern, 26 important ecological sources, 22main landscape ecological corridors, and 65 ecological strategic nodes were optimized and identified, and the middle-level ecological security zone accounted for the largest proportion. The main reasons for the changes in the ESV and ESP are closely related to the changes in local natural resources and the changes and adjustments in government protection policies. These research results can provide a reference for inter-provincial territorial space protection and the formulation of a sustainable development strategy.