从生态系统利益到生态系统刑事法益——生态系统法益的概念廓清与刑事化研究

生态系统法益刑事化研究是一个跨生态学、经济学、刑法学和环保法学等多学科的综合性问题。生态系统利益是生态利益的首要组成,而我国传统环境刑法更注重对环境犯罪中人身和财产法益的保护,忽视对环境法益本身的立法和司法保障。作为自然利益,欲实现向法益的桥接,首先要廓清环境利益与其他生态要素利益在自然科学范畴上的内涵,而后论证生态系统利益上升为生态系统法益之应然性,为生态系统刑事法益证立。另外,论者拟对当代中国生态刑事法益保护的发展困境做初步分析,并提出解决途径。

云南玉溪市生态系统固碳核算实证分析

采用统一、便捷、准确的方法,在地方、县级开展生态系统固碳能力的测度,更好地服务政府决策是地方政府急需破解的难题,但目前缺少系统性研究。本文针对该选题开展研究,利用遥感技术和基于CASA模型的净生态系统生产力法和固碳速率法,计算云南省玉溪市各县区森林、草地、农田和湿地生态系统固碳量,结果显示该地区森林固碳量占比达95.4%,是固碳的主力军。本文通过比较分析认为:采用净生态系统生产力测算森林生态系统固碳能力是科学的,采用固碳速率法研究草地、农田和湿地生态系统固碳量是便捷的;森林对玉溪市固碳能力具有极大的贡献;峨山、新平、元江三县剩余的固碳量可吸收其他地区碳排放;单位GDP二氧化碳净排放量更适合用来衡量地区经济发展对环境的影响。研究结论特别是云南省完善生态统计监测调查制度,探索“碳中和”评价指标,为全国各地提供了一定的借鉴思路。

基于生态系统服务功能价值理论的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究——以哈尔滨市为例

本文以生态系统服务功能价值理论为基础，结合哈尔滨市各种土地利用类型的面积变化，对哈尔滨市土地利用总体规划2006-2020年进行环境影响评价。结果表明：2006年哈尔滨市生态系统服务总价值为5003240．42万元；到2020年该值达到5107551．83万元，规划期内生态系统服务总价值增加了104311．41万元。增加幅度为2．08％，生态价值的总增加量为127018．2万元。生态价值的总减少量为22706．81万元；研究期内，哈尔滨市土地利用类型耕地和草地面积净减少；林地、园地面积净增加；由于林地和园地面积增加幅度远远大于耕地和草地减少的幅度，因此弥补了其造成的生态系统服务价值的下降。研究结果说明该规划对哈尔滨市生态环境状况的改善起到了促进作用，有利于生态环境保护目标的实现。

池州国家级生态经济示范区生态系统价值的计算

利用Mark·T·Brown的自然资本能值法和Costanza的生态系统效益价值法,从经济角度分别计算了池州生态经济示范区的生态系统的资本价值和效益价值,得出该示范区生态资本可达7899亿美元,其中缓慢可更新生态资本和不可更新资本分别占24 8%和75 2%,是2001年本地区GDP值的1000倍;生态效益价值达192 3亿元人民币,是2001年本地区GDP的3 1倍,生态系统对环境贡献率大。通过价值计算进一步论证了池州生态经济示范区的生态示范作用,为充分合理地发挥生态系统效益促进经济与自然协调发展提供科学依据。

美国城市生态系统分析技术简介

美国森林协会正在全国范围内评价城市森林，他们已经研制出描绘陆地区域结构的方法——城市生态系统分析法（UEA）。UEA法包含卫星数据的技术分析，地理信息系统（含有自行研制的城市绿化应用软件）的应用，城市生态学知识以及与城市生态系统分析过程有关的科学和工程知识等。

自然保护区体系构建方法综述

如何构建合理的自然保护区体系一直是自然保护领域的热点问题。在对国内外自然保护区体系构建文献进行综述的前提下,具体介绍了生物地理区划法、热点地区分析法、保护空缺分析法、生态系统服务功能法4种自然保护区构建的方法和途径,讨论了各种方法的实用性和局限性。在此基础上,对各种方法在实践应用中的前景和趋势进行了展望,以期能为我国自然保护区体系构建研究和实践提供一定参考。

气候变化对生物多样性保护的国际法概念的影响

气候变化正在对生物多样性的保护构成挑战,国际社会的重视程度和应对策略还有待完善。生态系统法以其固有的内涵优势,理所当然成为气候变化背景下生物多样性国际法保护的基本原则。景观连结,通过生境廊道设置,将碎片化的栖息地连结成网络,促进物种在更广阔的景观范围内运动。实践中的保护实例也给生物多样性国际保护策略的制定带来启发。

区域土地整理综合效益测算——以徐州市贾汪区为例

土地整理效益评价是土地整理技术研究的一项基础工作。土地整理具有经济产出价值、生态服务价值及社会保障价值,针对这3种价值,本文分别提出3种测算方法即传统市场法、土地生态系统服务价值系数法、替代市场法。传统市场法即采用收益还原法;生态功能价值系数法是根据各地类生态服务价值系数,来测算土地整理实施的生态服务价值;而替代市场法则以土地作为农民社会保障的替代物,以用商业保险的方式计算一次性投保所需的资金作为土地整理社会保险的价值。本文以徐州市贾汪区为例,全面、科学地测算了区域土地整理带来的价值,研究表明:该区域自1999年以来,土地整理效益总价值达9.98×108元,其中经济产出价值达5.57×108元,社会保障价值达7.10×108元,达到了增加有效耕地,改善经营生产条件的目的;然而生态服务价值却损失2.69×108元,表明土地整理的生态风险防治还没有纳入土地整理的内容。本文所提出的方法可以很好地测算土地整理经济效益、社会效益、生态效益的经济价值,为综合评价土地整理效益并指导土地整理的实践活动提供依据。

Dynamic Changes of Land Ecological Carrying Capacity Based on the Ecological Footprint——By the Case Study of Chengdu City

Chengdu City is in the period of rapid urbanization and industrialization, and the disturbance derived from human activities on environment is increasing remarkablely in recent 20 years. The pressure on environment, economy and population is also increasing and land use in Chengdu has changed enormously. As struc- ture and function of land ecological system change obviously, sustainable development of land productivity has been an important goal and strategic task from now on, and it is necessary to systematically research land ecological carrying capacity based on ecological footprint. The ecological footprint of Chengdu City in the past ten years was calculated and analyzed from the spatial and temporal aspects according to statistical data from 1998 to 2008, as per ecological footprint method, ecological carrying capacity and the GIS spatial analysis method, and regression analysis method. The ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity values from 2009 to 2019 in Chengdu City were predicted through calculation results in the past ten years. The results show that the ecological footprint and ecological deficit of land use from 1998 to 2008 increased in Chengdu City. The ecological deficit of land use within the city center was in high levels in the past ten years, and the ecological footprint kept raising, especially in areas, such as Shuangliu, Chongzhou, Qingyang among 9 city areas, 4 counties and 6 districts in Chengdu City. There is fanlike distribution of ecological deficit of land use. Analysis shows that the social and natural ecological system is uneven distribution, which is not in sustainable de- velopment situation. The results of the study show that the economic, social and natural ecological system in Chengdu City is not sustainable, and the ecological foot- print is uneven distribution. The analysis of the dynamic change of land ecological carrying capacity in Chengdu City is very important for city government in the pro- cess of the vigorous development in new Tianfu Xinqu, and redevelopment in the northern part of this city.

Species Diversity and Population Status of Threatened Plants in Different Landscape Elements of the Rohtang Pass,Western Himalaya

This paper highlights the quantitative estimates of plant species diversity and ecosystems of the Rohtang Pass,which is one of the most preferred visiting spots by tourists in Himachal Pradesh (H.P.),India. In spite of high pressure of anthropogenic activities,the Rohtang Pass still harbours a variety of flowering plants with economic value,including various medicinal herbs. In order to observe species diversity in different landscape elements (LSEs),ground surveys were conducted in nine unique LSEs within the elevation range between 3624 m and 4332 m. Plant community structure in each LSE was studied using stratified random sampling where a total 56 quadrats of 1 m2 in size for herbs and 7 quadrats of 25 m2 for shrubs were made. Of the total 50 plant species belonging to 15 families recorded in different random quadrats,24 species were found of medicinal value. Maximum species richness (18) and value of Shannon diversity (H'=2.2648) were observed on northeast-facing slope in Picrorhiza kurrooa dominated LSE in moist area,followed by Rheum emodi LSE (species richness = 17 and H' = 2.4141) distributed on south-facing slope. Maximum values of species richness and Shannon diversity in Rheum emodi LSE were observed between 8 ～ 12 and 1.4797 ～ 2.1911,respectively. Rhododendron anthopogon dominated LSE on northwest-facing slope was found least diverse in terms of species richness where the Simpson index of dominance (D) was 0.4205. The species were equal in abundance in P. kurrooa LSE on east-facing slope and Pleurospermum candollii LSE on north-facing slope,showing the maximum similarity in terms of species distribution between the two LSEs. Low turnover of species across common LSEs gives an idea regarding their limited distribution. Five species of threatened category according to the IUCN criteria were observed in seven LSEs. The largest population of threatened medicinal plants was recorded on northeast and northwest-facing slopes where population density of Bergenia stracheyi (29.25 individuals/m2),Picrorhiza kurrooa (19.83 individuals/m2) and Rhododendron anthopogon (26.23 individuals/25m2) was highest. Aconitum heterophyllum was recorded for the lowest density (1 individual/m2). It was observed that the distribution of medicinal plants was very habitat-specific. Lower soil pH in most of the LSEs reflected its acidic nature. A significant positive correlation of Shannon diversity was found with soil organic matter,carbon content available and total nitrogen. Considering the continuous pressure of anthropogenic activities,this paper suggests effective ecotourism planning and plant conservation mechanisms to protect valuable plant bioresource at the Rohtang Pass.

Classification of marine diatoms using pigment ratio suites

Diatoms are widely distributed in many temperate areas and some species frequently form extensive blooms in spring. Hence, monitoring the variations of specific genera or species of diatoms is necessary for studying phytoplankton population dynamics in marine ecosystems. To test whether pigment ratios can be used to identify diatoms at a below-class taxonomic level, we analyzed 14 species/strains of diatoms isolated from Chinese seas using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. We normalized all pigment concentrations to total chlorophyll a to calculate the ratios of pigment to chlorophyll a, and calculated the ratios between accessory pigments （or pigment sums）. Cluster analysis indicated that these diatoms could be classified into four clusters in terms of three accessory pigment ratios： chlorophyll c2： chlorophyll Cl, fucoxanthin：total chlorophyll c and diadinoxanthin：diatoxanthin. The classification results matched well with those of biological taxonomy. To test the stability of the classification, pigment data from one species, cultured under different light intensities, and five new species/strains were calculated and used for discriminant analysis. The results show that the classification of diatom species using pigment ratio suites was stable for the variations of pigment ratios of species cultured in different light intensities. The introduction of new species, however, may confuse the classification within the current scheme. Classification of marine diatoms using pigment ratio suites is potentially valuable for the fine chemotaxonomy of phytoplankton at taxonomic levels below class and would advance studies on phytoplankton population dynamics and marine ecology.

Application of a Derivative-Free Method with Projection Skill to Solve an Optimization Problem

Improving numerical forecasting skill in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences by solving optimization problems is an important issue. One such method is to compute the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP), which has been applied widely in predictability studies. In this study, the Differential Evolution(DE) algorithm, which is a derivative-free algorithm and has been applied to obtain CNOPs for exploring the uncertainty of terrestrial ecosystem processes, was employed to obtain the CNOPs for finite-dimensional optimization problems with ball constraint conditions using Burgers' equation. The aim was first to test if the CNOP calculated by the DE algorithm is similar to that computed by traditional optimization algorithms, such as the Spectral Projected Gradient(SPG2) algorithm. The second motive was to supply a possible route through which the CNOP approach can be applied in predictability studies in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences without obtaining a model adjoint system, or for optimization problems with non-differentiable cost functions. A projection skill was first explanted to the DE algorithm to calculate the CNOPs. To validate the algorithm, the SPG2 algorithm was also applied to obtain the CNOPs for the same optimization problems. The results showed that the CNOPs obtained by the DE algorithm were nearly the same as those obtained by the SPG2 algorithm in terms of their spatial distributions and nonlinear evolutions. The implication is that the DE algorithm could be employed to calculate the optimal values of optimization problems, especially for non-differentiable and nonlinear optimization problems associated with the atmospheric and oceanic sciences.

Wetland Economic Valuation Approaches and Prospects in China

Ecosystem services valuation seeks to increase the social relevance of ecosystem characteristics, the underlying biological mechanisms that support services, by making the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being explicit. Economic valuation can help management by clarifying the full range of benefits and costs of proposed management actions. In the past two decades, economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services has become one of the most significant scientific priorities for wetland protection. In this paper, we provide an overview of ecosystem services, and summarize the main interdisciplinary approaches to measure and value wetland ecosystem services. We identified four main methodological gaps preventing progress on wetland valuation of ecosystem services in China, which are: 1) confusion on terminology like intermediate and final ecosystem services, 2) lack of ecological production functions to link ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services, 3) static valuation making it difficult to evaluate the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, and 4) lack of clear guidance on relating ecological compensation programs to conservation targets. Overcoming these gaps is important to inform wetland compensation mechanisms and conservation policies. We propose future research on wetland ecosystem services in China should be focused on: 1) defining final ecosystem services based on beneficiary preferences and underlying biophysical mechanisms, 2) establishing wetland monitoring programs at specific sites to collect data on final ecosystem service indicators and ecosystem characteristic metrics to create ecological production functions for economic valuation and rescaling techniques, and 3) incorporating wetland ecosystem service values into decision-making processes to inform wetland management.

Energy, Environment, Economic Life Cycle Assessment of Cassava-based Ethanol Used as Automotive Fuel in Guangxi Province, China

A life-cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to compare the energy, environmental and economic impacts of converting cassava to fuel ethanol in Guangxi Province, China. The entire life cycle is a system that includes stages from cassava farming to ethanol fuel combustion. A computer-based model was developed to assess energy, environmental, and economic (EEE) life cycle implication of cassava-based ethanol fuel. The LCA results for fuel ethanol were compared to conventional gasoline (CG) as a base-line case. On the life-cycle bases, the use of cassava-based ethanol fuel in Guangxi may consume more energy but reduce greenhouse gas, VOC, and CO emissions. Life cycle cost results indicate that although fuel ethanol currently is not competitive compared to conventional gasoline, it has great potentials when there are subsidies and/or yields of cassava planting are improved. In terms of balancing the energy, environmental and economical, the introduction form of cassava-based ethanol fuel would be E10. The assessment results generated from this study provide an important reference for Guangxi policy makers to better understand the trade-offs among energy, environmental effects, and economics for the most effective using of regional energy resources.

Research Progress in Agricultural Vulnerability to Climate Change

With the deepening of climate change research, more attention has been paid to vulnerability to climate change. Compared with water resources, forests and other natural ecosystems, agriculture is more vulnerable to climate change, thereby scientifically assessing agricultural vulnerability to climate change is of great significance to the formulation of rational and effective adaptation strategies. In this paper, the authors give a comprehensive review of the research from the perspective of the definition of climate change vulnerability and agricultural vulnerability to climate change, research topics, and evaluation methodologies. Existing problems in current research, including scenario application, methods, and uncertainties, are analyzed, and meanwhile, a vision of the direction for future research in assessment of agricultural vulnerability is also presented.

Alpine Activity Patterns of Mitopus morio(Fabricius, 1779) are Induced by Variations in Temperature and Humidity at Different Scales in Central Norway

Our research addresses questions about how micro-climate affects activity abundance of a common and widespread harvestman in an alpine ecosystem. Activity patterns of the Harvestman Mitopus morio(Fabricius, 1779) were studied along different alpine gradients in the central Norwegian Scandes. Within a nested design, we surveyed 18 alpine habitats with pitfall traps and microclimatological equipment along oceanic-continental, two elevational, and(fine-scaled) microtopographic gradients. Sites in the oceanic region of the Scandes showed generally higher abundance of M. morio than sites in the continental region. Furthermore, along the elevational gradient, middle-alpine sites showed higher abundances than low-alpine sites. These general patterns are best explained by higher humidity in the oceanic region and in the middlealpine belt. Focusing at a finer scale, i.e. one elevational level within each region, revealed partly opposing activity patterns within relatively short distances. While in the western middle-alpine belt these patterns were best explained by humidityrelated measures but now with higher activity abundance during drier conditions, in the drier eastern middle-alpine belt heat sums rather than humidity were found to be the best explanatoryvariables for the observed patterns. Hence, our results imply a pronounced different reaction of the two populations towards climatic variables that partly even contradict the previously described general pattern. Regardless whether these differences in activity abundance in M. morio are a form of phenotypic plasticity or adaptation, our findings stress the importance of detailed autecological knowledge combined with fine-scaled climatic measurements when aiming at predictions about possible future ecosystem structures and spatiotemporal phenomena. M. morio proves to be an ideal biogeographic model organism for understanding spatio-temporal responses of alpine ecosystems under modified climatic conditions.

Problems of Integrated Assessment of Geo-ecosystems of Steppe Zone of Ural River Basin

Methodological approaches to the assessment of natural geo-ecological systems are researched. Analysis of the interaction of natural and anthropogenic components of the geo-ecological systems and their management is based on the consideration of natural-resource potential in the changing spatial and temporal connection. The principles of identifying and mapping of geo-ecological systems of various rank. Structural changes resulting from anthropogenic transformation allow establish the quality of geo-ecosystems and rank according to the degree of self-realization and sustainability.

Diverse Universe： The Law of Equity

Peaceful living has become increasingly difficult to attain in today’s world of globalization, modernization, mechanization, and competition for existing resources on all levels. Conflicts and violence are intensified due to population explosion, food insecurity, climate change, ecological and economic disaster, political and religious differences, and wars over territories and scarce resources. Additionally, health concerns are increasing, which can be partially linked to our current chemical-oriented agricultural and industrial practices. Furthermore, diverse life species are endangered from habitat loss, urbanization, and farming. By losing natural land and native species, we are losing ecosystem diversity. In an era when our planetary existence is threatened, what are the world’s communities doing to save our collective existence？ This paper, based on India’s intellectual traditions, proposes a conceptual model or a system of philosophy of three related categories-diversity, ethics, and peace-for understanding diversity and differences at all levels of existence, individual （biological）, collective （socio-cultural）, and planetary （cosmological）. The main purpose is to make this interdisciplinary study part of an educational philosophy for the creation of civilized societies that will value all lives on the basis of equitability, and recognize ethics of dignity, respect, liberty, justice, and peace.

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, oth-er than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the respon-sible persons to protect the national interests are also very neces-sary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compen-sations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the le-gal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in ac-cordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.

Exploitation of the Lakeshore Districts under the Guidance of Healthy Lake Concept——The Case of the Wutong Lake Eco-city Project

On the basis of the concept of＂lake ecosystem health＂, the paper proposes that the planning and development of lakeside regions shall be oriented towards the core target of preserving ＂healthy lake＂ and all the construction work in lakeside regions shall be conducted within the ecosystem carrying capacity limits that the lakes can withstand. To achieve this core target, the paper first identifies main indicators describing healthy lake ecosystem and defines the external factors that can influence the health of lake eco-system. Then based on this, two kinds of urban planning methods are proposed to maintain the stability of lake eco-system health through controlling the external factors that can affect the health of lake eco-system. The first is to propose controlling factors in urban planning, such as division of ecological sensitive zones, controlling the development intensity, population capacity and types of industry in the lakeside regions and the second is to construct a monitoring and early warning system for lake eco-system health. The theories and methods mentioned in this paper have been applied to the planning of Wuhan Wutong Lake eco-city.