东台市滩涂生态系统服务价值研究

采用卫星遥感技术以及Costanza等的生态系统服务价值评价方法对江苏省东台市滩涂生态服务系统的面积和服务功能价值变化进行研究．结果表明，在1984～2003年的19年间，东台市滩涂各类生态系统的总面积从108．54km^2自然淤积增加到171．31km^2，增加了57．83％，其中自然生态系统的总面积从60．82km^2减少到21．64km^2，下降64．42％；人为生态系统的总面积从47．72km^2上升到195．23km^2，增加了309．12％，同期，各类滩涂生态系统每年提供的服务总价值上升了76.96％，其中自然生态系统的服务价值从56．26×10^4美元减少到17．19×10^4美元，下降69．45％；人为生态系统的服务价值从40．55×10^4美元上升到154．13×10^4美元，增加了280．10％．在滩涂生态系统中，自然生态系统面积逐年减少，人为生态系统面积逐年增加，说明东台市滩涂生态系统逐年退化，其自然生态系统服务功能价值的下降与生态系统的退化和面积减少有关．

生态系统保护现状及保护等级评估——以江西省为例

基于生态系统的保护是防止生物多样性丧失的重要手段,已成为保护生物学研究的热点。对生态系统保护等级进行划分,确定局域、区域和全球尺度上生态系统保护的优先性,可为制定生态系统保护方案提供重要依据。目前,生态系统保护等级划分的常用指标包括面积流失率、幅度和代表性。以江西省生态系统为例,基于20世纪80年代的江西省植被图、生态系统图、2010年土地利用图和自然保护区图,在GIS环境下进行图层叠加运算和重分类,再进行定量评估和归一化,将江西省生态系统划分为极重要、重要和一般3个级别。结果表明:过去的30年间江西省自然生态系统面积共减少了82613.83km2,减少率超过了60%。全省的37个自然生态系统类型中有19个类型建有国家级自然保护区,但得到保护的面积比例较低。森林生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占省国土面积的16.7374%、5.5310%和3.8242%,受国家级自然保护区保护的比例分别为0.51%、3.73%和5.76%;灌丛生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占0.0975%、0.9335%和0.0100%,保护比例分别为1.72%、0.17%和0.70%;草地生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占0.2647%、0.0005%和0.1064%,保护比例分别为0.21%、0.00%和3.49%;湿地生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占0.3532%、0.0345%和1.5650%,保护比例分别为1.87%、0.00%和18.01%。从各级生态系统空间分布来看,极重要生态系统分布范围最广,主要分布在江西省的东南部和西北部;重要生态系统主要分布在西北部和东北部;一般生态系统分布范围最小,主要分布在北部。中部地区的自然生态系统多数由于经济发展而退变为农田、城市等人工生态系统。结合江西省生态系统现状,将极重要的生态系统作为重点保护范围,因而占江西省国土面积17.46%的生态系统应该得到优先保护。这一结果为有效地开展生态系统管理,制定有针对性的生态系统的保护规划具有重要参考价值。

南京市生态系统服务价值时间变化及区域差异分析

生态系统服务价值的变化决定着区域的可持续发展,其评估已成为生态学研究的热点之一。本文采用单位面积生态系统服务价值和生态经济协调度(EEH)指数,分析了南京市生态系统服务价值时间变化及区域差异。结果表明:2007年与1997年比较,所处单位面积生态系统服务价值分区不同的区域有建邺区等6个区,2个时段均处于同一单位面积生态系统服务价值分区的区域有高淳县等7个区、县;区域整体单位面积生态系统服务价值大体上呈现郊县>郊区>城区的特点;1997—2007年南京市11区2县属于5种不同类型的生态经济协调度分区,其中建邺区等5个区、县处于生态经济协调区,秦淮区等8个区处于生态经济不协调区。最后,探讨了南京市不同区域生态建设调整措施,为促进生态经济协调发展和实现区域的可持续发展提供决策参考。

Evaluation of the individual allocation scheme and its impacts in a dynamic global vegetation model

The strategies of plant growth play an important role not only in ecosystem structure,but also in global carbon and water cycles.In this work,the individual carbon allocation scheme of tree PFTs and its impacts were evaluated in China with Institute of Atmospheric Physics-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model,version 1.0（IAP-DGVM1.0）as a test-bed.The results showed that,as individual growth,the current scheme tended to allocate an increasing proportion of annual net primary productivity（NPP）to sapwood and decreasing proportions to leaf and root accordingly,which led to underestimated individual leaf biomass and overestimated individual stem biomass.Such biases resulted in an overestimation of total ecosystem biomass and recovery time of mature forests,and an underestimation of ecosystem NPP and tree leaf area index in China.

Assessment on soil fertility of Dongting Lake wetland area (China) based on GIS and fuzzy evaluation

Using soil data of the Second National Field Survey,the soil fertility of wetland ecosystem of Dongting Lake was evaluated by using the technology of GIS and method of fuzzy evaluation.Integrated with the wetland actuality of Dongting Lake and particularity of paddy,seven factors (including soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available phosphorus,available potassium,and pH value),closely related with soil fertility,were chosen to establish the index system of synthetical evaluation.Based on the effect degree of each selected index on soil fertility,a judgment matrix was built,and the weight coefficient was determined by the method of correlation coefficient.Finally,under the support of the spatial analysis module of GIS (Geographic Information System),the spatial distribution properties of soil fertility in wetland ecosystem of Dongting Lake were studied.The results show that the soil fertility of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem is not very good,and the area of type III and type IV achieves 69.8%.As a result,many countermeasures should be taken to improve the soil fertility.As for the spatial properties,the soil fertility level of central and west Dongting Lake is much higher than that of north and south part.The soil fertility of paddy field surpasses that of red soil,and the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in paddy field are large.

Study on Expressway Road-area Ecosystem

Ecological restoration and reconstruction refers to how to prevent the main factors and processes from further degrading the ecosystem, as well as how to regulate and optimize the exchanging process and the space-time cycling system of substance, energy and information through man force, in order to restore the structure, function and eco-potentiality back to the original level or even higher, with the help of certain biological, ecological and engineering techniques. Ecological restoration and reconstruction involves problems of different levels and different fields, with the focus on the ecosystem （species communities）, the landscape and certain areas. Problems in the process of road-area ecosystem construction are as follows： attention is paid to the conditions of the road itself and the short-term effects, not to the natural propagation of species within the whole road-area or the ecological safety area; the importance of biological diversity in ecological restoration is neglected; the property of heterogeneity necessary for a sound ecosystem is ignored; the ecological interaction among species doesn＇t earn enough attention; properties like localization and adaptability in different districts are not paid enough attention. Landscape ecology can guide the work of road-area ecosystem restoration, through the space pattern.

Analysis of the Estonian Forest Conservation Area Network

Estonian Forestry Development Programme set in 2003 ambitious goal that area of strictly protected forests should increase at least to 10% from total forest area in Estonia before 2010 by expanding the area of old-growth under protection, improving the representativeness of conservation areas and establishment of large conservation sites. Inventory of forests was carried out on existing and possible new conservation areas within the Estonian Forest Conservation Area Network project （EFCAN） in 1999-2001. EFCAN project had remarkable results. The share of strictly protected forests has increased to 7.8% of total forest area by 2009 and the network of conservation areas is quite well covering all forest ecosystems in Estonia. Several selected areas are still not protected for different reasons. These areas should still be considered for protection as the areas may lose their conservation value. Several forest types （meso-eutrophic, eutrophic boreo-nemoral and eutrophic paludifying forests） should have larger area for conservation and large disturbance areas （wind damage, forest fire） should be also included into the network.

Preliminary analysis of spatiotemporal pattern of global land surface water

Land surface water(LSW) is one of the most important resources for human survival and development, and it is also a main component of global water recycling. A full understanding of the spatial distribution of land surface water and a continuous measuring of its dynamics can support to diagnose the global ecosystem and environment. Based on the Global Land 30-water 2000 and Global Land 30-water 2010 products, this research analyzed the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water under scale-levels of global, latitude and longitude, continents, and climate zones. The Global Land 30-water products were corrected the temporal inconsistency of original remotely sensed data using MODIS time-series data, and then calculated the indices such as water area, water ration and coefficient of spatial variation for further analysis. Results show that total water area of land surface is about 3.68 million km2(2010), and occupies 2.73% of land area. The spatial distribution of land surface water is extremely uneven and is gathered mainly in mid- to high-latitude area of the Northern Hemisphere and tropic area. The comparison of water ratio between 2000 and 2010 indicates the overall fluctuation is small but spatially differentiated. The Global Land 30-water products and the statistics provided the fundamental information for analyzing the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water and diagnosing the global ecosystem and environment.

Cropland expansion facilitated the outbreak of cereal aphids during 1951–2010 in China

Landscape-scale pattern could affect ecosystem service such as biocontrol of agricultural pests. Additionally, pest outbreak has been shown to be interwoven with land-use intensity. In the present research, we collected and analysed the 60-year data of cereal aphids and wheat area during 1951–2010 in China. Regression model was applied to analyse the relationship between pest damage and cropland expansion. Results showed that the percentage of cereal aphid outbreak area in wheat area increased rapidly during 1951–2010. It was 9 % during 1951–1960, while it was above 60 % during 2001–2010. In addition, effect of cropland expansion on damage of cereal aphids was significantly positive, which indicated that cropland expansion in agricultural landscape may enhance pest damage greatly.Finally, we concluded that cropland expansion was one of the most important drivers of increasing pest outbreak,which should be considered in sustainable management of cereal aphids combined with other factor(e.g. climate changes and resistant variety) at large spatiotemporal scale.