从“生态自发”到“生态利益自觉”——农村精英的生态实践及其社会效应

农村精英在生态农业发展中具有至关重要的作用。当涂河蟹生态产业发展表明,农村精英的生态实践经历了从"生态自发"到"生态利益自觉"的形成过程:通过对既有粗放型养殖模式的反思和不同养殖模式的比较,他们最初具有了生态自发意识,而后在一定的"环境—社会"系统内形成了生态利益自觉理念。当生态利益自觉成为普遍性的社会行为时,从自下而上的抵制污染产业到自上而下的预防污染都形成了一定的社会机制。在当前生态系统遭遇严重破坏的背景下,农村精英的生态实践及其社会效应具有重要的理论和实践意义。

A Study on the Relationships of Ecological Civilization Construction with Natural Conservation and Sustainable Resources Use

Ecological Civilization Construction and natural conservatiorl and sustain- able resources use are three aspects of same object proposed from various angles of theory and practice. The paper intends to simply deal with some problems of this aspect and to propose corresponding suggestions for related departments.

Research Progress on Evaluation Frameworks of Regional Ecological Sustainability

As natural ecosystems provide the material basis and fundamental support for regional sustainable devel-opment,the sustainability of natural ecosystems is an important prerequisite and a viable approach for the achievement of regional sustainable development.It is also the final criteria to assess whether sustainable development paradigm is successful.Along with the increasing impacts of human activities on natural ecosystems,the evaluation of regional ecological sustainability has become one of the key issues for research on macro ecology and sustainable development.Based on different unit of indicators,this study firstly groups the evaluation frameworks of regional ecological sus-tainability into three major types:comprehensive index evaluation with dimensionless unit,monetary valuation,and biophysical quantity measurement.We then discuss and compare these types in terms of basic principles,scope of ap-plications,advantages and shortcomings.Finally,drawn on the discussion about characteristics of ecological sustain-ability,we outline the current trend and future directions of regional ecological sustainability evaluation,for instance,transition from sustainable development evaluation to sustainability science,integration of goal-oriented and problem-solving approaches,combination of spatial pattern analysis and ecological sustainability evaluation,and en-hancement of ecological sustainability evaluation at landscape scale.

Soil Fertility Self-development Under Ecological Restoration in the Zhuxi Watershed in the Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Current methods that utilize simple data or models to judge whether soil fertility can selfdevelop are not sufficiently rigorous. A new framework has been set up using catastrophe theory, laboratory experiment, field work, and 3S(Geographic information system, Global positioning system, and Remote sensing) to explore soil fertility catastrophe under ecological restoration, discriminate whether soil fertility can self-develop, and propose adjustment of ecological restoration measures in the Zhuxi watershed of Changting County, Fujian Province, China, which is a typical representative of the red soil hilly region of China. The results show that: 1) the soil fertility is obviously improved through the four ecological restoration measures, which impels soil fertility catastrophe. Among 89 soil samples, catastrophic soil samples and stable soil samples account for 26(29.21%) and 63(70.79%) of the samples, respectively. The four ecological restoration measures are listed in the order lowquality forest improvement > arbor–bush–herb mixed plantation > orchard improvement > closing measures according to the proportions of catastrophic soil samples. A typical soil sample in Bashilihe that can self-develop is selected as the criterion to judge the upper lobe and lower lobe of soil fertility in the process surface of the Cusp catastrophe model. Twenty-six(29.21%) were in the middle lobe, 10(11.24%) were in the upper lobe, and 53(70.79%) were in the lower lobe. The catastrophic direction of 26 catastrophic soil samples is to the upper lobe according to soil and water loss change as well as fieldwork. There is a significant positive correlation of Δ with soil and water loss change, and the lower soil and water loss relates to higher catastrophic probability. 2) Soil fertility self-development could be regionalized as "Soil fertility can self-develop" whose area was 12.74 km2(28.33%) distributed mainly in the leftmost and rightmost parts, "Soil fertility tends to self-develop" whose area was 11.63 km2(25.89%) distributed mainly in the middle part, and "Soil fertility cannot self-develop" whose area was 20.58 km2(45.78%) distributed mainly between the above two types. 3) There is no need to take ecological restoration measures and excessive human interference should be avoided in the future in regions of "Soil fertility can self-develop" and "Soil fertility tends to self-develop," and ecological restoration measures should be taken in region of "Soil fertility cannot self-develop." 4) We suggest withdrawal and implementation of ecological restoration measures should be incorporated into the evaluation criteria of ecological restoration to avoid misuse of funds.

Photo-induced self-formation of dual-cocatalysts on semiconductor surface

Cocatalyst plays key roles in photogenerated charge separation and surface catalytic reactions in photocatalysis.However,it is not clear if the chemical states of cocatalysts changed or remains unchanged under photocatalytic reaction conditions.Herein,taking NaTaO3 as an example,we systemically investigated the chemical states of nickel‐based cocatalysts during photocatalytic water splitting reaction.It was found that photo‐induced self‐formation of Ni and NiO cocatalyst species take place on the surface of NaTaO3 nanocrystals.The self‐formation of dual‐cocatalysts not only occurs on 26‐facet NaTaO3,but also takes place on a more general 6‐facet NaTaO3.Our work clarified that the chemical states of cocatalysts are changing and the redox dual‐cocatalysts are redistributed on the semiconductor surface owing to the reaction induced by photogenerated charges under the condition of photocatalytic reactions.

The strategy of ecosystem construction in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province

The common topic the mankind faces in the 21^st century is to strengthen construction and support the ecological secure. It is also the needs of establlshing socialist harmonious society in China. It is an arduous systematic project in ethnic group regions of China to realize economic and sodal sustainable development,promote the harmony between man and nature andrealize the coordination among the economic development population, natural resources and envinonment To develop ecosystem construction and the green indutry well is the basic path to realize the above goals. Huanren Manchu Autonomous County in Liaoning Province is abundant in forests, especially local products, medicinal materials, tourism resource, water resources and culotte resources. In order to develop its ecosystem, the strategies should be focused on enhancing protection consciousaess, brand consciousness, science and technology consciousoess and market consciousness. The ultimate purpose is to create the top-ranking ecosystem environment, industry system, policy systern and district civilization.

Study on Disturbances and Its Effects on Nature Reserves

As a widespread natural phenomenon, disturbances are considered a discrete event occurring in a natural ecosystem within various spatial and temporal scales. The present paper discusses the types of disturbances and their influence on the ecologic system in nature reserves. It is shown that nature reserves are facing a great challenge dealing with these disturbances. A rational control for disturbances should be improved in order to promote the healthy development of nature reserves this could be done by enhancing the publicity and training of environment protection, coupling management with communities around and other nature reserves, effective management methods, rational planning, and supporting nature servers.

Community attitudes toward ecotourism development and environmental conservation in nature reserve:a case of Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve,China

Using social exchange theory, this study investigated residents＇ attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China, and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents＇ attitude toward the tourist industry. Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism, and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture, sustainable community development, and community participation in ecotourism planning and management. This study also revealed that the variables of age, gender, education level, household income, family size, non-farm work arrangements, and the distance to tourism attractions, have significant association with respondents＇ attitudes toward ecotourism development, or negative impacts of the tourist industry. Respondents who are male, or have a higher household income, are more supportive of tourism development inside the reserve. Younger and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes. Respondents who have a hieher household income, or live far fromthe village center, are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.

Sustainable Development and the Basic Value of Natural Environment

Contrast with artificial environment, the multi-level self-organizational system of nature has great gain. Sustain-able material environment should respect nature: non-rubbish and super-cycle quality of natural ecosystem offers the material source of human development, fractal structure of nature offers new field of space and information source to this high-density and information-based society, dissipative structure of nature links the new system of energy with whole ecosystem organi-cally, and life-chain regulation is the base of sustainable life environment. Nature guarantees the physical healthy environ-ment by its all-dimension healthy factor, constructs the mental healthy environment by its quality of co-ordinate and chaos, so that guarantees the whole emergence of sustainable develop-ment on the 'super-science' level. In the view of sustainable development, construction, green economy and human health are basic fields. With the concept of ecosystem regulation, we can relate these fields organically and fulfill the task of human health, welfare and sustainable development. Ecosystem regulation is the base of sustainable development's new para-digm.

Eco-mindfulness in Buddhism

Many of those involved in the ecological movement have found inspiration and parallels within the Buddhist tradition. The Buddhist philosophy of karmic causality and dependent origination （pratitya-samutpada） convey the notion of interdependence of humans and nature. Today, especially in the United States, there are many movements, such as the Buddhist Peace Fellowship, to promote eco-living and sustainable communities, which call for humans to be mindful of the environment and make conscientious choices for the benefit of all sentient beings and non-sentient entities. Just as humans have been the cause of the gradual deterioration of Nature, we can also be the solution towards an coo-conscious living, which not only fosters a healthy environment, but also enables us to build good merit. The core Buddhist teaching, which must be embraced by all eco-minded practitioners is the notion of interdependence, which has been expounded by notable Japanese Buddhist figures in the eighth century, such as Kukai （774-835） of the Shingon School and Dogen （1200-1253） of the Soto Zen sect, who both viewed that non-living life forms--trees, plants, and the earth--could also achieve enlightenment. Their view is based on the ontological notions of Buddha-nature （tathagata-garbha） and Indra＇s Jewel Net, which is a powerful image found in Huayen＇s （Jpn. Kegon） Avatamsaka Sutra. This paper examines Buddhist teachings and sutras, which support eco-friendly and sustainable movements in our society and world today.

Tracing the Holistic Voice in Ecological Space： Exploring Theodore Roszak＇s Ecopsychology in Henri Lefebvre＇s ＂Differential Space＂

The goal of ecopsychology is to awaken the inherent sense of environmental reciprocity that lies within the ecological unconsciousness. Proclaiming the spirit of ecopsychology, Theodore Roszak argues that psychotherapy is an urban movement, but human beings can never heal themselves until they reconnect with nature. Other therapies aim at healing the alienation between person and person, person and family, person and society; ecopsychology intends to heal the more primary alienation between the person and the natural environment. Henri Lefebvre＇s work has revitalized urban studies, geography and planning via concepts like the social production of space. Lefebvre claims that space is not an inert, neutral, and pre-existing given, but rather, an on-going production of spatial relations. According to Lefebvre, space is produced by three types of practice： spatial practices of physical transformation of the environment, practices of representation of space, and everyday practices of representational space. Lefebvre further presents a ＂differential space,＂ named as such for its dialectical resistance to the forces of homogenization present in ＂abstract space.＂ The aim of this paper is to trace the ecological voice from Roszak＇s The Voice of the Earth in Henri Lefebvre＇s ＂differential space.＂ Roszak＇s ecopsychology has formed a differential space, acknowledging that the boundaries of dualism and separations such as mind and body, man and nature should be finally dissolved in terms of ecological sustainability. Within this space, a holistic approach and thinking are created and required to take into account perception of the inextricable relationship between all life and all phenomena.

Impacts of Suburbanization on Urban Eco-environment of Xi'an in China

Suburbanization in large cities is an important phenomenon in the process of urbanization development in China in recent decades,which plays a very important role in promoting city development,whereas some side effects on the eco-environment appeared at the same time.This paper,taking Xi'an City in China as a case study site,analyzed the features of population suburbanization and industry suburbanization and pointed out the impacts of suburbanization on urban eco-environment.Based on the research,suggestions of countermeasures for urban planning and municipal management of Xi'an City in protecting urban eco-environment and conserving natural ecology were put forward in the end.

Improving Open Spaces for a Sustainable City

The feasibility of city living with nature as a way to restore the balance between human uses and natural processes is the focus of this paper about the city of Maringa in Southern Brazil. This urban form, a planned new town founded in 1947 upon a previous, comprehensive British land-development scheme, originally offered a friendly interaction between urban settlement and nature. Hence, this paper outlines how open spaces can be enhanced as an ecological structure, bringing parks, squares, gardens and urban farming into a productive system, both for nature＇s and for people＇s sakes. Following a morphological study, the proposed ecological structure will maintain ecological processes within the urban grid and help to preserve historical and social values, by linking a wide variety of natural and restored ecosystems and landscape features. The adoption of this kind of ecological planning will certainly result in an increase of the urban landscape quality, changing actual planning paradigm and preventing the city from environmental quality decrease.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CONTROL IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Bodies of plants are modularly organized. Development proceeds by adding new modules to open endings with a potential for branching. Each module is autonomous to some extent. Development relies on the self-organized patterns that emerge from the interactions of individual modules. Interactions include both competition and cooperation,and several types of positive and negative feedback loops are involved. Development can be open to external influences, thus enabling the plant to adjust its form to the environment,for example, to the spatial distribution of ecological resources. This paper provides a review on adaptive plasticity in plants.