国家公园多维感知价值对游客生态补偿支付意愿的影响——自然共情与国家认同的中介作用

游客是国家公园多维价值感知主体及游憩利用背景下的生态补偿重要主体。基于效果阶层模型,引入自然共情、国家认同等变量构建“情理合一”的概念模型,以海南热带雨林国家公园为案例地,探讨国家公园多维感知价值对游客生态补偿支付意愿的影响机制。结果表明:(1)国家公园感知价值能显著影响游客生态补偿支付意愿,尤其是游憩价值和审美价值。(2)国家公园感知价值能够显著影响自然共情和国家认同。其中,游憩价值和学习价值显著影响自然共情,审美价值、学习价值和自我参照价值对国家认同的影响较明显且强度递增。(3)自然共情和国家认同均显著影响游客生态补偿支付意愿,自然共情在国家公园感知价值与游客支付意愿之间的中介作用明显,但国家认同的中介效应不显著。研究进一步揭示了国家公园游客生态补偿支付意愿的形成机理,为自然保护地游客行为意愿研究提供一个新的分析视角,并为游憩利用背景下国家公园生态补偿政策制定提供参考。

禁限开发区生态补偿支付标准研究

禁限开发区的划分,为我国生态补偿的核算基础提供了新思路。基于生态要素系统错综复杂又紧密相关的基本情况,较之针对生态环境要素而实行的生态补偿核算的繁复性,以禁限开发程度来确定生态补偿标准将更为合理。文章在梳理已有生态补偿标准测算方法与文献的基础上,对生态补偿的理论标准进行了经济学分析,并提出了适用于限制开发区与禁止开发区的生态补偿支付标准,最后以南水北调中线水源保护区的汉中市为例,测算了汉中市应得到的生态补偿额,结果显示禁限开发区的生态补偿支付标准具有合理性与可行性。

乡村旅游集聚区游客生态补偿支付意愿与价值评估——以浙江长兴水口乡为例

在随机效应分析理论框架下构建乡村旅游集聚区游客生态补偿支付意愿的Tobit模型,以浙江长兴水口乡村旅游集聚区为例,实证研究游客生态补偿支付影响因素及其总边际效用,同时基于游客生态补偿支付意愿中位数预测其生态补偿支付价值。结果表明:认为乡村旅游会破坏生态环境的游客与认为当地居民与游客兼是乡村生态环境改善受益者的游客支付意愿最高,另外,生态补偿支付政策认知水平、重游意愿、生态环境满意度、学历与收入均对支付意愿产生积极作用。此外,测算发现,水口乡村旅游集聚区的游客支付意愿为9.85元/人,按2017年游客数量计算,可创造生态价值约2900万元。

国家公园游客与居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿及影响因素对比研究--以青海祁连风光旅游区为例

以青海祁连风光旅游区为案例地,采用条件价值法(CVM)进行游客与居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿及其影响因素的对比分析。结果表明:(1)2018年祁连风光旅游区游客和居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿分别在4.42×10^7〜9.45×10^7元和0.66×10^6〜3.0×10^6元之间。(2)游客与居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿的差异主要是在常住地-旅游地二元环境下,个体特征方面,二者的支付意愿与其经济、职业、文化水平呈正相关,年龄与支付意愿呈"N"型关系;心理感知方面,游憩功能感知与人文环境感知分别成为影响游客与居民支付意愿的第一位因素,生态环境感知则成为第三位因素。因此,游客更多扮演了消费者角色,居民更多扮演的是纳税人角色,使得游客比居民更有意愿且有能力"购买"良好的生态环境这种特殊的"商品"。

生态认知、生计资本及农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平的实证研究

基于渭河流域586户农户的微观调研数据,运用结构方程模型实证分析生态认知、生计资本及渭河流域农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平之间的相互影响,并对比生计资本影响农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平的直接路径和间接路径之间的差异。结果表明:(1)生态认知和生计资本均显著正向影响农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平,且生计资本对农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平的直接影响效应显著高于生态认知;(2)生态认知在生计资本与农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平之间存在着中介效应,即生计资本可以通过直接正向影响生态认知,进而间接影响农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平;(3)生计资本对农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平的直接影响(生计资本→生态补偿支付意愿与水平)远大于间接影响(生计资本→生态认知→生态补偿支付意愿与水平);(4)农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平的提高会显著提高其生态认知水平,降低其生计资本水平。基于此,提出提高渭河流域农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平的相关政策启示。

农户生态补偿支付意愿与水平及其影响因素研究——基于鄱阳湖湿地202户农户调查数据

基于202户农户调查数据,采用条件价值评估法(CVM)和Heckman两阶段模型,对鄱阳湖湿地农户生态补偿支付意愿与支付水平及其影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:研究区内具有生态补偿支付意愿的农户占被调查农户总数的46.53%,农户户均年支付意愿值为487.40元;被调查农户的家庭主要收入来源、家庭居住位置、是否重视对湿地环境改善及拥有耕地面积与其生态补偿支付意愿呈现显著相关性,有支付意愿农户的家庭年收入、居住位置、耕地面积以及承包水域面积与其生态补偿支付水平存在显著相关性。

风险感知、政府信任与城镇居民生态补偿支付水平——基于渭河流域572户的微观实证

文中基于渭河流域572户城镇居民的微观调研数据,运用多元线性回归模型实证分析了风险感知和政府信任对渭河城镇居民生态补偿支付水平的影响,并进一步分析了政府信任在风险感知与渭河城镇居民生态补偿支付水平之间的调节效应。结果表明:1)渭河城镇居民对其无法归还贷款的财务风险感知显著负向影响其生态补偿支付水平,对其有能力改善渭河流域生态环境、对"流域生态补偿政策"了解程度、对保护上游环境可以改善所属地区生态环境的认知风险感知以及受教育程度、家庭年收入均显著正向影响其生态补偿支付水平;2)政府行政行为信任和角色威望信任均显著正向影响渭河城镇居民生态补偿支付水平;3)政府信任在认知风险感知与渭河城镇居民生态补偿支付水平之间存在显著的正向调节效应,其中政府角色威望信任在二者之间的调节作用更加显著。据此提出了提高渭河城镇居民生态补偿支付水平的相关政策启示。

新时代生态补偿横向转移支付制度化发展研究——以卡尔多—希克斯改进理论为分析进路

中国特色社会主义进入新时代,我国社会主要矛盾已发生转变。在生态补偿领域,因发展不平衡不充分而导致的生态环境利益分配不平衡的问题依然突出,而单一的生态补偿纵向转移支付制度无法保障生态功能区或资源供给地因保护和恢复生态环境而付出的成本以及无法矫正利益分配的不公。为了实现生态环境利益分配公平正义的法治目标,解决利益分配失衡的问题,从法律经济学角度以卡尔多—希克斯改进理论为分析进路,通过比较生态补偿横向转移支付制度实施前后社会总福利的变化,得出其具有卡尔多—希克斯改进的结论。为了更好地实现卡尔多—希克斯改进,需要在纵横交错生态补偿转移支付制度体系下完善激励机制、建立损益各方自愿协商的谈判平台、成立专门的监管部门以及完善相关法律制度,妥善协调各利益主体之间的关系,实现利益的和谐让渡,促使其共同发展。

生态补偿横向转移支付能缩小城乡收入差距吗?—基于2000—2019年中国典型流域生态补偿的经验证据

本文基于2000—2019年中国典型流域生态补偿横向转移支付试点地区面板数据,研究生态补偿横向转移支付对受偿地区城乡收入差距的影响及作用机制。研究发现:(1)生态补偿横向转移支付显著缩小了受偿地区城乡收入差距,可以同时提高农村和城镇居民工资性收入。(2)生态补偿横向转移支付能够通过促进农业劳动力转移、产业结构高级化,缩小城乡收入差距,但未能促进受偿地区产业结构更加合理。(3)农业劳动力转移与城乡收入差距呈“U型”关系,当农业劳动力转移率小于42.5%时,生态补偿横向转移支付能够通过农业劳动力转移缩小受偿地区城乡收入差距,反之扩大城乡收入差距。(4)产业结构高级化与城乡收入差距呈现“倒U型”关系,当产业结构高级化程度大于0.81时,生态补偿横向转移支付通过产业结构高级化缩小受偿地区城乡收入差距。本文研究结论对受偿地区地方政府缓解生态保护与经济发展的矛盾具有借鉴意义。

Eco-compensation and Harmonious Regional Development in China

Harmonious regional development poses difficult problems, especially in so far as the harmonious regional development of ecological resources is concerned. China has explored several eco-compensation models, and in each province eco-compensation has different characteristics. These methods have had significant impacts. The aim of this paper is first to examine the meaning of ecocompensation and to present a framework for analyzing it. Next the development of eco-compensation in China is examined. Finally, four typical models of eco-compensation are compared: the government financial transfer payment compensation model; the ecological resource exploiters′ payment compensation model; the ecological destruction compensation model; and the ecological resource tax collection compensation model. Each model has its own unique feature and potential to contribute to harmonious regional development.

Major Problems and Countermeasures for the Establishment of Ecological Compensation Systems for National Key Ecological Function Areas

At the end of the 1990 s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the ＂Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas＂ has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by（i） adhering to the combination of vertical compensation（oriented） and horizontal compensation（auxiliary） on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale;（ii） defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects;（iii） gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and（iv） cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.

Transverse Eco-compensation Standards for Water Conservation:A Case Study of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion in China

In China,the distribution of water resources is incompatible with the development of productivity.The construction of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has achieved inter-basin water diversion,and the project can alleviate the uneven distribution of water resources phenomenon effectively.However,in recent years,the aggregate effects of water pollution and water resource shortages have been serious.Establishing transverse eco-compensation mechanisms becomes the key method to achieve sustainable use of water resources.Based on statistical and questionnaire data,this paper uses the Opportunity Costs Method and Willingness to Pay approach to establish a transverse eco-compensation standard calculation model for the Middle Route Project of the Southto-North Water Diversion.The results show that the upper and lower limits of the transverse eco-compensation standard for the Middle Route Project is $2.52 billion and $2.20 billion every year,respectively.However,the paying and receiving standards varied widely among different compensation payers and compensation receivers.Meanwhile,the significant factors influencing the paying willingness of the receiver area citizens were age,education level,average revenue per month,knowledge about the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and recognition of the importance of eco-environmental integrity.This study began with a theoretical analysis,then analysed related problems related to calculating transverse eco-compensation standards for the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion by an empirical study.This empirical study helps to establish effective transverse eco-compensation mechanisma and promotea the development of effective policies and legislation.