论民族文化失范与清水江流域生态局部退变的关系

清水江流域是贵州省众多少数民族密集分布的地区之一,经过长期的历史验证,生息在当地的百越系统、苗瑶系统各民族,按他们的传统生计方式利用生物资源,不仅不会对生态系统构成重大冲击,反而成了民族文化对生态系统利用与维护相互兼容的典范。加强清水江流域内各族居民传统生计方式与环境相互兼容问题的研究,对于当前我国生态建设、经济发展有着重要的启迪价值。

矿区开发导致的生态文化变迁——以民乐镇响水村为中心

响水村位于花垣县民乐镇锰矿带,是一座典型的矿山村庄。近40年的矿山开发,导致这里出现了水位下沉、井水枯竭、耕地面积减少等生态退变,发生了地表塌陷、房屋裂缝等问题。政府为保证村民人身安全,已大范围启动生态移民工程,但搬迁至现居住地后,新的生计模式与传统文化习俗的冲突日益凸显。如政府能加大监督、企业加大投入、民众加大参与力度,对保护当地生态环境和传统文化则有积极作用。

Eco-environment Evolution and Its Sustainable Development Strategies in Western China

Natural condition in Western China is relatively poor and regional economy level is low. The ecological environment has been seriously damaged by population growth and over-exploitation of natural resources. It is very important for coordinating the regional development and safeguarding ecological security to discuss the eco-environment evolution trend and its sustainable development strategies in Western China. Based on analyzing documents and relative research,the changes of main ecological and environmental problems in the western region,such as degradation of forest and grassland ecosystems,shrinkage of wetland,desertification,water and soil erosion,etc. were synthetically discussed. Then,according to the development trend,some countermeasures for eco-environment protection and rehabilitation and sustainable development were proposed.

Adapting cities to sea level rise： A perspective from Chinese deltas

In recent years, intensifying waterlogging, salt water intrusion, wetland loss, and ecosystem degradation in Chinese delta cities and adjacent regions have generated the pressing need to create an urban form that is suited to both current and future climates incorporating sea level rise. However, adaptation planning uptake is slow. This is particularly unfortunate because patterns of urban form interact with mean sea level rise （MSLR） in ways that reduce or intensify its impact. There are currently two main barriers that are significant in arresting the implementation of adaptation planning with reference to the MSLR projections composed of geomorphologic MSLR projections and eustatic MSLR projections from global climate warming, and making a comprehensive risk assessment of MSLR projections. The present review shows recent progresses in mapping MSLR projections and their risk assessment approaches on Chinese delta cities, and then a perspective of adapting these cities to MSLR projections as following six aspects. 1） The geomorphologic MSLR projections are contributed by the natural tectonic subsidence projections and the MSLR projections by anthropogenic geomorphologic change. The former needs to be updated in a global framework. The latter is accumulated by land subsidence from underground water depletion, water level fall caused by the erosion of riverbeds from a sediment supply decline attributed to the construction of watershed dams, artificial sand excavation, water level raise by engineering projects including land reclamation, deep waterway regulation, and fresh water reservoirs. 2） Controlling MSLR projections by anthropogenic geomorphologic changes. 3） The IPCC AR5 RCPs MSLRs scenarios are expected to be projected to the local eustatic MSLR projections on the Chinese deltas. 4） The MSLR projections need to be matched to a local elevation datum. 5） Modeling approaches of regional river-sea numerical with semi- analytical hydrodynamics, estuarine channel network, system dynamics and adaptation points are perspective. 6） Adaptation planning to MSLR projections requires a comprehensive risk assessment of the risk of flood, fresh water supply shortage, coastal erosion, wetland loss, siltation of ports and waterway in Chinese delta cities and adjacent regions.

Building African Ecosystem Research Network for Sustaining Local Ecosystem Goods and Services

A new form of producing and sharing knowledge has emerged as an international(United States of America,Asia,and Europe) research collaboration,known as the Long-Term Ecological Research(LTER) Network.Although Africa boasts rich biodiversity,including endemic species,it lacks the long-term initiatives to underpin sustainable biodiversity managements.At present,climate change may exacerbate hunger and poverty concerns in addition to resulting in ecosystem degradation,land use change,and other threats in Africa.Therefore,ecosystem monitoring was suggested to understanding the effects of climate change and setting strategies to mitigate these changes.This paper aimed to investigate ecosystem monitoring ground sites and address their coverage gaps in Africa to provide a foundation for optimizing the African Ecosystem Research Network(AERN) ground sites.The geographic coordinates and characteristics of ground sites-based ecosystem monitoring were collected from various networks aligned with the LTER implementation in Africa.Additionally,climatic data and biodiversity distribution maps were retrieved from various sources.These data were used to assess the size of existing ground sites and the gaps in description,ecosystems and biomes.The results reveal that there were 1089 sites established by various networks.Among these sites,30.5%,27.5%,and 28.8% had no information of area,year of establishment,current status,respectively.However,68.0% of them had an area equal to or greater than 1 km2.Sites were created progressively over the course of the years,with 68.9% being created from 2000 to 2005.To date,only 41.5% of the sites were operational.The sites were scattered across Africa,but they were concentrated in Eastern and Southern Africa.The unbalanced distribution pattern of the sites left Central and Northern Africa hardly covered,and many unique ecosystems in Central Africa were not included.To sustain these sites,the AERN should be based on operational sites,seeking secure funding by establishing multiple partnerships.

Using the response-effect trait framework to disentangle the effects of environmental change on the ecosystem services

Functional traits play a vital role in mediating the responses of ecosystem services to environmental changes and in predicting the functioning of the ecosystem.However,the connection between functional traits and ecosystem services has become increasingly intricate due to climate change and human activities for degraded ecosystems.To investigate this relationship,we selected 27 sampling sites in the Yanhe River Basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau,each containing two types of vegetation ecosystems:natural vegetation and artificial vegetation ecosystems.At each sampling site,we measured ecosystem services and calculated the composition index of community traits.We established a response–effect trait framework that included environmental factors such as climate,elevation and human activities.Our results showed that leaf tissue density(LTD)was the overlapping response and effect trait when responding to climate change.LTD is positively correlated with mean annual temperature and negatively correlated with supporting services.Under the influence of human activities,leaf nitrogen content and leaf dry matter content were carriers of environmental change.Comparing the two vegetation ecosystems,the relationship between functional traits and ecosystem services showed divergent patterns,indicating that human activities increased the uncertainty of the relationship between functional traits and ecosystem services.Trait-based ecology holds promise for enhancing predictions of ecosystem services responses to environmental changes.However,the predictive ability is influenced by the complexity of environmental changes.In conclusion,our study highlights the importance of understanding the complex connection between functional traits and ecosystem services in response to climate changes and human activities.

Spatial-temporal Changes in Ecological Risk of Land Use before and after Grain-for-Green Policy in Zhengning County, Gansu Province

The Grain-for-Green Policy aims to convert cropland to grassland and forest across western China, and evaluating ecological risk is essential to its implementation. Because few recent studies have focused on eco-risk changes of land use in the areas affected by significant policies, this paper took Zhengning County in Gansu Province as our focal area, and studied spatial-temporal changes in ecological risk before and after policy implementation. Based on indices of landscape fragmentation and ecosystem service value, an ecological risk assessment method using ArcGIS and Fragstats was done. The regional gravity center model and land spatial distribution model were also used to enrich the quantitative description of divisional eco-risk and its spatial-temporal variation in the county. Results showed that the implementation of the policy has contributed to an overall reduction in ecological risk in Zhengning County, with a divisional degree order reduction following the pattern： eastern Zhengning 〉 western Zhengning 〉 central Zhengning. The gravity center for eco-risk shifted 4288 m southwest from 1995 to 2010 due to landscape fragmentation. The study implies that greater attention should be paid to forest and grassland restoration in eastern Zhengning, cropland protection in central Zhengning, and soil and water conservation in western Zhengning.

THE EXIT PROBABILITIES OF BROWNIAN MOTION WITH VARIABLE DIMENSION APPLYING TO THE CONTROL OF POPULATION GROWTH

Using the theory of small ball estimate to study the biological population for keeping ecological balance in an ecosystem, we consider a Brownian motion with variable dimen- sion starting at an interior point of a general parabolic domain Dt in Rd（t）＋1 where d（t） ≥ 1 is an increasing integral function as t →∞, d（t） →∞. Let TOt denote the first time the Brownian motion exits from Dr. Upper and lower bounds with exact constants of log P（rDt 〉 t） are given as t →∞, depending on the shape of the domain Dr. The problem is motivated by the early results of Lifshits and Shi, Li, Lu in the exit proba- bilities. The methods of proof are based on the calculus of variations and early works of Lifshits and Shi, Li, Shao in the exit probabilities of Brownian motion.