基于GSFLOW的青土湖生态输水量-湖水面积关系研究

西北地区水资源匮乏,生态环境脆弱,如何科学处理生产用水与生态用水的关系一直是西北干旱区水资源开发利用中关注和研究的热点难点课题之一。关于流域中上游生态输水与尾闾湖水域面积(或湿地面积)关系的定量化研究较少。以我国西北干旱区河西走廊石羊河流域的尾闾湖—青土湖为例,利用GSFLOW建立了区域地表水-地下水耦合模型,其中采用LAK模块及SFR2模块分别处理湖泊和输水渠道,在此基础上预测了不同生态输水方案下湖泊湖面面积的变化情况,分析了青土湖生态输水量-湖水面积关系,确定了青土湖生态输水的合理范围。研究结果显示:当前3100×10^(4) m^(3)/a的生态输水量可以保证青土湖维持年内最高湖水水位1212.23 m(平均水位1211.68 m),稳定最大面积可达16.27 km^(2);当输水量为2000×10^(4)~3700×10^(4) m^(3)/a时,随输水量增大水面面积线性增加,面积变化率相对稳定;当输水量为3700×10^(4)~4500×10^(4) m^(3)/a时,水面面积随生态输水量增多,面积增大率逐渐减小;当输水量大于4500×10^(4) m^(3)/a时,水面面积随生态输水增多增大幅度很小,特别是当生态输水量大于5500×10^(4) m^(3)/a时,面积变化率趋近于0。从维持当前青土湖水面面积和向青土湖生态输水的效益考虑,红崖山水库向青土湖的生态输水量应保持在3100×10^(4)~4500×10^(4) m^(3)/a。研究成果对于确定西北干旱区合理生态需水,协调生态、经济、社会用水可持续发展具有一定的参考价值。

黑河中游生态土地面积的变化

黑河干流水量统一调度和近期治理,使中游地区生活、生产、生态环境用水结构发生了重大变化。应用遥感技术对植被覆盖地、农业用地、水体、沙地、裸地、裸岩、盐碱地等进行读判,按照1987-2000年各类土地面积发展趋势,预测的2004年各类土地面积与实际面积进行比较分析,表明黑河水量调度和近期治理对提高中游林草覆盖度、减缓土地沙化等均有一定的积极作用。

小麦丰产栽培的生态对策

应用生态学原理。结合小麦丰产栽培的实际，提出了生存面积和生态面积的概念，论述了生存面积和生态面积对小麦群体发育的影响，提出了三种小麦丰产栽培的生态对策，并用生存面积和生态面积分别进行了定量分析．最后引用了大量实例说明了上述观点。

台特玛湖水面适宜规模与水量维持分析

为了明确台特玛湖最合适、科学的面积及维持水量,基于大量的遥感、水文、植被等历史和实地调查数据、研究成果以及台特玛湖基本概况,在系统性分析台特玛湖研究成果及生态保护目标确立的基础上,以优化流域生态安全屏障体系、提升塔河流域水资源利用效率为目标导向,采用湿周法、潜水蒸发法、面积定额法等,对台特码湖的来水、入湖水量及湖面面积关系进行了探讨和计算,得到台特玛湖水面与植被的最大适宜规模为110km2,维系水量约2.48亿m3。该结果可为塔里木河流域生态保护及修复工作的开展提供必要的科学依据和技术参考。

东台市滩涂生态系统服务价值研究

采用卫星遥感技术以及Costanza等的生态系统服务价值评价方法对江苏省东台市滩涂生态服务系统的面积和服务功能价值变化进行研究．结果表明，在1984～2003年的19年间，东台市滩涂各类生态系统的总面积从108．54km^2自然淤积增加到171．31km^2，增加了57．83％，其中自然生态系统的总面积从60．82km^2减少到21．64km^2，下降64．42％；人为生态系统的总面积从47．72km^2上升到195．23km^2，增加了309．12％，同期，各类滩涂生态系统每年提供的服务总价值上升了76.96％，其中自然生态系统的服务价值从56．26×10^4美元减少到17．19×10^4美元，下降69．45％；人为生态系统的服务价值从40．55×10^4美元上升到154．13×10^4美元，增加了280．10％．在滩涂生态系统中，自然生态系统面积逐年减少，人为生态系统面积逐年增加，说明东台市滩涂生态系统逐年退化，其自然生态系统服务功能价值的下降与生态系统的退化和面积减少有关．

澳门2001年生态足迹分析

论文对澳门2001年的生态足迹进行了计算和分析,结果表明,澳门2001年人均生态足迹为2.993hm2,制造业外移、大量居民到邻近的珠海消费及密集的城市结构使生态足迹较低,只有香港的一半。澳门人均生态承载力面积仅0.011hm2;澳门生态足迹是生态承载力面积的272倍,表明澳门生态系统承受着较大的压力。澳门以旅游业为主,旅游业产值占GDP的60.7%。从生态消费的角度,澳门每hm2生态足迹可产生4202美元的产值,是世界平均水平的3.8倍。澳门是一个以旅游为主的城市,游客每hm2生态足迹的产值是15258美元,是世界平均水平的13.8倍,充分反映了澳门旅游业的经济高效性。研究表明,在澳门三岛中,澳门半岛的生态足迹最大,是半岛真实面积的1554倍,表明澳门半岛生态压力和强度甚高。文章还对澳门发展旅游业优势性进行了探讨。

湖南省生态压力与生态资源利用效率研究

应用本地生态足迹、生态承载力、生态足迹强度指数、生态资源利用效率等相关指标对湖南省近10年来的可持续发展状况进行研究,分析了湖南省生态压力及生态资源利用效率情况,确定该地区生态系统压力的主要矛盾。

生态塘链对农村畜禽养殖尾水的深度净化效果

通过系统监测分析氮、磷等主要污染物时空变化特征,发现生态塘链对农村畜禽养殖尾水具有较好的深度净化效果。生态塘链对总氮和氨氮的平均去除率均能超过80%,对总磷的整体去除率在80%左右,对高锰酸盐指数的去除率接近40%。总氮和氨氮的出水浓度基本低于2.5mg/L,优于国家一级A标准;总磷排放浓度部分低于1mg/L,达到了国家一级B标准。生态塘面积是影响去除率的主要因素,温度对总氮、氨氮的去除效果影响非常显著,但对高锰酸盐指数去除率的影响不明显。

生态系统保护现状及保护等级评估——以江西省为例

基于生态系统的保护是防止生物多样性丧失的重要手段,已成为保护生物学研究的热点。对生态系统保护等级进行划分,确定局域、区域和全球尺度上生态系统保护的优先性,可为制定生态系统保护方案提供重要依据。目前,生态系统保护等级划分的常用指标包括面积流失率、幅度和代表性。以江西省生态系统为例,基于20世纪80年代的江西省植被图、生态系统图、2010年土地利用图和自然保护区图,在GIS环境下进行图层叠加运算和重分类,再进行定量评估和归一化,将江西省生态系统划分为极重要、重要和一般3个级别。结果表明:过去的30年间江西省自然生态系统面积共减少了82613.83km2,减少率超过了60%。全省的37个自然生态系统类型中有19个类型建有国家级自然保护区,但得到保护的面积比例较低。森林生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占省国土面积的16.7374%、5.5310%和3.8242%,受国家级自然保护区保护的比例分别为0.51%、3.73%和5.76%;灌丛生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占0.0975%、0.9335%和0.0100%,保护比例分别为1.72%、0.17%和0.70%;草地生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占0.2647%、0.0005%和0.1064%,保护比例分别为0.21%、0.00%和3.49%;湿地生态系统中极重要、重要和一般生态系统类型分别占0.3532%、0.0345%和1.5650%,保护比例分别为1.87%、0.00%和18.01%。从各级生态系统空间分布来看,极重要生态系统分布范围最广,主要分布在江西省的东南部和西北部;重要生态系统主要分布在西北部和东北部;一般生态系统分布范围最小,主要分布在北部。中部地区的自然生态系统多数由于经济发展而退变为农田、城市等人工生态系统。结合江西省生态系统现状,将极重要的生态系统作为重点保护范围,因而占江西省国土面积17.46%的生态系统应该得到优先保护。这一结果为有效地开展生态系统管理,制定有针对性的生态系统的保护规划具有重要参考价值。

Forestry ecological footprint in China during 1973–2003

The ecological footprint （EF） model has received much attention as an assessment indicator for sustainable development in recent years. Firstly, the temporal changes of domestic timber production, imports and exports in China were analyzed from 1973 to 2003, the analysis results showed an apparent fluctuation in timber production during 1973-1995 but a decreasing trend during 1995-2002, an increasing trend in timber imports since 1995 especially after the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Project （NFPP）, an decreasing trend year by year in timber exports since 1995. Secondly, this paper presented a time series analysis of actual forest area demand in the sustainable yield and production approach in China from 1973 to 2003, which includes both import and export forest area demand. The results showed the actual forest area demand simulated from the sustainable yield approach was slightly higher than that from the production approach during 1978-1988 and a little lower during 1989-2003; however, the actual forest area demands simulated by these two model approaches were larger than calculations that expressed in conventional forest EF. Meanwhile, the results indicated the forestry development in China during 1978-1988 was unsustainable due to overexploitation of forest stocking volumes, and China＇s forestry moved toward sustainable development since 1989 because forest resources are exploited at lower rates than they are regenerated. However, compared to forestry developed countries, the forestry development capacity in China is still lower. Finally, based on the model results we analyzed the relationships between forestry EF and the key policies, including trade policy, economic policy and forest conservation programs. In addition, several suggestions about reducing forestry EF and enhancing sustainable forestry development in China are given.

Forest eco-compensation mechanism:a survey

China is a country with a vast territory and a large population but limited forest resources, which is mainly distributed in the economically less developed regions. Therefore, it is particularly important to address the issue to establish forest eco-compensation mechanism to overcome the problems of inequity between the people and promote the public incentive for forest management and conservation. The definition of eco-compensation is deeply discussed based on the literature review of national and international initiatives. According to summary and analysis of the empirical work of forest eco-compensation at international level,some significant inspirations are duaw on this paper. Based on them, this paper focuses on the forest eco-compensation mechanism of china. Firstly, integrating with the actual situation of china, the paper puts forward the policy framework of eco-compensation .The institutional framework of eco-compensation should be established among the multi-departments with different temporal and spatial scales. Secondly, the types and ranges of forest eco-compensation are further studied, that is three levels of forest eco-compensation such as micro-level, macro-level as well as media-level, and then the standards of eco-com-pensation are primarily estimated which include the three factors, namely direct expense of plantation opporiunity cost for forests protection and benefits of forest ecosystem services.Finally the recommendation is created in terms of above research conclusions, which is provide the vital important references for government policy making in the forest eco-compensation domain.

Evaluation of the individual allocation scheme and its impacts in a dynamic global vegetation model

The strategies of plant growth play an important role not only in ecosystem structure,but also in global carbon and water cycles.In this work,the individual carbon allocation scheme of tree PFTs and its impacts were evaluated in China with Institute of Atmospheric Physics-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model,version 1.0（IAP-DGVM1.0）as a test-bed.The results showed that,as individual growth,the current scheme tended to allocate an increasing proportion of annual net primary productivity（NPP）to sapwood and decreasing proportions to leaf and root accordingly,which led to underestimated individual leaf biomass and overestimated individual stem biomass.Such biases resulted in an overestimation of total ecosystem biomass and recovery time of mature forests,and an underestimation of ecosystem NPP and tree leaf area index in China.

Eco-compensation of Wetlands in Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province,China

Wetlands play an important ecological role and provide many functions for people, yet wetlands are cur- rently decreasing and deteriorating. The ability to calculate an economic value for the loss of wetlands is becoming in- creasingly important for policy makers. In this study, remote sensing, field investigations, department visits, and other methods were used to survey wetland types, assess wetland area changes, and calculate wetland economic value. Mar- ket value loss and ecological ftmction value loss, caused by reduction of wetland area and environmental pollution were calculated using commonly accepted methods of market valuation, ecological valuation, environmental protection investment cost analysis, and outcome parameters. According to market value loss and ecological function value loss, preliminarily fund allocation for wetland and ecological compensation was calculated. This will provide an important reference for future Yellow River Delta eco-compensation studies.

Ecological Safe Growing of Chickpea in the Area of Steppe of Ukraine

This work is devoted to developing of the ecologically safe technology of chickpea cultivation by using microbial biopreparations, based on the effective heterotrophic （nodulating, growth-promoting and phosphate mobilizing bacteria, and microorganisms-antagonists of the phytopathogenes） and phototrophic microorganisms （cyanobacteria）. These preparations were used for pre-sowing treatment of seeds and for treatment of the plants in the vegetation period for optimization of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and growing of ecologically safe production （without application of mineral fertilizers） in the steppe non-irrigated areas of Ukraine.

Estimation of Artificial Plantings of Pinus sylvestris in Kazakhstan according to Their Geographical Origin

35-40-year experience of the study of geographical cultures in Kazakhstan has allowed accumulating of significant scientific information on test of seed progeny of different origins of Pinus sylvestris. Results on growing of climatic types of the pine in provenance trial plantations of Pavlodarskaya, East-Kazakhstan, Kostanayskaya and Akmolinskaya oblasts of the Republic of Kazakhstan are given. Long-term studies have shown that at growing of different origins in determined conditions with the use of identical agricultural techniques, different silvicultural, selection and economic effects are reached. Analysis of all the available material has been conducted on the basis of which new forest seed zoning is designed and the most productive and stable ecotypes are selected as candidates for sort-populations. Arakaragayskiy ecotype is universal for different zones and site conditions of the pine in Kazakhstan. Chebarkulskiy ecotype has good indices on productivity, stability, quality of plantings and on selection effect. Given geographical ecotypes are recommended as candidates for sort-populations.

Assessment on soil fertility of Dongting Lake wetland area (China) based on GIS and fuzzy evaluation

Using soil data of the Second National Field Survey,the soil fertility of wetland ecosystem of Dongting Lake was evaluated by using the technology of GIS and method of fuzzy evaluation.Integrated with the wetland actuality of Dongting Lake and particularity of paddy,seven factors (including soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available phosphorus,available potassium,and pH value),closely related with soil fertility,were chosen to establish the index system of synthetical evaluation.Based on the effect degree of each selected index on soil fertility,a judgment matrix was built,and the weight coefficient was determined by the method of correlation coefficient.Finally,under the support of the spatial analysis module of GIS (Geographic Information System),the spatial distribution properties of soil fertility in wetland ecosystem of Dongting Lake were studied.The results show that the soil fertility of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem is not very good,and the area of type III and type IV achieves 69.8%.As a result,many countermeasures should be taken to improve the soil fertility.As for the spatial properties,the soil fertility level of central and west Dongting Lake is much higher than that of north and south part.The soil fertility of paddy field surpasses that of red soil,and the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in paddy field are large.

Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program(GGP), which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian(in Chongqing Municipality) and Ansai(in Shaanxi Province) were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.

Forces Driving Changes in Cultivated Land and Management Countermeasures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China

The Three Gorges project accelerates economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.This paper aimed to investigate the distribution,changes and features of cultivated land in this area,analyze the forces driving the changes in cultivated land area,and propose the countermeasures for cultivated land management.Transition matrix was used to analyze the features of cultivated land changes,and quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were adopted to research the driving forces according to the features of cultivated land changes.Cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area mainly lay to the northwest of the Yangtze River,especially the upper reaches.The areas of cultivated land increased from 1996 to 1999,then decreased from 2000 to 2006,and finally increased again from 2007 to 2009.The important forces driving changes in cultivated land included government policies,employment and food security,increasing construction land,agriculture structure adjustment,land rearrangement,inundation.During cultivated land management,firstly,it is necessary to insist on the principle of cultivated land protection,standardize land exploitation and strictly restrict the transformation of cultivated land into non-farming land.Secondly,land rearrangement must be implemented,which can not only increase the area of the cultivated land,but also improve the quality of the cultivated land.Thirdly,it is feasible to intensify eco-agriculture construction to increase the quantity and quality of cultivated land.Fourthly,it is helpful to improve the traditional agriculture production methods to promote cultivated land quality.Lastly,it is important to propagandize cultivated land protection and realize the enormous pressure of cultivated land shortage,making more people obligated to protect cultivated land.

Analysis of ecological effects of comprehensive treatment in the Tarim River Basin using remote sensing data

Based on multi-type,multi-temporal remote sensing data,we have monitored recent changes in cultivated land use and vegetation,in sandy areas and salinized desertification in the Green Corridor zone of the main channel of the Tarim River Basin.The results of our investigation show that the ecological environment in the Green Corridor of the main channel of the Tarim River Basin has conspicuously improved from 2002 to 2004.These improvements show up largely in such aspects as an increase in the rate of vegetation cover,a reduction in desertification land areas and a weakening in the intensity of sandy and the salinized land.On the other hand,the cultivated area in the Tarim River Basin significantly increased from 2002 to 2004.The rate of growth in cultivated areas during this period was significantly higher than that from 1999 to 2002.The increase in the use of irrigation resulting from the substantial increase in cultivated areas has a long-term potential restraining effect on the restoration of ecological functions of the Tarim River.

Analysis of the Estonian Forest Conservation Area Network

Estonian Forestry Development Programme set in 2003 ambitious goal that area of strictly protected forests should increase at least to 10% from total forest area in Estonia before 2010 by expanding the area of old-growth under protection, improving the representativeness of conservation areas and establishment of large conservation sites. Inventory of forests was carried out on existing and possible new conservation areas within the Estonian Forest Conservation Area Network project （EFCAN） in 1999-2001. EFCAN project had remarkable results. The share of strictly protected forests has increased to 7.8% of total forest area by 2009 and the network of conservation areas is quite well covering all forest ecosystems in Estonia. Several selected areas are still not protected for different reasons. These areas should still be considered for protection as the areas may lose their conservation value. Several forest types （meso-eutrophic, eutrophic boreo-nemoral and eutrophic paludifying forests） should have larger area for conservation and large disturbance areas （wind damage, forest fire） should be also included into the network.