从生态-产业共生关系考察农业可持续性

在我国,资源危机、生态环境危机已成为制约农业可持续性的主要因素,因此需要基于农业生态与产业系统的共生关系视角研究农业可持续性问题。该研究界定了基于农业生态-产业共生关系的农业可持续性的内涵,构建了农业生态-产业复合系统动态共生模型,创新性地运用该模型中农业生态-产业的竞争系数的关系来评价农业的可持续性。

从产业与生态的共生关系审视生态文明

从产业与生态共生关系的视角研究人类文明的演进规律,从而揭示生态文明的本质内涵。通过对工业文明和后工业文明界线、生态文明的理论基础、人类文明与生态安全的相互关系等深入研究,发现产业与生态的共生关系才是人类文明演进规律中的本质属性。于是,根据共生理论构建了产业系统与生态系统的完整共生关系谱系及其与各文明阶段的匹配关系。据此,沿着人类文明的发展轨迹,研究了人类文明和生态安全的演变路径、共生特性和科学属性。研究表明,生态文明的门槛是产业偏利共生,进而达到产业与生态互利共生的双赢阶段。前者的科学属性是天然超生物文明,属于防病式生态文明阶段;后者的科学属性是人工超生物文明,属于健康式生态文明阶段,这时生态安全将达到稳定的健康状态。

人类文明与生态安全:共生空间的演化理论

从产业-生态复合系统的视角研究人类文明演进与生态安全变化的一般规律。现有相关研究在工业文明向生态文明演进的"质变"边界、如何克服人与自然"二元分立"理论的局限性、人类文明与生态安全的相互作用关系等方面尚有缺陷。为解决这些问题,根据人类文明史和共生理论,将产业系统与生态系统共生关系的已知类型拓展成完整的模式谱系。由此揭示出人类文明与生态安全演化的本质属性:共生属性。为进一步论证这一论断,由共生关系谱系分别推演出人类文明的产业属性、科学属性和生态安全属性等。研究表明,人类文明的演进包含以下几个阶段:本色文明(即原始文明、采猎文明、天然生物文明),黄色文明(即农业文明、人工生物文明),黑色文明(即传统工业文明、天然化学文明),青色文明(即新工业文明,包含人工化学文明、天然和人工物理文明),绿色文明(即生态文明、后工业文明,包含防病式和健康式绿色产业文明,或天然和人工超生物文明)。其中,生态文明是从产业偏利共生向产业与生态互利共生演进的模式,它使生态安全达到稳定的健康状态,是一种比新工业文明更高级的文明形态。最后,将以上成果在产业-生态二维共生空间中进行集成,构建出完整的人类文明与生态安全的椭圆演化模型。该模型深化和发展了环境库兹涅茨理论,为我国乃至世界生态文明建设提供了理论依据。

Emergy Efficiency and Structural Adjustment of Hunan Agro-ecosystem

[Objective] To analyze the efficiency of Hunan agro-ecosystem in 1980- 2010. [Method] This paper adopts the emergy methods to evaluate the emergy input and output. [Result] The growth of total emergy input was mainly caused by the auxiliary factors in this phase. The proportion of the nonrenewable purchased emergy input to the total auxiliary emergy input increased from 21.80% in 1980 to 33.04% in 2010. In 1980-2010 the total emergy output of the system increased by 2.43 times, the proportions of the stock farming emergy output and fishery emergy output to the total emergy output increased sharply, while those of the planting emergy output and forestry emergy output showed a considerable decline. [Conclusion] The emergy yield ratio of this system was improved but its sustainability was worrying.

Four-Closure： How Amazon, Apple, Facebook ＆ Google Are Driving Business Model Innovation

This paper explores the rapid growth of four internet-based corporations and critiques the extent to which the Internet has developed from being simply a powerful tool and enabler of industry innovation to achieving status as a fully-fledged technology-based business ecosystem. The need to develop new management theories, tools, and techniques to compete with the ＂Gang of Four＂ （Amazon, Apple, Google, and Facebook） is also discussed in some depth as well as providing a critique of traditional models/strategic approaches and more recent theories. This is considered to be an important area of research because as a new class of Internet company emerges, incumbent firms in traditional industries will need to know how to prepare for the new challenges that face them.

Research on the Industrial Symbiosis Supporting System of Eco-industrial Park

The establishment and development of the industrial symbiosis of eco-industrial park are affected by several factors.Based on the formed industrial symbiosis supporting system chart,this article analyzes the microcosmic supporting system and macroscopic supporting system.In the microcosmic supporting system,it elaborates five aspects including key enterprises,service intermediaries in the park,symbiotic enterprises,competitors and the public in detail.Then it describes the macroscopic supporting system from four aspects of governmental participation,technological innovation,educational promotion and cultural support.Finally,combining with the current construction status of the eco-industrial park in China,it proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to build the supporting system for the eco-industrial park and provides theoretical support for the faster and better construction of the eco-industrial park in China.

Industrial Ecosystem and the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries

Based on the theories of business ecosystem and national innovation system, this paper proposes a concept of industrial ecosystem. Differ from ecologists and environmentalists who regard industrial ecosystem as the natural ecosystems in which material, energy and information circulates, this paper defines industrial ecosystem as a set of factors that are vital to the development of a certain industry and their interrelationship. The industrial ecosystem consists of three sub-systems that are innovation ecosystem, production ecosystem, and application ecosystem, and subsidiary factors that include factor supply, infrastructure, socio-cultural environment, international environment and policy system. The industrial ecosystem is characterized by interdependencies, complex interactions, self-recovery and co-evolution. The development of an industry is＇ the result of the reaction of the whole industrial ecosystem; therefore, the competition in strategic emerging industries among countries is in essence the competition in industrial ecosystems. Those countries which are able to take the lead in setting up complete industrial ecosystem will occupy advantage in developing strategic emerging industries. Cultivating and developing strategic emerging industries requires promoting the development and coordination of the whole ecosystem.

Symbiosis Analysis on Industrial Ecological System

Industrial ecological system is a sustainable mode of modern industry development. Industrial symbiosis, a sub-field of industrial ecology, engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach, involving exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products, to enhance competitive ability and environmental performance. To construct a symbiosis analysis method, this article employs a number of parameters embodying information about materials, energy and economics as the main essential parameters in system analysis and introduces symbiosis profit and symbiotic consumption elements as the economic indicators. A modeling and simulation program is designed using the agent-based modeling approach to simulate the evolvement of a hypothetical coal-based industrial system and the change of symbiosis conditions in the process of construction is examined. The simulation program built using the Swarm library, which is a freely available multi-agent simulation package, provides a useful demonstration for the symbiosis analysis method.

Energy Balance of Irrigated Intercropping Field in the Middle Reaches of Heihe River Basin

Based on the experiments conducted in an irrigated intercropping field in Zhangye Oasis in the middle reaches of Heihe River basin in 2004, the characteristics of radiation budget are analyzed. Furthermore, energy balance is cal- culated by using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance (BREB) method. The results show that the ratio of the absorbed radiation to the incoming short radiation in intercropping crop canopy-soil system is increasing with growing stages, from 0.81 in the initial growing stage (IGS) to 0.86 in the late growing stage (LGS). The net radiation, which is smaller in IGS, in- creases rapidly in the first period of the middle growing stage (MGS) and reaches the maximum value in the second period of MGS. It then somewhat decreases in LGS. The ratio of net radiation to total radiation has a similar trend with the net radiation. In the whole growing stages, latent heat flux, which takes up 70% or so of the net radiation, is the dominant item in energy balance. Sensible heat flux shares 20% of the net radiation and soil heat flux has a percentage of 10%. The characteristics of heat balance vary distinctly in different growing stages. In IGS, the ratios of latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux to net radiation are 44.5%, 23.8% and 31.7% respectively. In MGS, with the in- creasing of latent heat flux and the decreasing of sensible heat flux and soil heat flux, the ratios turn into 84.4%, 6.3% and 9.3%. In LGS, the soil heat flux maintains 0W/m2 or so, and latent heat flux and sensible heat flux take up 61.4% and 38.6% respectively. The energy balance also shows an obvious daily variation characteristic.

Ethical Implications of Systems Methodology Applied to Industrial Ecology

The systemic view on industry and on production and consumption pattern is an essential feature of the industrial ecology （IE） concept. One consequence of this view is to investigate industrial flows and consumer activities, and their effects on the environment in order to evaluate and eventually optimize these flows with the help of a systems methodology. Industrial ecology has been developed by engineers and natural scientists and its ethical core canon often manifests in anthropocentric assertions such as harmonizing the contradiction between nature and culture with scientific expertise, appropriate technology and socio-economic management. This paper argues however for a biocentric inspired, normative reading of some characteristics of industrial ecology＇s systems methodology. The presumption for the value of this endeavor is that industrial ecology＇s systems methodology has a potential for developing directions for the design of a possible sustainable world.

A Review of the Contemporary Eco-Agricultural Technologies in China

Eco-agriculture is the principal measure for addressing the environmental issues caused by agriculture and an essential direction for agriculture in the future. Meanwhile, the development of eco-agriculture is inseparable from its technical support. At present, the eco-agricultural technologies commonly used in China can be divided into three categories according to their theoretical basis and practical types: the technologies used to realize the precision input of material resources, the technologies used to improve material circulation efficiency, and the technologies that use the principle of species symbiosis. Although these technologies provide essential support for developing eco-agriculture in China, there are also problems associated with their implementation, such as poor technical application and a low level of industrialization. Therefore, in the future development of eco-agriculture technology in China, the technologies producers should take the actual problems as guide and pay attention to the popularization, industrialization, and application of the technologies.

Functional attributes： Compacting vs decompacting earth- worms and influence on soil structure

A short term field mesocosm experiment was performed in semi-deciduous forest areas of Ivory Coast to assess the impact of a decompacting （Hyperiodrilus africanus, Eudrilidae） and two compacting （Millsonia omodeoi and Dichogaster terrae nigrae, Acanthodrilidae） earthworm species on soil properties. These species have been selected for their predominance in the re- gion and their contrasting impact on soil structure. The experimental design consisted of a treatment without worms （control）, and treatments with one, two or three species of earthworms. Both compacting and decompacting earthworms increased water infil- tration rate in all treatments, with marked impact in H. africanus and M. omodeoi＋D, terraenigrae treatments. Interactions be- tween compacting and decompacting species resulted in more large aggregates in comparison to when the compacting species D. terraenigrae was alone. This may be accounted for by their compacting attribute as compacting earthworms are responsible for producing the highest number of large aggregates. The low values of mean weight diameter in treatments combining decompact-ing and compacting earthworms compared with compacting ＂M. omodeoi＂ one also confirmed the trend of decline in soil com-paction in the presence of the decompacting species. These results showed positive impact of species richness on soil structure regulation, which is crucial in ecosystem productivity and support consequently the insurance hypothesis. In fact, this study showed that the preservation of earthworm species belonging to these two contrasting functional groups is essential for the main-tenance of stable soil structure regulation in agro-tropical ecosystems.

Traditional Agroforestry Systems: One Type of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

As one kind of land use practice, traditional agroforestry systems already have a long history of hundreds of years in practice and still play a significant role in the world today, especially in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In this era of globalization and food in security, more and more governments and non-governmental organizations are paying attention to traditional agroforestry systems because of their economic, ecological and socio-culture beneifts. These beneifts are also in accord with the characteristics of Globaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS）. So far, four typical traditional agroforestry systems from five countries have been designated as GIAHS. These traditional agroforestry systems have rich agricultural and associated biodiversity, multiple ecosystem services and precious socio-culture values at a regional and global level. Although traditional agroforestry systems are confronted with many threats and challenges, such as population growth, migration, market impact, climate change and so on, as long as governments and non-governmental organizations, local communities and smallholders can cooperate with each other, traditional agroforestry systems will be effectively protected and wil remain in the future a sustainable global land use practice.

Ecosystem Management in the Natural Rubber Industry

Ecosystem management is an ecological approach to the sustainable development of the nature rubber industry. Hainan is selected as an example to present a basic model of natural rubber industry ecosystem management. Based on the systematic analysis of structure and function of natural rubber industry ecosystem, we discuss the basic principles, management steps and management approaches of natural rubber industry ecosystem management. The goal of this paper is to provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for healthy and sustainable development of the natural rubber industry ecosystem.

Mitigating greenhouse gas of chemical fertilizer with farmland emissions through replacement organic manure in a temperate

Burning crop residues and excessive use of chemical fertilizers results in an enormous waste of bio- logical resources, which further weakens the potential capacity of the agro-ecosystem as a carbon sink. To explore the potential of farmlands acting as a carbon sink without yield losses, we conducted an experiment on a temperate eco-farm in eastern rural China. Crop residues were applied to cattle feed, and the composted cattle manure was returned to cropland with a winter wheat and maize rotation. Four different proportions of fertilizers were designed： 100 % cattle manure, 100 % mineral nitrogen, 75 % cattle manure plus 25 % mineral nitrogen, and 50 % cattle manure plus 50 % mineral nitrogen. Crop yield and greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions were carefully calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） Guidelines for National Green- house Gas Inventories 2006. Our results showed that replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure signifi- cantly decreased the emission of GHGs. Yields of wheat and corn also increased as the soil fertility was improved by the application of cattle manure. Totally replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure decreased GHG emissions, which reversed the agriculture ecosystem from a carbon source （＋2.7 t CO_2-eq. hm-2 year-1） to a carbon sink （-8.8 t CO_2-eq. hm^-2 year^-1）. Our findings provide useful insights for improving agricultural ecosystems under global change scenarios.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation Enhances Suppression of Cucumber Fusarium Wilt in Greenhouse Soils

A pot experiment was conducted to study the plant growth and fruit yields of cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） on a greenhouse soil with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMFs） and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp, cucumerinum under unsterilized conditions. Two AMF inocula were tested： only one AMF strain Glomus caledonium 90036 and an AMF consortium mainly consisting of Glornus spp. and Acaulospora spp. There were four treatments including no inoculation （control）, inoculation with F. oxysporum but without mycorrhizae （FO）, inoculation with F. oxysporum and G. caledonium （FO＋M1）, and inoculation with F. oxysporum and the AMF consortium （FO＋M2）. Cucumber plants were harvested at weeks 3 and 9 after transplanting. Compared with the control, the FO treatment without AMF inoculation had less biomass both at weeks 3 and 9 （P 〈 0.05） and had higher incidence of Fusarium wilt and produced no cucumber fruit at week 9. Both FO＋M1 and FO＋M2 treatments had higher mycorrhizal colonization than the treatments which received no AMF inoculation at week 3 （P 〈 0.05）, but only the FO＋M2 treatment elevated plant biomass, decreased the incidence of Fusarium wilt, and improved cucumber yields to the same level as the control at week 9. The results indicated that the AMF consortium could suppress Fusarium wilt of cucumber and, therefore, showed potential as a biological control agent in greenhouse agroecosystems.