立足核心素养 发挥开卷优势 着力培育时代“三有”新人——2023年山西省初中学业水平考试道德与法治试题分析

2023年山西省中考道德与法治试题严格依标命题,坚持核心素养导向,具有创新时政考查方式、注重跨学科整合、突出主观题教学导向功能、创设现实生活情境、推进项目式学习及彰显新课标理念六大特征。改进初中道德与法治学科教学要推动整体性学习,着眼提升学生素养,加强课程综合实践。

The application of social capital in the development of eco- sustainable community planning

Sustainable is a familiar description to most people, it is in a sensible way to treat the natural and human environment, it is not only able to ensure ourselves a balanced, healthy living environment, but also to ensure that our future generations are also a normal, healthy and living environment. This means we can not only consider our current short-term interests, but also give our future generations a healthy and sustainable environment to further develop the natural and cultural environment. In those environmental conditions, our future generations can have the same quality of life as us forever, keep ecological and sustainable development of the world, and even be able to have a better quality of life than ever before. In sustainable urban development, first of all, it is to be in accordance with the laws of nature to have a cooperative and friendly attitude to treat the environment. In this rational way of working, we must respectfully treat human nature, it is a huge sustainable ecosystems. We can either learn a lot of knowledge from nature＇ s perfect eco-cycle system, but also it can be used in future planning and design.

Education and Democracy

Over the past decades, there were questions often asked： What is education？ What is it purpose in the world whether it helps an individual or not to understand himself and connect his views with existing beliefs and critical thinking about education to deal with daily practical challenges enable in a new way. The founder of instrumentalism philosophical school, ]ohn Dewey remarks that knowledge is practical instrument that purpose must be to solve all problems that a person encounters during his/her lifetime. According to instrumentalism theoretical concepts, theories are instruments by means of that relationship with surrounding world is established （communication becomes possible）. Representatives of traditional epistemology make distinct difference between ＂world＂ and ＂mind＂. In accordance with Dewey＇s genetic epistemology mind, constitutes the result of living being-environment relationship as the universe is defined by our mind and the development of a human＇s knowledge is adaptive response to the environment.

Building a Community for the Senior Citizens Using the Idea of Vertical Farms

Global population growth and urbanization have posed increasing threats to the ecological environment. In an aging society, high-density living spaces have resulted in intensifying housing concerns for urban senior citizens. Among the rapid urban development, addressing the demands of senior citizens for suitable living environments and enabling senior city dwellers to engage in diversified social interactions are concerns that necessitate public attention. This study introduced the idea of the “vertical farm” to the living environments of senior citizens. By integrating vegetation appreciation and physical labor, vertical farming allows senior citizens to experience joy and a sense of accomplishment. In addition, these farms can change the monotonous and gloomy exteriors of concrete buildings. By conducting in-depth interviews with 12 senior citizens residing in the Happiness Community in Taipei City, by building vertical farms, senior citizens can experience joy and a sense of achievement at the psychological level and communicate with families, friends and neighbors in the community at a social level. At the environmental level, comprehensive ecological communities can be achieved. We explored how promoting vertical farms in a living environment can affect senior citizens at the psychological, social and environmental levels. The results can be used to build vertical farms that accommodate the needs of senior citizen living environments.

Life in extreme environments: Approaches to study life-environment co-evolutionary strategies

The term ＂extreme environments＂ describes the conditions that deviate from what mesophilic cells can tolerate. These condi- tions are ＂extreme＂ in the eye of mankind, but they may be suitable or even essential living conditions for most microorgan- isms. Hypertherrnophilic microorganisms form a branch at the root of the phylogenetic tree, indicating that early life originated from extreme environments similar to that of modern deep-sea hydrothermal vents, which are characterized by high-tempera- ture and oxygen-limiting conditions. During the inevitable cooling and gradual oxidation process on Earth, microorganisms developed similar mechanisms of adaptation. By studying modem extremophiles, we may be able to decode the mysterious history of their genomic evolution and to reconstruct e~,rly life. Because life itself is a process of energy uptake to maintain a dissipative structure that is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, the energy metabolism of microorganisms determines the path- way of evolution, the structure of an ecosystem, and the physiology of cells. ＂Following energy＂ is an essential approach to understand the boundaries of life and to search for life beyond Earth.

A Comparative Study of Older People with Disability in Two World Cities： The Pursuit of an Inclusive Community

This study aims to understand the life circumstances and social exclusion experienced by disabled older adults in urban Shanghai and Hong Kong. It also explores the relationship between social exclusion and quality of life. The researcher collected questionnaire data in one Shanghai and one comparable Hong Kong community. The survey included 460 older adults from a community in Shanghai and 250 older adults from a community in Hong Kong. The Shanghai sampling was stratified while the Hong Kong samphng was multi-step random sampling. Both processes are representative. Functional capacity and disability had a significant relationship with the quality of life of older adults. This implies that the social environment is not inclusive for disabled older adults in many ways. Neighborhood exclusion stood out as the most significant form of social exclusion. Although disability is more and more commonly understood as an element of human diversity, the disabled are still not fully functional in society. There are still many environmental barriers and social conditions that need to be improved to achieve community inclusion. Suggestions for how to achieve an inclusive society for all and especially for the disabled elderly are discussed.