Effects of Different Concentrations of Homologous Probiotics on Small Intestinal Mucosa Structure of 42-day-old Broilers

In the study, the methods of applied histology and histochemistry were used to determine intestinal villus length, crypt depth, the ratio of intestinal villus length to crypt depth, mucous membrane thickness and intestinal wall thickness of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 42-day-old broilers, so as to study the effects of different conncentrations of homologous probiottcs on small intestinal mucosa struc- ture of the broilers. The results showed that the effect of 0.3% probiotics on small intestine mucosal structures was the best, such as the length of intestinal villus was the longest, the ratio of villus length to crypt depth was the largest, the thins of mucous membrane and intestinal wall was the thickest. These showed that 0,3% probiotics had best effect on improving and enhancing the digestion-absorption func- tion of the small intestine of the broilers.

Fluctuations of Endogenous Hormones in Isolated Rice Embryos During Embryogenesis and Early Stages of Germination

Fluctuations of levels of several endogenous plant hormones in isolated rice ( Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) embryos during early and mid-embryogenesis and early stages of germination were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Embryos were collected at different days after pollination (DAP) and different days after imbibition (DAI) of mature seeds. The contents of gibberellin(1) (GA(1)), abscisic acid (ABA), isopentenyladenine and isopentenyladenosine ( iPAs), zeatin and zeatin riboside ( ZRs) were immunochemically assayed. The GA(1) level was the highest among all hormones tested. The variations of GA(1) levels were opposite with the ABA levels, with some exceptions. During early and mid-embryogenesis, the levels of GA(1) and ABA were the highest at 4 DAP. From 8 to 18 DAP, GA(1) level declined, whereas the ABA level increased. During germination, GA(1) level increased at 2 DAI whereas simultaneously the ABA content decreased. The highest ratio of GA(1)/ABA was observed at 2 DAI The levels of iPAs and ZRs were maxima in the embryos at 4 DAP, decreased to a very low level and maintained constant thereafter. Our results provide further evidence that GA(1) plays an important role in the early stages of embryo development and germination. The balance between GA(1) and ABA, rather than their absolute contents, controls these processes throughout the development, whereas iPAs and ZRs may play important roles in early embryogenesis. The use of isolated embryos as starting material avoids the usual interferences with other tissues such as the endosperm. In addition, this is the first report dealing with the hormonal balance of early-embryos in rice.

Effects of Exogenous Hormones on Subculture Multiplication and Root Induction of Tissuecultured Seedlings of Mulberry

Objective The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of exogenous hormone factors on subculture multiplication and root induction of tis-suecultured seedlings in mulberry. [Method] The aseptic seedlings of Guisangyou 12 were used as the materials and the comparative experiment on subculture multi-plication and root induction used different kinds,concentrations and combinations of exogenous hormones. [Result] The hormone combination of 0.1 mg/L IBA＋1.5 mg/L 6-BA＋0.03 mg/L TDZ showed the best effects to bud multiplication, and the multiple of bud multiplication was 5.28. The effects of NAA was better than IBA and IAA on root induction. The hormone combination of 2.0 mg/L NAA＋1.0 mg/L PP333 was most suitable to the root induction, in which the rooting rate arrived to 100%, the root number was 7.01 and the root length was 1.38 cm on average. [Conclusion] The results wil provide some technical reference for large-scale propagation of mul-berry seedlings in vitro.

Studies on Endogenous Hormones and Nutritional Physiology Related to the Premature Senescence of Super-hybrid Rice Liangyoupeijiu and Its Parents at Late Growth Stage

The amount of root bleeding sap, contents of chlorophyl , nutrients and hormones in flag leaves of a super-hybrid rice cultivar Liangyoupeijiu （LYPJ） and its parents 9311 and Pei’ai 64S after heading were measured in this study. The re-sults revealed that compared with 9311, the chlorophyl content of LYPJ reduced more quickly after heading, and then kept at a lower level, which was an obvious characteristic of premature senescence. The other physiological indices of LYPJ af-ter heading except abscisic acid （ABA） content in leaf and root also maintained at a lower level than 9311, while al the physiological indices of the sterile line Pei＇ai 64S were lower than LYPJ. So it was speculated that the early-aging characteristic of LYPJ may be inherited from Pei’ai 64S. Al the leaf and root early-aging traits reduced for LYPJ and its parent lines after heading, their leaf and root aged grad-ual y, which indicated that the above-ground （leaf） and under-ground （root） parts cor-related to each other closely, but there was not absolute correlations between them judged from the data.

Effects of in vitro subculture on the physiological characteristics of adventitious root formation in microshoots of Castanea mollissima cv.'yanshanhong'

Microshoots of Castanea mollissima cv.＇yanshanhong＇ in vitro acquired an enhanced rooting capability with increasing numbers of subculture.In this study,we investigated the effect of successive subculture on adventitious root formation in vitro by the determination of the endogenous hormone level and the enzyme activity.The levels of indoleacetic acid（IAA）,abscisic acid（ABA）,cytokinins（CTK） and gibberellic acid（GA3） were determined by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）,and the activities of indoleacetic acid oxidase（IAAO）,peroxidase oxidase（POD）,and polyphenol oxidase（PPO） were measured by ultraviolet-spectrophotometer assay after the induction of rooting at 2nd,4th,6th and 8th subculture.The relationships between physiological characteristics and subculture numbers or rooting rate were as follows：The levels of endogenous IAA in microshoots gradually increased,and endogenous levels of ABA,CTK and GA3 in microshoots decreased slightly after serial subcultures.The level of IAA was highly correlated with subculture numbers and rooting rates.The ratios of IAA/ABA and IAA/CTK both acutely raised with increasing rooting rate during successive subcultures and had high correlations with rooting rate.The activity of IAAO and POD are significantly negatively related with subculture numbers,and the activity of PPO increased after subcultures.

Growth and pigmentation of halophilic archaea Haloarcula isolated from saltponds

Carotenoids accumulation in red halophilic archaea cells is considered apotential biotechnological product possessing a number of biological functions. Anarchaeal strain was isolated from brine water in a saltern crystallizer pond ofHanguSaltworks, China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that it wasHaloarcula belonged to extremely halophilic archaea genus Halobacteriaceae. Todeterminethe effect of carbon source on the growth in Haloarcula cells, sucrose,lactose, glucose and soluble starch were supplemented into the culturemediumcontainingdissolved yeast extract and casein hydrolysate （10 g/L, 4：3 w/w） at alevel of 10 g/L, respectively, and sucrose was found to be a suitable one. To determinethe optimal supplementing levels of sucrose, three levels of sucrose （5, 10, 15 g/L）were added to the modified complete medium, and 10 g/L of sucrose supplementationwas optimal. The analysis of TLC and column gel chromatograph on pigment extractshowed five major pigments accumulated in Haloarcula cells, which werepreliminary detected as lycopene, bacterioruberin and its derivatives according to their absorptionpeak features.

Nitrogen Sources Affect Streptolydigin Production and Related Secondary Metabolites Distribution of Streptomyces lydicus AS 4.2501

The effects of nitrogen sources on streptolydigin production and distribution of secondary metabolites were investigated for flask cultured S.lydicus AS 4.2501.When peptone,asparamide,and glutamic acid were ex- amined as the nitrogen source,respectively,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)and photodiode array(PDA)analyses revealed the formation of two analogues of streptolydigin in the fermentation broth.When soybean meal was used as the source of nitrogen,three analogues of streptolydigin were detected.The use of am- monium sulfate as a source of nitrogen resulted in a lower pH value of the fermentation system,thus inhibiting streptolydigin biosynthesis and changing the metabolic profiling.Among the nitrogen sources that were made use of,glutamic acid was most favorable to the formation of streptolydigin.Simultaneously,this study also showed that the changing nitrogen sources resulted in altering the production and relative ratios of streptolydigin and its analogues.

Constructing Biophore of Uroselective α1-Adrenoceptor antagonist

Aim The biophore of uroselective α_1-adrenoceptor antagonist was studied byusing Apex-3D software on an 02 Silicon Graphics Computer Station. Methods Five known antagonists(Indoramin, GG-818, RS100975, R-YM12167, and KMD-3213), which possess both good selectivity and highaffinities to prostate and α_1-AR subtype, were chosen for building the biophore. Using anautomatic filtering software for obtaining reasonable biophores, the filter parameters wereselected: P (probability) > 0.8, active (number of active compounds) ≥ 4, and size (descriptorcenter) ≥ 3. Results Three biophores conformed to the requirements, each of whom contained a basiccenter, an aromatic ring center and H-site according to the structure-activity relationships ofknown α_1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Conclusion The biophore model developed by computer simulationwith Apex-3D software can be used to design and synthesize a new α_1-adrenoceptor antagonist withhigh activity and low side effect.

A Technological Overview of Biogas Production from Biowaste

The current irrational use of fossil fuels and the impact of greenhouse gases on the environment are driving research into renewable energy production from organic resources and waste. The global energy demand is high, and most of this energy is produced from fossil resources. Recent studies report that anaerobic di- gestion （AD） is an efficient alternative technology that combines biofuel production with sustainable waste management, and various technological trends exist in the biogas industry that enhance the production and quality of biogas. Further investments in AD are expected to meet with increasing success due to the low cost of available feedstocks and the wide range of uses for biogas （i.e., for heating, electricity, and fuel）. Bio- gas production is growing in the European energy market and offers an economical alternative for bioenergy production. The objective of this work is to provide an overview of biogas production from lignocellulosic waste, thus providing information toward crucial issues in the biogas economy.

Enhanced Riboflavin Production by Expressing Heterologous Riboflavin Operon from B.cereus ATCC14579 in Bacillus subtilis

Fragment containing the whole riboflavin(rib)operons of B.cereus ATCC14579 was detected from GenBank and annotated.The rib operon of ATCC14579 was cloned with Pn,its native promoter,or with P43,the vegetative growth promoter,into the plasmid.Expression analysis showed that heterologous rib operon was operative in B.subtilis.Integrative plasmid with P43-rib fragment was integrated into the chromosome of B.subtilis RH33,yielding transformant B.subtilis PY.With optimized medium components,4.3 g·L -1 of riboflavin was achieved in batch culture of B.subtilis PY,which was 27%enhancement compared to the host strain.Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis indicated that the transcriptional level of ribA maintained 2.8-fold higher with the expression of herterologous rib operon.Furthermore,the stability of B.subtilis PY was increased form 45%to 87%.The high transcriptional level of rib gene and higher stability of B.subtilis PY could explain the increased riboflavin production.

Vibrational Structure of Selected Compounds Derived from Biomass： Lignin Dimers, Selected Aldopentoses and Aldohexoses

The production of chemicals from biomass is a very challenging process due to its diverse chemical composition. Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose are the three main biopolymers of wood biomass, with cell walls ＆plant origin. Lignin has been chosen for the present studies due to its range of different linkages and structures. The present work involved a computational study of the most dominant lignin dimers and their vibrational structures, based on the Density Functional Theory method. Full geometry optimization of the compartments used the StoBe code with cluster model and non-local functional （RPBE） approach. The calculations of the vibrational frequencies were performed with harmonic approximations as well as an anharmonicity fit in the Morse potential function, as implemented in the StoBe code. In the case oflignin, the calculations included three different precursors based on： coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol. To represent the cellulose and hemicellulose derivatives, selected aldopentoses and aldohexoses （arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, and mannose） were considered. Presented here are the theoretical investigations for a variety of biomass derived compounds, to give the possibility of obtaining a theoretical VBD （Vibrations Basis Database） for experimental spectra interpretation. Such a database could be further used in the preliminary composition assessment of biomass derived substrates, which will be discussed here in more detail.

A Study of How Market Entry and Exit Matter for Productivity in China＇s 426 Industries

Based on extensive micro data sets, this paper examines the relationship among large-scale entry and exit, competition and total factor productivity （TFP） growth of China＇s industry during economic transition and market opening. We have arrived at these findings： market opening spurs entry and exit of large numbers of non-state-owned enterprises （non-SOEs） and facilitates dynamic competition; through the stimulation effect of competition, entry and exit push TFP growth on the part of enterprises; through the resource reallocation effect, entry and exit promote growth of the aggregate TFP. However, results indicate that the resource allocation efficiency remains very low in capital-intensive industries where the government intervenes a lot. To conclude, promoting open competition is significant to the growth of industrial sectors ＇productivity.

Magnetic Isotope Theory of the Origin of Life on Earth

The authors have proposed a new of magnetic isotope theory of life on Earth. According to this theory the initial impetus for the beginning of the synthesis of organic compounds is the impact of electromagnetic radiation from the sun and energy radioactive isotopes.

The Characteristic Patterns of Macrofaunal Fouling Assemblages in Nearshore Waters of the South China Sea

The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea.The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites(H-site,L-site) for one year,and the fouling communities on the panels were examined and analyzed.The results indicated that species composition of assemblages was obviously different between the two sites.At both sites the assemblages were characteristic with solitary dominant species throughout the year,with Amphibalanus reticulates dominating at H-site and Hydroides elegans at L-site.Shannon index and biomass of the assemblages varied with depth and season at both sites.At H-site the total biomass in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter,while at L-site the assemblage biomass also differed significantly among the four seasons,and the greatest biomass occurred at the depth of 2.0 m in winter.The abundance of all seasonal samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling was clustered as one group at L-site and three groups at H-site.The environmental factors were more likely to be related to the variation of fouling assemblages.Furthermore,it also suggests that in tropical seas the integrated adaptability would qualify a species for dominating a fouling assemblage despite its short life cycle,rather than the usually assumed only species with long life span.This study reveals the complexity and characteristic dynamics of macrofaunal fouling assemblages in the tropical habitats,and the results would provide valuable knowledge for biodiversity and antifouling research.

Economic Factors in the Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Kazakhstan

The purpose of this research was to study economic incentives to use renewable energy sources in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to give suggestions for production and circulation of the ＂green＂ certificates as a new financial instrument. The author analyzed European Union and Kazakhstani experience of economic incentives to reduce emissions and introduction of renewable energy sources. As a result of conducted research, the proposal to produce and circulate new financial instruments in Kazakhstan is made; as well as economic and environmental factors of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Kazakhstan are defined.

An Empirical Study of China＇s Energy- Intensive Industries＇ Growth Based on Environmental Total Factor Productivity

Using directional distance function and nonparametric data envelopment analys＆, th＆ paper estimates the environmental total factor productivity （ETFP） of energy-intensive industries in China from 1995 to 2010, and performs an empirical analysis on factors affecting ETFP growth after studying the differences of energy-intensive industries ＇ ETFP by industries and provinces. The findings include the following： energy-intensive industries ＇ETFP growth is mainly driven by technical progress; China, at its current development stage, still has the potential to raise the productivity of its energy- intensive industries. By estimating the provincial data, we find that the ETFP growth of different provinces converge at different levels. Further market liberalization, increased FDl flows and reductions in energy intensity will help to improve each province＇s ETFP growth. In addition, increasing investment in energy saving and emissions reduction and improving corporate environmental management capacity can help to reduce a company＇s short-term cost of complying with environmental regulations.

Study on Variation of Endogenous Hormones at the Germinating Stage of Tea Spring Shoot

An HPLC method was used to analyze the contents and variation of IAA,GA3,ABA.and ZT at five stages around the tea shoot germinating in spring.The contents of GAa and ABA had a top value during the winter and decreased with the growth of tea shoots,while the contents of IAA and ZT had a low value during the winter and increased quickly at the beginning of shoot growth,but soon afterwards increased slowly or decreased a little.The ratio of hormones was closely related to the growth of tea plant.The study indicated that the ratios of GA3 to ABA and IAA to ABA were at low values during the winter and went up with the shoot genninating.When the activity of roots was weak,the ratio of ZT to IAA had a top value,but went down gradually with luxuriant activity of roots.The ratio of GA3 to ZT had a certain relativity with the shoot genninating,which was at a top value during the winter but went down suddenly at the beginning of shoot genninating.

Energy Productivity Potential Assessment of Saccharum spontaneum L. Germplasm Resources

[Objective]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources as energy plants was discussed in this paper.[Method]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources collected from the wild was assessed from the aspects of cellulose,semicellulose,lignin and crude ash contents and caloric value.[Result]The total content of cellulose and semicellulose ranged from 41.75%to 69.13%,the lignin content ranged from 2.16%to 11.75%,the crude ash content ranged from 4.79%to 9.34%and the caloric value ranged from 16.00 to 17.69 MJ/kg among the 30 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms.Compared to other plants,Saccharum spontaneum L.had higher contents of cellulose and semicellulose,a higher caloric value but lower contents of lignin and crude ash.[Conclusion]From the perspective of producing fuel ethanol with lignocellulose,Saccharum spontaneum L.has a great potential for development as an energy plant.

Different Growth Characteristics of Grewia mollis, Grewia tenax and Grewia villosa Under Nursery and Field Conditions

This study was carried out to assess the growth characteristics of Grewia moll＆, Grewia tenax and Grewia villosa under the nursery and field conditions. Two experiments were conducted at the farm of the College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, Khartoum, Sudan. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Morphological and physiological factors were measured. Seedlings height, number of leaves, number of branches and sub-branches were different （P 〈 0.05） among the three species at the nursery stage and under field conditions. Collar diameter showed significant difference among the species under field conditions. Physiological factors exhibited more significant variations in the field than at the nursery stage. Variations in growth characteristics were attributed to genetics differences and different growth habit, while variations in physiological factors （photosynthesis and transpiration rate） were attributed to differences in leaf structure, size and number of stomatal pores.