Based on extensive micro data sets, this paper examines the relationship among large-scale entry and exit, competition and total factor productivity (TFP) growth of China's industry during economic transition and m...Based on extensive micro data sets, this paper examines the relationship among large-scale entry and exit, competition and total factor productivity (TFP) growth of China's industry during economic transition and market opening. We have arrived at these findings: market opening spurs entry and exit of large numbers of non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) and facilitates dynamic competition; through the stimulation effect of competition, entry and exit push TFP growth on the part of enterprises; through the resource reallocation effect, entry and exit promote growth of the aggregate TFP. However, results indicate that the resource allocation efficiency remains very low in capital-intensive industries where the government intervenes a lot. To conclude, promoting open competition is significant to the growth of industrial sectors 'productivity.展开更多
Business Directory defines economic power as "conditions of having sufficient productive resources at command that give the capacity to make and enforce economic decisions, such as allocation of resources and apporti...Business Directory defines economic power as "conditions of having sufficient productive resources at command that give the capacity to make and enforce economic decisions, such as allocation of resources and apportioning of goods and services". This qualitative definition may be sufficient for general discussions, but it does not offer any quantitative measurements for management and control. Is there a way to measure economic power for analysis and synthesis of economic systems in this 21st century? This paper answers this question by introducing a set of quantitative terms from the field of electrical engineering, used in power measurement and control of electrical systems. Circuit theory concepts are introduced to show how the relationship between cash and cash flow in finance is analogous to that of electric charge and electric current and how education level, as economic potential, is analogous to electrical potential that causes current to flow in a circuit. An individual is identified as the basic cash flow source in the economy. Circuit models for an individual as well as a typical production facility are developed and demonstrated with an example. Equations for the measurement of economic power, losses, efficiency, and power factor are presented. It is shown that the individuals are the basic cash flow sources and producers of economic power.展开更多
This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical (B&BP) industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estima...This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical (B&BP) industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estimations proceed in three stages. Following the methodology of Yang and Huang (2009) with the assumption of variable return to scale (VRS) in the first stage, the original cost Malmquist productivity index (CM) is decomposed into five sources of productivity change: pure technical efficiency change, technical change, allocative efficiency change (AEC), input-price effect, and cost scale efficiency change. The method of Yang and Huang (2009) is an excellent contribution, but it did not deal with the exogenous environmental variables and noises. In the second stage, the original input variables are adjusted by the exogenous environmental variables. Finally, adjusted input variables produced by the second stage are reused for obtaining the reality of CM in the third stage.展开更多
In this paper, analysis of methodology was realized for the application of stratified random sampling with optimum allocation in the case of a subject of research which concerns the rural population and presents high ...In this paper, analysis of methodology was realized for the application of stratified random sampling with optimum allocation in the case of a subject of research which concerns the rural population and presents high differentiations among the three strata in which this population could be classified. The rural population of Evros Prefecture (Greece) with criterion the mean altitude of settlements was classified in three strata, the mountainous, semi-mountainous and fiat population for the estimation of mean consumption of forest fuelwood for covering of heating and cooking needs in households of these three strata. The analysis of this methodology includes: (1) the determination of total size of sample for entire the rural population and its allocation to the various strata; (2) the investigation of effectiveness of stratification with the technique of analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA); (3) the conduct of sampling research with the realization of face-to-face interviews in selected households and (4) the control of forms of the questionnaire and the analysis of data by using the statistical package for social sciences, SPSS for Windows. All data for the analysis of this methodology and its practical application were taken by the pilot sampling which was realized in each stratum. Relative paper was not found by the review of literature.展开更多
In the evolution of economic growth drivers, technology gaps are a key variable that determines the efficiency of resource allocation. Analysis of an optimal resource allocation path based on an extended endogenous gr...In the evolution of economic growth drivers, technology gaps are a key variable that determines the efficiency of resource allocation. Analysis of an optimal resource allocation path based on an extended endogenous growth model reveals that economic growth drivers evolve from productive investment to R&D investment and a shift from imitation to innovation. Empirical analysis based on China's provincial-level panel data suggests that the effect of productive investment and R&D investment, as well as innovation and imitation, on economic growth and technological progress varies greatly among regions of disparate technology levels. As a late-starting country, China should properly allocate resources between productive investment and R&D investment, and between imitational investment and innovative investment while advancing the transformation of economic growth patterns on a differentiated basis in light of regional technology disparities.展开更多
Countless research studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of incivility and bullying in healthcare.Despite the abundance of proposed solutions to this issue,many healthcare leaders continue to fail in mitig...Countless research studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of incivility and bullying in healthcare.Despite the abundance of proposed solutions to this issue,many healthcare leaders continue to fail in mitigating the existence of such negative behaviors in the workplace.Personality attributes of perpetrators and victims have received attention,but much less research has examined the organizational and neoliberal causations of incivility and bullying in healthcare.Being the largest occupational group in the health sector,nursing professionals have the greatest influence and are crucial in ending these behaviors.This discussion paper outlines the effects of incivility and bullying in healthcare and provides a critical analysis on how organizational culture and neoliberal ideology influence the pervasiveness and persistence of these negative behaviors.The analysis reveals that organizational cultures that misuse power,disregard equality,and facilitate oppression,foster the existence of incivility and bullying in the workplace.Such cultures permit perpetrators to misuse their authority to control resource allocation,ignorance to social inequalities,and the silence of victims.Furthermore,the neoliberal concept of deregulation,austerity,and individualism further these behaviors.The neoliberal reforms have led to underfunding of anti-bullying programs and policies,use of bullying behaviours as management strategies,and victim-blaming for profit maximization.Financial cutbacks have resulted in denial and acceptance of uncivil and bullying behaviours in healthcare institutions,which endangers the rights of healthcare providers to a safe workplace environment.To curtail these negative behaviors,robust anti-bullying policies and programs must be strictly enforced and sustained in practice.Further exploration on the association of organizational culture and neoliberal principles to incivility and bullying in healthcare is greatly warranted.展开更多
As an extension of environmental justice,landscape justice emphasizes achieving inclusive and equitable planning and design in both built and natural environments,allowing different social groups to enjoy and share la...As an extension of environmental justice,landscape justice emphasizes achieving inclusive and equitable planning and design in both built and natural environments,allowing different social groups to enjoy and share landscape resources and benefits more equally.By endowing landscape design with a“just”orientation,landscape justice significantly improves the spatial and environmental benefits while promotes the process of environmental justice.Landscape justice is characterized by its interdisciplinary nature,showing great variability in spatio-temporal scales,site dimensions and attributes,and social groups and scenarios,the research of which urgently requires in-depth dialogues,sincere collaborations,and active explorations among multiple disciplines.We call for enriching the connotation of landscape justice through interdisciplinary perspectives and addressing practical issues,to provide innovative spatial propositions and paths for creating sustainable urban environments and landscapes.展开更多
文摘Based on extensive micro data sets, this paper examines the relationship among large-scale entry and exit, competition and total factor productivity (TFP) growth of China's industry during economic transition and market opening. We have arrived at these findings: market opening spurs entry and exit of large numbers of non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) and facilitates dynamic competition; through the stimulation effect of competition, entry and exit push TFP growth on the part of enterprises; through the resource reallocation effect, entry and exit promote growth of the aggregate TFP. However, results indicate that the resource allocation efficiency remains very low in capital-intensive industries where the government intervenes a lot. To conclude, promoting open competition is significant to the growth of industrial sectors 'productivity.
文摘Business Directory defines economic power as "conditions of having sufficient productive resources at command that give the capacity to make and enforce economic decisions, such as allocation of resources and apportioning of goods and services". This qualitative definition may be sufficient for general discussions, but it does not offer any quantitative measurements for management and control. Is there a way to measure economic power for analysis and synthesis of economic systems in this 21st century? This paper answers this question by introducing a set of quantitative terms from the field of electrical engineering, used in power measurement and control of electrical systems. Circuit theory concepts are introduced to show how the relationship between cash and cash flow in finance is analogous to that of electric charge and electric current and how education level, as economic potential, is analogous to electrical potential that causes current to flow in a circuit. An individual is identified as the basic cash flow source in the economy. Circuit models for an individual as well as a typical production facility are developed and demonstrated with an example. Equations for the measurement of economic power, losses, efficiency, and power factor are presented. It is shown that the individuals are the basic cash flow sources and producers of economic power.
文摘This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical (B&BP) industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estimations proceed in three stages. Following the methodology of Yang and Huang (2009) with the assumption of variable return to scale (VRS) in the first stage, the original cost Malmquist productivity index (CM) is decomposed into five sources of productivity change: pure technical efficiency change, technical change, allocative efficiency change (AEC), input-price effect, and cost scale efficiency change. The method of Yang and Huang (2009) is an excellent contribution, but it did not deal with the exogenous environmental variables and noises. In the second stage, the original input variables are adjusted by the exogenous environmental variables. Finally, adjusted input variables produced by the second stage are reused for obtaining the reality of CM in the third stage.
文摘In this paper, analysis of methodology was realized for the application of stratified random sampling with optimum allocation in the case of a subject of research which concerns the rural population and presents high differentiations among the three strata in which this population could be classified. The rural population of Evros Prefecture (Greece) with criterion the mean altitude of settlements was classified in three strata, the mountainous, semi-mountainous and fiat population for the estimation of mean consumption of forest fuelwood for covering of heating and cooking needs in households of these three strata. The analysis of this methodology includes: (1) the determination of total size of sample for entire the rural population and its allocation to the various strata; (2) the investigation of effectiveness of stratification with the technique of analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA); (3) the conduct of sampling research with the realization of face-to-face interviews in selected households and (4) the control of forms of the questionnaire and the analysis of data by using the statistical package for social sciences, SPSS for Windows. All data for the analysis of this methodology and its practical application were taken by the pilot sampling which was realized in each stratum. Relative paper was not found by the review of literature.
文摘In the evolution of economic growth drivers, technology gaps are a key variable that determines the efficiency of resource allocation. Analysis of an optimal resource allocation path based on an extended endogenous growth model reveals that economic growth drivers evolve from productive investment to R&D investment and a shift from imitation to innovation. Empirical analysis based on China's provincial-level panel data suggests that the effect of productive investment and R&D investment, as well as innovation and imitation, on economic growth and technological progress varies greatly among regions of disparate technology levels. As a late-starting country, China should properly allocate resources between productive investment and R&D investment, and between imitational investment and innovative investment while advancing the transformation of economic growth patterns on a differentiated basis in light of regional technology disparities.
文摘Countless research studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of incivility and bullying in healthcare.Despite the abundance of proposed solutions to this issue,many healthcare leaders continue to fail in mitigating the existence of such negative behaviors in the workplace.Personality attributes of perpetrators and victims have received attention,but much less research has examined the organizational and neoliberal causations of incivility and bullying in healthcare.Being the largest occupational group in the health sector,nursing professionals have the greatest influence and are crucial in ending these behaviors.This discussion paper outlines the effects of incivility and bullying in healthcare and provides a critical analysis on how organizational culture and neoliberal ideology influence the pervasiveness and persistence of these negative behaviors.The analysis reveals that organizational cultures that misuse power,disregard equality,and facilitate oppression,foster the existence of incivility and bullying in the workplace.Such cultures permit perpetrators to misuse their authority to control resource allocation,ignorance to social inequalities,and the silence of victims.Furthermore,the neoliberal concept of deregulation,austerity,and individualism further these behaviors.The neoliberal reforms have led to underfunding of anti-bullying programs and policies,use of bullying behaviours as management strategies,and victim-blaming for profit maximization.Financial cutbacks have resulted in denial and acceptance of uncivil and bullying behaviours in healthcare institutions,which endangers the rights of healthcare providers to a safe workplace environment.To curtail these negative behaviors,robust anti-bullying policies and programs must be strictly enforced and sustained in practice.Further exploration on the association of organizational culture and neoliberal principles to incivility and bullying in healthcare is greatly warranted.
文摘As an extension of environmental justice,landscape justice emphasizes achieving inclusive and equitable planning and design in both built and natural environments,allowing different social groups to enjoy and share landscape resources and benefits more equally.By endowing landscape design with a“just”orientation,landscape justice significantly improves the spatial and environmental benefits while promotes the process of environmental justice.Landscape justice is characterized by its interdisciplinary nature,showing great variability in spatio-temporal scales,site dimensions and attributes,and social groups and scenarios,the research of which urgently requires in-depth dialogues,sincere collaborations,and active explorations among multiple disciplines.We call for enriching the connotation of landscape justice through interdisciplinary perspectives and addressing practical issues,to provide innovative spatial propositions and paths for creating sustainable urban environments and landscapes.