减氮条件下生物炭对甜菜盐碱胁迫的缓解效应

【目的】通过模拟盐碱胁迫环境,在施用生物炭、减施氮肥的条件下,研究甜菜根际土壤微生物数量、甜菜氮代谢相关酶活性、块根产量和含糖率的变化,明确生物炭对盐碱胁迫的缓解作用,以及盐碱胁迫下施加生物炭后是否可减少氮肥的施用,为今后盐碱地改良以及甜菜合理施肥提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】试验于2018年在黑龙江哈尔滨东北农业大学试验站进行。以甜菜品种KWS0143为试验材料,在土壤中添加盐碱处理以中性盐(Na2SO4、NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2CO3、NaHCO3)模拟盐碱胁迫土壤(Na+含量为3g/kg)。采用桶栽试验,每桶装土10 kg,共设6个处理,以在盐碱胁迫土壤施N 180 kg/hm^2为对照(CK),其余5个处理土壤中均加入生物炭30g/kg,施氮量依次为N180、162、144、126和108 kg/hm^2。子叶完全展开后测定甜菜出苗率,3对真叶后每隔20天左右测定土壤微生物数量及叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,收获后测定块根产量和含糖率并计算产糖量。【结果】盐碱胁迫下,施加生物炭显著提高了土壤真菌和细菌数量;BC+N180处理显著提升放线菌数量,在施BC基础上随着施氮量的降低,各时期土壤放线菌含量呈降低趋势。施加生物炭能够显著提高盐碱胁迫下甜菜出苗率,施氮量对出苗率的影响不大;施加生物炭后氮代谢相关酶活性显著提高,其中BC+N162和BC+N144各时期NR活性均高于CK,BC+N144除播种后第117天、第138天外,叶片GS活性均显著高于CK,BC+N144叶片GOGAT活性始终显著高于CK,BC+N126除播种后第53天和第138天外,GOGAT活性显著高于CK;施加生物炭后除BC+N108处理外,各施加生物炭处理甜菜的块根产量、含糖率、产糖量均显著高于对照,减施氮肥10%~20%的甜菜产量与BC+N180相当,BC+N162的产糖量与BC+N180差异不显著,但显著高于其他处理;而BC+N126和BC+N108的产量与产糖量均显著低于BC+N180。【结论】施加生物炭可有效缓解盐碱胁迫对土壤微生物数量及甜菜氮代谢相关酶活性的影响,提高甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量。在本试验条件下,施加土壤风干质量3%的生物炭,可节约氮肥施用量的10%~20%,提高甜菜的产糖量。

厦门海域僧帽牡蛎生化指标与有机污染物的相关性

研究了厦门海域4个地点的僧帽牡蛎(Ostreacucullata)全组织中有机氯农药(HCHs、DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的总含量及其与消化腺的总SOD、GSH、总抗氧化能力、MDA、EROD和GST活性(含量)之间的关系.结果表明,采自大嶝岛的牡蛎全组织HCHs含量最高;采自集美的牡蛎全组织DDTs和PCBs含量最高.消化腺总SOD活性、总抗氧化能力均随着组织内有机物含量的增加而减少,呈现一定的负相关性.EROD活性与DDTs和PCBs含量呈现很好的相关性,对于指示海洋中有机氯农药和多氯联苯类物质污染程度有着较好的应用前景.

Expression of Recombinant Tryptophan Decarboxylase in Different Subcellular Compartments in Tobacco Plant

The gene encoded for tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), which is the key enzyme in terpenoil indole alkaloids pathway, was targeted to different subcellular compartments and stably expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants at the levels detected by Western blot and tryptamine accumulation analysis. It was shown that the TDC was located in subcellular compartments, the chloroplasts and cytosol. The recombinant TDC targeted to chloroplasts and cytosol in tobacco plants was effectively expressed as soluble protein by Western blot analysis and enzymatic assay. The level of tryptamine accumulation in chloroplast was higher than that in cytosol and very low in vacuole and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to be hardly detected by Western blot analysis. It was indicated that the highest amount of tryptamine was in chloroplasts, lower in endoplasmic reticula and the lowest in vacuoles as compared to those in wild type plants. The TDC targeted to different subcellular compartments of tobacco plants and its expression level were studied by different nucleotide sequences coding signal peptides at 5'-end of tdc gene in order to know the effects of the TDC in compartmentation on its functionality.

Germination Characteristics and Secondary Metabolism Regulation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Seeds under Different Temperatures

[Objective] To study the germination characteristics and secondary metabolism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi seeds under different temperatures.[Method]The activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）and peroxidase（POD）were determined with lactoflavine-NBT method and guaiacol-colorimetry assay,respectively.The catalase（CAT）,ascorbate peroxidase（APX）,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL）and cinnamic acid 4-Hydroxylase（C4H）were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The secondary metabolites were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）.[Result]The germination percentage,germination potentiality and germination index were seriously affected by low or high temperature.The proper germination temperature was 20-25 ℃.The activities of SOD,POD and CAT were significantly decreased as comparison to suitable temperature.The activities of PAL and C4H were also significantly decreased as comparision to suitable temperature which was accordance to the secondary metabolites.There was a positive correlation between the flavonoids content and the PAL and C4H activity（r=0.956,r=0.951,P0.05）.[Conclusion]The quality of the skullcaps could be improved by improving the activity of PAL and C4H.The proper temperature for the seed germination and the formation of secondary metabolites was 20 ℃.

Changes of Primary and Secondary Metabolism during the Seed Germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

[Objective] To investigate the primary and secondary metabolism during the seed germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [Method] The activities of SOD and POD were determined with lactoflavine-NBT method and guaiacol-colorimetry as- say, respectively. The activities of CAT, APX,PAL and C4H were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The contents of secondary metabolites were detected by High-performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC）. [Result] The results indicate that the soluble sugar content decreased during the first 5 days and then increased when the cotyledons formed. The contents of PAL, C4H and CHS continuously in- creased at different stages during the seed germination process. The secondary metabolites also showed the consistent variation trend. In addition, the contents of secondary metabolites had significant positive correlation with the key enzyme activi- ty. [Conclusion] The formation of secondary metabolites is significantly positively cor- related with the key enzyme during the seed germination process. Therefore, the key enzyme activity can be enhanced by adopting appropriate measures to improve the secondary metabolites, thereby obtaining high-quality medicinal materials.

Germination Characteristics and Secondary Metabolism Regulation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Seeds under Different Light Intensities

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the primary and secondary metabolisms during the germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi seeds under different light intensities. [Method] The activities of CHL, soluble sugar, PAL, C4H and CHS were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The secondary metabolites were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC）. [Result] The results indicate that the germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi seeds is not sensitive to light and the seedlings were very sensitive to light. The CHL, soluble sugar, PAL, C4H and CHS continuously increased with light intensity. The content of secondary metabolites also increased. [Conclusion] Light increased the formation of leaf photosynthetic pigment, thereby affecting the primary metabolites. The activities of PAL, C4H and CHS significantly increased with the development of light intensity. Finally the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants increased sharply. Therefore, the quality of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi materials can be improved by increasing the light intensity moderately.

Germination Characteristics and Secondary Metabolism Regulation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi under Different Illumination Time

This study aimed to investigate the primary and secondary metabolism of Scutel aria baicalensis Georgi during seed germination process under different il umination time. [Method] Chlorophyl （CHL） content, soluble sugar content, phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activity and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase （C4H） ac-tivity were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The secondary metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. [Result] The re-sults indicated that the germination of S. baicalensis seeds was not sensitive to light and the seedlings were very sensitive to light. CHL content, soluble sugar content, PAL activity and C4H activity increased continuously with the il umination time. The secondary metabolites showed a similar trend. [Conclusion] Il umination time promoted the formation of leaf photosynthetic pigments, thereby affecting the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites and the activities of PAL and C4H. Therefore, the quality of S. baicalensis can be improved by regulating the il umina-tion time appropriately.

Advancements in biocatalysis:From computational to metabolic engineering

Through several waves of technological research and un‐matched innovation strategies,bio‐catalysis has been widely used at the industrial level.Because of the value of enzymes,methods for producing value‐added compounds and industrially‐relevant fine chemicals through biological methods have been developed.A broad spectrum of numerous biochemical pathways is catalyzed by enzymes,including enzymes that have not been identified.However,low catalytic efficacy,low stability,inhibition by non‐cognate substrates,and intolerance to the harsh reaction conditions required for some chemical processes are considered as major limitations in applied bio‐catalysis.Thus,the development of green catalysts with multi‐catalytic features along with higher efficacy and induced stability are important for bio‐catalysis.Implementation of computational science with metabolic engineering,synthetic biology,and machine learning routes offers novel alternatives for engineering novel catalysts.Here,we describe the role of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering in catalysis.Machine learning algorithms for catalysis and the choice of an algorithm for predicting protein‐ligand interactions are discussed.The importance of molecular docking in predicting binding and catalytic functions is reviewed.Finally,we describe future challenges and perspectives.

Research Progress in Plant Invertase

Invertase is a key enzyme in sucrose catabolism and crucial for plant assimilate distribution. With the development of molecularbiology, a lot of invertsae genes were cloned recently, and significant progress have been made in regulators on the expression of invertase genes.Thus, this article summarized theresearch progress of invertase in biological characteristics, molecular characteristics and expression regulation.

A Population Morphologically Structured Model for Microscopic Growth of Filamentous Microorganism

The growth of filamentous microorganism is contributed by tip extension and branching. The microscopic growth of filamentous microorganism means the growth process from one or a few spores. In order to describe the microscopic process, a population morphologically structured model is proposed, in which three morphological compartment and their interactions were considered, and the heterogeneity of hyphal growth was included. The model was applied to describe the microscopic growth of Streptomyces tendae and Geotrichum candidum with good agreement. From model prediction, it is concluded that if the number of hyphae is large enough (macroscopic growth), the specific growth rate of filamentous microorganism and the ratio of morphological forms in hyphae will become constant.