药剂防治生物入侵物种紫茎泽兰的试验

经试验表明,41％农达水剂3.75-4.50L/hm2对1-2年生紫茎泽兰有显著的灭除效果,可大面积推广使用。

药剂防治生物入侵物种紫茎泽兰的试验

紫茎泽兰是菊科泽兰属植物,原产于中美洲的墨西哥,20世纪40年代自然传入我国云南,现在已扩展到四川等省,并迅速蔓延。紫茎泽兰强烈排挤其他植物生长,侵占牧场,引起人畜中毒、甚至死亡;大幅度降低土壤N、P、K含量;影响林木正常生长和更新等,对生长所在地的畜牧业、农业、林业构成巨大威胁。经试验,41%农达水剂每667m2用250￣300ml对1￣2年生紫茎泽兰防效显著,生产上可大面积推广使用。

给“龙虾”一个正式名分

《餐饮世界》2003年第5期载《“龙虾”也疯狂》一文，开篇说：“老话说：眼睛一眨，母鸡变鸭！原长于南方稻田沟塘河汊、田头地角的“龙虾”（姑且名之），经过数年的奋斗，竟然堂而皇之地举跃到城市的餐桌上，成了现代人趋之若骛的美食！”对于这一美食之名，何必要“姑且名之”，应该用一个恰当的词语加以确定。其实，它早就有名，学名为“克氏螯虾”

水葫芦生产沼气的工艺流程与建议

水葫芦又名凤眼莲，雨久花科凤眼莲属，为多年生漂浮性草本植物。它原产于巴西或南美洲的一些国家，由于适应性强、繁殖快，极易破坏当地的生态系统，为我省最重要的外来生物入侵物种之一。近年来，九龙江及支流河道的水葫芦呈逐年增长趋势，为了综合利用水葫芦，同时让九龙江流域禁养区的废弃沼气池继续发挥作用，

Evaluation of Extracts of Native and Non-Native Plant Species for the Suppression of Cogongrass （Imperata cylindrica L.）

Effects of the extracts of muhly grass （Muhlenbergia capillaries Lam.）, chenopodium （Chenopodium ambrosioides L.） and black walnut （Juglans nigra L.） on the growth of cogongrass （Imperata cylindrica L.） were studied. None purified extracts from these plant species were used to evaluate survival, shoot and root growth of cogongrass. Results of plant species extracts on the production of roots, shoot and rhizomes of cogongrass genets and ramets were determined on a weekly basis. The extracts significantly reduced the growth and survival of cogongrass when compared to the control. Results indicated that for the in vivo studies, chenopodium extracts, black walnut and muhly grass extracts reduced growth, root and shoot biomass of cogongrass by 50 %, 30 % and 41% respectively, compared to control at 8 weeks after planting. These studies indicated plant species with potential for the biological control of cogongrass, an invasive species in the Gulf Coast States.

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）： Economic Importance, Biology, Biogeography and Integrated Pest Management

The Red Palm Weevil （RPW）, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）, （Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae）, is an invasive species that is originated from Southeast Asia. It has.invaded Middle East and several countries of the Mediterranean Basin during the last three decades where it attacks palm trees. During the last three decades, multiple introductions of RPW to the Middle East, Europe and Caribbean （Island of Curacao, Netherland Antilles）, Lebanon and United States of America （Laguna Beach, Orange County, California） （USA） have occurred and the RPW is now a serious pest of many palm species. Duration of all life parameters varies significantly where the entire life cycle takes about 45 to 298 days. Different artificial diets were developed and were tested for mass rearing of RPW. Control of RPW is difficult due to the concealed nature of the life cycle of the pest. Integrated Pest Management （IPM） strategy has been applied successfully to deal with RPW problem. The IPM strategy consists of various preventive and curative methods; those methods were categorized in nine categories in this review. The main objective of this work was to review the existing knowledge on RPW＇s different aspects, with an ultimate aim of revealing the actual situation of the research on RPW.

Micronutrient input into a mangrove ecosystem in Jobos Bay,Puerto Rico,by the exotic green iguana Iguana iguana

Biological invasions are an important and growing component of global environmental change （Vitousek et al., 1996）. Hundreds of billions of dollars are lost each year to invasive species damage and management （Pimentel et al., 2001）. Scientists have responded by conducting research to understand the biology of the invasive species itself, in the hope that such information will allow effective control, and examining the impact of the invader on native taxa to determine the nature and magnitude of its effect.

Biodiversity and Invasibility: Distribution Patterns of Invasive Plant Species in the Himalayas, Nepal

Invasive plant species are exerting a serious threat to biological diversity in many regions of the world. To understand plant invasions this study aims to test which of the two plant invasiveness hypotheses; ‘low native diversity' vs. ‘high native diversity', is supported by the regional distribution patterns of invasive plant species in the Himalayas,Nepal. This study is based on data retrieved from published literatures and herbarium specimens. The relationship between invasive plant species distribution patterns and that of native plant species is elucidated by scatter plots, as well as by generalized linear models. The native plant species and invasive plant species have similar distribution patterns and the maximum number of invasive plant species is found in the same altitudinal range where the highest richness for native tree species is found. There is a clear trend of higher invasive plant richness in regions where native tree species richness is relatively high.Consequently, the native plant richness is highest in the central phytogeographic region, followed by the eastern and the western regions, respectively. The invasive plant species also follows a similar trend.Additionally, the invasive plant species richness was positively correlated with anthropogenic factors such as human population density and the number of visiting tourists. This study supports the hypothesis that ‘high native diversity' supports or facilitates invasive plant species. Further, it indicates that nativeand invasive plant species may require similar natural conditions, but that the invasive plant species seem more dependent and influenced by anthropogenic disturbance factors.

Mutagenic Effect of Three Invasive Species through Allium Cepa Bioassay

Invasive alien species are a global threat to biodiversity that affects protected areas around the world. The occupation of new environments by these plants is a problem to be solved and it is essential to investigate all the aspects that allow this successful to find solutions to this question, such as its mutagenic effects. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic effect of leaves extracts of Acacia mangium Willd, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Eriobothrya japonica （Thunb.） Lindl through Allium cepa bioassay. For this, A. cepa seeds were submitted to continuous and discontinuous （acute and chronic） treatments in medium with water （negative control） or four concentration of each extract （1, 5, 10 and 50 mg/mL）. The mitotic index was affected at all concentrations of three extracts tested in all treatments, continuous and discontinuous. Aneugenic effects were not related to any treatment tested. E. japonica extract induced clastogenic effects at 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL in continuous treatment, 5 and 10 mg/mL in acute discontinuous treatment and at 10 mg/mL in chronic discontinuous treatment. Clastogenic effect was also observed at 10 mg/mL ofA. heterophyllus extract in continuous and acute discontinuous treatments.

Uses of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary of Bangladesh

An exploratory survey was conducted on the uses and role of invasive alien species(IAS) to local livelihoods in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in the northeastern hilly region of Bangladesh.Vegetation was sampled in 50 quadrates,each 10 m×10 m,and 25 line transects,each 50 m×20 m,through a combination of random and systematic sampling.Group discussions were also arranged with fifty local inhabitants(17 % of the total inhabitants) to learn the various uses of IAS.A total of 17 alien plant species belonging to 10 different families,of which Leguminosae constitutes the highest number(5 species),include tree(53%) followed by herb(12%),shrub(12%) and others(weed,climber and palm).The majority of the identified species were found to be used for fuel,followed by timber production,medicinal or curative uses,fodder,and many others.In addition to providing various forest products,alien tree species planted in forest plantation help provide many vital ecosystem services such as soil amelioration through nitrogen fixation.It is true that the alien species have some negative impacts on local ecosystems,and not all of them are harmful.Therefore,a national programme must be initiated to distinguish the harmful from the harmless species and to identify the uses and impacts of the former and latter.

Temperature increase impacts personality traits in aquatic non-native species： Implications for biological invasion under climate change

Climate change, such as elevated temperatures, may facilitate biological invasion. Aquatic animal systems are more vulnerable to biological invasion when the temperature rises. Animal personality also plays an important role in the possibility of successful establishment of invasive species. However, it is still unclear how personality traits of invasive species will respond to global warming. This study focuses on juveniles of red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii, an invasive poikilothermic species with wide distribution throughout the world, and explores how slight temperature increases influence three personality traits （ac- tivity, boldness and aggressiveness） ofP. clarkii. For each personality, individual variation is to be presented in condition of the same temperature. Individual personality values can significantly increase with the subtle rising of water temperature. Significant correlations among activity, boldness and aggressiveness are found at any temperature stage, and such relationships are main- tained at a similar level in the face of different temperatures. It is most likely that significant expressions of personality traits may be an ecological compensation strategy to offset increased metabolic costs when faced with small temperature increases. Aggres- sion syndromes are formed due to stable linkages between personality traits, in order to acquire allopatric resources efficiently and establish a new population in this species

Animal personality and the ecological impacts of freshwater non-native species

While the ecological impacts of invasive species have been demonstrated for many taxonomic groups, the potential effects of behavioural variation among nonnative individuals （i.e. personality） on these impacts have been largely overlooked. This is despite the fact that recent studies have demonstrated that, by nature, the three first stages of biological invasions （i.e. transport, establishment and spread） can lead to personalitybiased populations. Freshwater ecosystems provide a unique oppor tunity to investigate this issue, notably because the ecological impacts of nonnative species have been extensively documented and because animal personality has been widely studied using freshwater model species. Here, we aim at developing some per spectives on the potential effects of animal personality on the ecological impacts of freshwater nonnative species across levels of biological organizations. At the individual level, personality types have been demonstrated to affect the physiolo gy, metabolism, life history traits and fitness of individuals. We used these effects to discuss how they could subsequently impact invaded popula tions and, in turn, recipient communities. We also discussed how these might translate into changes in the structure of food webs and the functioning of invaded ecosystems. Finally we discussed how these perspectives could interact with the management of invasive species .

Invasion genetics： Lessons from a ubiquitous bird, the house sparrow Passer domesticus

Following an introduction, non-native species are exposed to environments that differ from those found in their native range; further, as these non-native species expand beyond the site of introduction, they must constantly adapt to novel environ- ments. Although introduced species are present across most ecosystems, few species have successfully established themselves on a truly global scale. One such species, the house sparrow Passer domesticus, is now one of the world＇s most broadly distributed vertebrate species and has been introduced to a great part of its current range. To date, work on four continents suggests both ge- netic and phenotypic variation exists between native and introduced ranges. As such, house sparrows represent an excellent op- portunity to study adaptations to novel environments and how these adaptations are derived. The global distribution of this spe- cies and the multiple independent introductions to geographically isolated sites allow researchers to ask questions regarding ge- netic variation and adaptation on a global scale. Here, we summarize the molecular studies of invasive house sparrows from the earliest work using allozymes through more recent work on epigenetics; using these studies, we discuss patterns of dispersal of this species. We then discuss future directions in techniques （e.g. next generation sequencing） and how they will provide new in- sight into questions that are fundamental to invasion biology. Finally, we discuss how continued research on the house sparrow in light of these genetic changes and adaptations will elucidate answers of adaptation, invasion biology, range expansion, and resi- lience in vertebrate systems generally

Climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub (Ulex europaeus): a global scale comparison in native and introduced regions

Aims Invasive species,which recently expanded,may help understand how climatic niche can shift at the time scale of the current global change.Here,we address the climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub(common gorse,Ulex europaeus)at the world and regional scales to assess how it could contribute to increasing invasibility.Methods Based on a 28187 occurrences database,we used a combination of 9 species distribution models(SDM)to assess regional climatic niche from both the native range(Western Europe)and the introduced range in different parts of the world(North-West America,South America,North Europe,Australia and New Zealand).Important Findings Despite being restricted to annual mean temperature between 4℃ and 22℃,as well as annual precipitation higher than 300 mm/year,the range of bioclimatic conditions suitable for gorse was very large.Based on a native versus introduced SDM comparison,we highlighted a niche expansion in North-West America,South America and to a lesser degree in Australia,while a niche displacement was assessed in North Europe.These niche changes induced an increase in potential occupied areas by gorse by 49,111,202 and 283%in Australia,North Europe,North-West America and South America,respectively.On the contrary,we found no evidence of niche change in New Zealand,which presents similar climatic condition to the native environment(Western Europe).This study highlights how niche expansion and displacement of gorse might increase invasibility at regional scale.The change in gorse niche toward new climatic conditions may result from adaptive plasticity or genetic evolution and may explain why it has such a high level of invasibility.Taking into account the possibility of a niche shift is crucial to improve invasive plants management and control.

The role of aggression in range expansion and biological invasions

Traits that aid in the invasion process should exhibit a gradient across the expansion range in response to changing selection pressures. Aggression has been repeatedly associated with invasion success in many taxa, as it may help invaders to wrestle the resources from other species which enhances their success in a novel environment. However, aggression primarily al lows individuals to overcome conspecific rivals, providing advantages in competition over resources. Agonistic prowess could therefore increase fitness at both ends of the expansion gradient. Here we review the role of aggression in range expansion of in vasive species, and its potential role as a driver of range expansion. We analyze how these different mechanisms could affect trait variation in expanding and invasive populations. Specifically, we look at how aggression could help dilate the edges of a popula tion through niche competition, as well as lead to exclusion from the center （Le. areas of high population density） by the conspe cities. Both of these processes will result in a characteristic spatial distribution of phenotypes related to aggression that could provide insights into the ecological pressures and dynamics of expanding populations, potentially providing clues to their success as niche competitors and invasive species

Behavioral dependent dispersal in the invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus depends on population age

Biological invasions cause major ecological and economic costs in invaded habitats. The round goby Neogobius me- lanostomus is a successful invasive species and a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Baltic Sea. It is native to the Ponto-Caspian region and has, via ballast water transport of ships, invaded the Gulf of Gdansk in Poland. Since 1990, it has spread as far north as Raahe in Northern Finland （64~41 ＂04＂N, 24~28＂44＂E）. Over the past decade, consistent indi- vidual differences of behavioral expressions have been shown to explain various ecological processes such as dispersal, survival or reproduction. We have previously shown that new and old populations differ in personality trait expression. Individuals in new populations are bolder, less sociable and more active than in old populations. Here we investigate if the behavioral differentiation can be explained by phenotype-dependent dispersal. This was investigated by measuring activity, boldness and sociability of in- dividually marked gobies, and subsequently allowing them to disperse in a system composed of five consecutive tanks connected by tubes. Individual dispersal tendency and distance was measured. Our results revealed that in newly established populations, more active individuals disperse sooner and that latency of a group to disperse depends on the mean sociability of the group. This indicates the presence of personality dependent dispersal in this species and that it is maintained at the invasion front but lost as the populations get older

Invasion and predation in aquatic ecosystems

This article reviews biological invasions in which predation （or its absence） plays a major role in the success of the invader. Examples are described in which the invader out-competes native species for the same food, and cases in which the in-vader consumes valued native species. In many instances, better predator avoidance by the invasive species or the absence of predators in the new habitat contributes to the success of the invaders; in other cases native or introduced predators appear to be able to keep the invasive species in check. A relatively new management approach in the US is the idea of adding another trophic level - to have humans act as the predators and consume the invasive species. This approach is being utilized in Florida and throughout the Caribbean against the lionfish, but could be extended to other fishes, as well as to various invasive crustaceans and mollusks. This idea is controversial, and current regulations prohibiting the possession of individuals of the invasive species （e.g., mitten crabs or snakefish） would preclude the development of a fishery for them [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 613~524, 2011].

Potential effects of climate change on a marine invasion： The importance of current context

Species invasions threaten marine biodiversity globally. There is a concern that climate change is exacerbating this problem. Here, we examined some of the potential effects of warming water temperatures on the invasion of Western Atlantic habitats by a marine predator, the Indo-Pacific lionfish （Pterois volitans and P. miles）. We focussed on two temperature-dependent aspects of lionfish life-history and behaviour： pelagic larval duration, because of its link to dispersal potential, and prey consump- tion rate, because it is an important determinant of the impacts of lionfish on native prey. Using models derived from fundamental metabolic theory, we predict that the length of time spent by lionfish in the plankton in early life should decrease with warming temperatures, with a concomitant reduction in potential dispersal distance. Although the uncertainty around change in dispersal distances is large, predicted reductions are, on average, more than an order of magnitude smaller than the current rate of range expansion of lionfisli in the Caribbean. Nevertheless, because shorter pelagic larval duration has the potential to increase local re- tention of larvae, local lionfish management will become increasingly important under projected climate change. Increasing tem- perature is also expected to worsen the current imbalance between rates of prey consumption by lionfish and biomass production by their prey, leading to a heightened decline in native reef fish biomass. However, the magnitude of climate-induced decline is predicted to be minor compared to the effect of current rates of lionfish population increases （and hence overall prey consumption rates） on invaded reefs. Placing the predicted effects of climate change in the current context thus reveals that, at least for the lionfish invasion, the threat is clear and present, rather than future [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 1-8, 2012].

Invasive Insect Fall Webworm Control in China

Fall webworm is an alien invasive insect pest in China. The control strategies and methods to it for the last two decades in China were briefly reviewed. Because the fall webworm has already adapted to the new habitat in China, some considerable control strategies should be developed. Based on the study of fall webworm in three typical ecological conditions and its special biological characteristic, relative different control strategies and methods were proposed for this invasive pest.