餐厨垃圾生物减量技术研究进展

餐厨垃圾占城市生活垃圾比重日益增高,其成分特性非常适合微生物生长繁殖,若处理不当则极易腐败污染环境。目前市面上存在多种针对餐厨垃圾的资源化处理技术,各有优劣。通过介绍生物减量技术原理并将其与同为好氧处理中的好氧堆肥与生物干化对比,体现出生物减量技术能更好实现减量化的优势,更适用于餐厨垃圾前端处理。重点从减量菌、餐厨垃圾预处理、填充剂选择与复配三角度介绍了餐厨垃圾生物减量的强化策略,并列举部分生物减量技术规模化的应用,为进一步提高生物减量效率提供参考。

纤维素织物的生物减量

本论文讨论了酸性纤维素酶对纤维素的生物减量作用原理，并探讨了纯棉、苎麻、棉麻混纺织物生物减量率与酶用量、作用时间、浴比的关系，评定了生物整理后织物的外观和内在质量。本论文初步比较了浸渍法和机械法对纤维素纤维减量效果。

化纤厂PTA废水处理污泥生物减量效果及影响因子

通过小试试验研究PTA废水处理污泥生物减量效果及影响因子,结果表明,一次性进料、设备温度60℃、菌剂占污泥干基比例4%,可实现污泥含水率、干物质和毒性物质(钴)分别减少79%、22%和9%的最佳减量效果.基于污泥生物减量过程中多参数、三维荧光和微生物属水平变化并结合相关和主成分分析,探明了影响PTA污泥生物减量的关键因子分别为温度、电导率、胡富比、碳氮比、溶解性有机碳和8种微生物菌属(即为Gemmatimonas、Pelotomaculum、Azohydromonas、Pseudomonas、Paeniglutamicibacter、Weissella、Nitrospira、Novosphingobium).研究结果可为化纤厂PTA污泥生物减量提供科学依据.

餐厨垃圾高温好氧生物减量菌种的筛选及特性

【背景】随着餐厨垃圾产生量的逐步提高,如何实现其快速降解,成为餐厨垃圾处理亟待解决的问题。餐厨垃圾的高温好氧生物减量技术是一种可以快速降解餐厨垃圾的有效方法。【目的】筛选能够适应餐厨垃圾环境且具有高效降解餐厨垃圾中有机物能力的菌株,以提高餐厨垃圾的降解效率和减量效果。【方法】采用温度梯度耐受性实验和餐厨垃圾浸出液高油高盐耐受性实验进行菌种初筛,并利用产酶培养基复筛及餐厨垃圾生物减量实验验证。【结果】通过初筛、复筛和功能验证,最终获得4株生物减量效果优良的菌株N3-1、C7、N3-3和G6-1,其对餐厨垃圾挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)的降解率分别为36.95%、33.23%、32.83%和31.91%,是对照组的3.02、2.71、2.68和2.61倍。经鉴定,这4株菌分别属于热嗜油地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus thermoleovorans)、史氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus smithii)、热解木糖地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus)和立陶宛地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus lituanicus)。【结论】筛选出的4株菌均具有较强的餐厨垃圾原料适应性和高效的生物降解能力,为开发餐厨垃圾高温好氧复合菌剂奠定了基础,并为实现餐厨垃圾减量化、无害化处理和资源化利用提供了技术支持。

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization and Biochar Application on CO_2 and N_2O Emissions from a Summer Maize-Winter Wheat Rotation Field in North China

This experiment was conducted in Xinxiang, Henan from June 2013 to June 2014. Total four treatments were designed including farmers ’ common practice （F, 250 kg/hm^2）, 80% F （LF, 200 kg/hm^2）, 80% F＋biochar （LFC） and no fertilizer （CK） to measure the dynamic emissions of CO2 and N2O from a summer maize-winter wheat field by static chamber-gas chromatography method. The results showed that the soil CO2 emission was 21.8-1 022.7 mg/（m^2·h）, and was mainly influenced by soil temperature and moisture content. During the growth of summer maize, the soil CO2 emission was more significantly affected by soil moisture con-tent; and in winter wheat growing season, it was more significantly affected by soil temperature in the top 5 cm. The LF and LFC treatments significantly reduced the soil cumulative CO2 emission, especial y during the growth of winter wheat. Fertiliza-tion and irrigation were the main factors influencing the soil N2O emission. The soil N2O emission during the fertilization period accounted for 73.9%-74.5% and 40.5%-43.6% of the soil cumulative N2O emission during the summer maize-and winter wheat-growing season, respectively. The peak of emission fluxes was determined by fertilization amount, while the occurrence time of emission peak and emission re-duction effect were influenced by irrigation. The LF treatment reduced the soil cu-mulative N2O emission by 15.7%-16.8% and 18.1%-18.5% during the growth period of summer maize and winter wheat, respectively. Reduced nitrogen fertilization is an effective way for reducing N2O emission in intensive high-yielding farmland. Under a suitable nitrogen level （200 kg/hm^2）, the application of biochar showed no significant effect on the soil N2O emission in a short term. The N2O emission factors of the L and LF treatments were 0.60% and 0.56%, respectively. ln the intensive high-yield-ing farmland of North China, reducing the nitrogen application amount is an appro-priate measure to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions without crop yield loss.

Effects of 6-Month Weight Loss New Program on Anthropometric Measurements and Biological Profile

Obesity has become a leading global health problem owing to its strong association with a high incidence of diseases. Obesity is results from the complex interaction of environmental factors that act on a genetic background and led to excess accumulated of body fat. Treatment of obesity includes determination of the degree of obesity, management weight loss programme and maintenance of body weight. To investigate effect 6 months safe weight loss program on anthropometric measurements and biological and metabolic profiles in obese patients. 35 obese patients were enrolled in the present study： 20 female, 15 male. Participants underwent a comprehensive series of biochemical, anthropometrical, physical, and nutritional prior to treatment- at baseline and after the six-month of the obesity treatment program. 6 months weight loss program. Diet plan intervention in small groups. In-person training and individual diet plan intervention. There is significant reduction in weight and high improvement in laboratory parameters. Our data showed that there an improvement in weight loss. These finding may be important for controlling obesity-related co-morbidities. It would appear that moderate weight loss of 8-10 % observed in our study resulted in significant improvements in laboratory parameters

肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂减量维持治疗脊柱关节炎患者关节病变的初步研究

目的观察延长TNF-α抑制剂的使用间隔时间是否可以持续改善或维持SpA患者的炎症指标和骶髂关节、脊柱的影像学评分。方法收集154例SpA患者，95例接受TNF-α抑制剂治疗，减量方案如下：依那西普每1、2、3、4周50 mg皮下注射，英夫利西单抗第0、2、6周4 mg/kg至每8、12、16周4 mg/kg静脉滴注，阿达木单抗每2、3、4、8周40 mg皮下注射。3~6个月评估患者的炎症指标、骶髂关节骨髓水肿加拿大脊柱关节炎研究协会（SPARCC）评分，二分类法评估脂肪沉积、骨侵蚀、硬化和关节强直，第2年采用改良Stoke强直性脊柱炎脊柱评分（mSASSS）评估颈腰椎放射片。治疗前后计量资料使用配对t检验或Wilcoxon非参数检验，2组或3组计量资料采用Mann-Whitney U或Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验，计数资料采用χ2检验。结果经过足量TNF-α抑制剂治疗，SpA患者3~6个月的ESR、CRP、IgA、BASDAI、BASFI、AS疾病活动评分（ASDAS）和SPARCC评分比治疗前明显改善[分别为13.00（6.00，31.00）mm/1 h，3.00（2.00，6.00）mm/1 h，Z=-5.61；7.39（2.52，17.90）mg/L，1.88（1.21，3.75）mg/L，Z=-5.57；2.89（2.52，17.90）g/L，2.27（1.60，2.85）g/L，Z=-4.69；2.6±1.4，1.2±0.9，t=9.81；17.50（5.00，27.00），4.00（0，11.00），Z=-6.69；2.62（2.02，3.52），1.22（0.92，1.59），Z=-6.96；25.00（10.00，37.00），12.00（6.00，20.25），Z=-6.68；P均〈0.05]。与第3~6个月比较，患者第2~3年的骶髂关节骨髓水肿明显降低，差异具有统计学意义[12.00（6.00，20.25），7.00（3.25，14.75），Z=-2.48，P=0.01]。与非TNF-α抑制剂治疗组比较，TNF-α抑制剂治疗组第2~3年骶髂关节脂肪沉积、骨侵蚀、硬化和关节强直的发生率差异无统计学意义（分别为61%，57%，χ2=0.07，P=1.00；53%，43%，χ2=0.40，P=0.75；31%，57%，χ2=3.02，P=0.11；14%，7%，χ2=0.43，P=0.66），2组患者治疗后的脊柱mSASSS评分差异也无统计学意义[2.50（0，8.00），3.00（0，8.00），Z=-0.30，P=0.76]。结论采用不断延长TNF-α抑制剂使用间隔时间的减量方案可以持续改善骶髂关节骨髓水肿，并且不增加骶髂关节和脊柱的结构性病变。