Experiments were conducted to study the role of micro-electrolysis in removing chromaticity and COD and improving the biodegradability of pharmaceutical wastewater. The results showed that the use of micro-electrolysi...Experiments were conducted to study the role of micro-electrolysis in removing chromaticity and COD and improving the biodegradability of pharmaceutical wastewater. The results showed that the use of micro-electrolysis technology could remove more than 90% of chromaticity and more than 50% of COD and greatly improved the biodegradability of pharmaceutical wastewater. Lower initial pH could be advantageous to the removal of chromaticity. A retention time of 30 minutes was recommended for the process design of micro-electrolysis.展开更多
Aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat wheat straw to improve biodegradability and provide nitrogen source for enhancing biogas production. Three doses of ammonia(2%, 4%, and 6%, dry matter) and three moisture contents(...Aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat wheat straw to improve biodegradability and provide nitrogen source for enhancing biogas production. Three doses of ammonia(2%, 4%, and 6%, dry matter) and three moisture contents(30%, 60%, and 80%, dry matter) were applied to pretreat wheat straw for 7 days. The pretreated wheat straws were anaerobically digested at three loading rates(50, 65, and 80 g·L-1) to produce biogas. The results indicated that the wheat straw pretreated with 80% moisture content and 4% ammonia achieved the highest methane yield of 199.7 ml·g-1(based on per unit volatile solids loaded), with shorter digestion time(T80) of 25 days at the loading rate of 65 g·L-1compared to untreated one. The main chemical compositions of wheat straw were also analyzed. The cellulose and hemicellulose contents were decomposed by 2%-20% and 26%-42%, respectively,while the lignin content was hardly removed, cold-water and hot-water extracts were increased by 4%-44%, and12%-52%, respectively, for the ammonia-pretreated wheat straws at different moisture contents. The appropriate C/N ratio and decomposition of original chemical compositions into relatively readily biodegradable substances will improve the biodegradability and biogas yield.展开更多
Carbon monoxide(CO) plays a significant role in global warming and atmospheric chemistry. Global oceans are net natural sources of atmospheric CO. CO at surface ocean is primarily produced from the photochemical degra...Carbon monoxide(CO) plays a significant role in global warming and atmospheric chemistry. Global oceans are net natural sources of atmospheric CO. CO at surface ocean is primarily produced from the photochemical degradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM). In this study, the effects of photobleaching, temperature and the origin(terrestrial or marine) of CDOM on the apparent quantum yields(AQY) of CO were studied for seawater samples collected from Jiaozhou Bay. Our results demonstrat that photobleaching, temperature and the origin of CDOM strongly affected the efficiency of CO photoproduction. The concentration, absorbance and fluorescence of CDOM exponentially decreased with increasing light dose. Terrestrial riverine organic matter could be more prone to photodegradation than the marine algae-derived one. The relationships between CO AQY and the dissolved organic carbon-specific absorption coefficient at 254 nm for the photobleaching study were nonlinear, whereas those of the original samples were strongly linear. This suggests that: 1) terrestrial riverine CDOM was more efficient than marine algae-derived CDOM for CO photoproduction; 2) aromatic and olefinic moieties of the CDOM pool were affected more strongly by degradation processes than by aliphatic ones. Water temperature and the origin of CDOM strongly affected the efficiency of CO photoproduction. The photoproduction rate of CO in autumn was estimated to be 31.98 μmol m-2 d-1 and the total DOC photomineralization was equivalent to 3.25%- 6.35% of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay. Our results indicate that CO photochemistry in coastal areas is important for oceanic carbon cycle.展开更多
Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-p...Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-philic aerobic digestion(ATAD) . Based on an Arrhenius-type equation,an empirical model was developed to corre-late the removal of total suspended solid(TSS) with the initial TSS concentration,influent reaction temperature,aeration rate and stirring rate. The reaction temperatures of the ATAD system could be raised from the ambient temperatures of 25 °C to a maximum temperature of 65 °C. The exponentials for the initial TSS concentration,aeration rate and stirring rate were 1.579,-0.8175 and-0.6549,respectively,and the apparent activation energy was 6.8774 kJ·mol-1. The correlation coefficient for the pre-exponential factor was 0.9223. The TSS removal effi-ciency predicted by the model was validated with an actual test,showing a maximum relative deviation of 10.79%. The new model has a good practicability.展开更多
In this research, it used advanced oxidation processes for the recovery, detoxification and mineralization of wastewater mainly contaminated by antibiotics （ciprofloxacin）. These processes can be used alone or in co...In this research, it used advanced oxidation processes for the recovery, detoxification and mineralization of wastewater mainly contaminated by antibiotics （ciprofloxacin）. These processes can be used alone or in combination with each other or by complementing traditional methods, even allowing the disinfection of bacterial and viral inactivation. With the use of experimental systems UV/H202/O3, UV/H202, it can achieve total mineralization of the compound. Ciprofloxacin solutions used at 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm, degraded to 100% of antibiotics and by a microbiological method show that the loss of biological activity is inversely proportional to the time of irradiation.展开更多
Biological treatment efficiency of six pharmaceutical compounds （acetazolamide, metronidazole, opipramol, piracetam, salicylamide and tinidazole） was evaluated using lab-scale Sequencing Batch Reactor （SBR）. Compa...Biological treatment efficiency of six pharmaceutical compounds （acetazolamide, metronidazole, opipramol, piracetam, salicylamide and tinidazole） was evaluated using lab-scale Sequencing Batch Reactor （SBR）. Comparative biological degradation processes of two types of activated sludge from municipal and pharmaceutical industry sewage treatment plants were examined. Three different organic loadings （0.05 g COD/g MLSS.d, 0.1 g COD/g MLSS.d and 0.2 g COD/g MLSS-d） and reaction time on the efficiency of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient （API） decomposition were examined. Chemical oxygen demand, non-purgeable organic carbon as well as ammonium nitrogen contents were monitored by standard methods. Percentage of API decomposition was analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC）. The overall API removal efficiency was strictly dependent on the type of activated sludge origin. The main biodegradation products were identified using HPLC-MS,1H NMR and 13C NMR methods as e.g. （{4-[3-（5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl]piperazin-l-yl}methanamine） and （2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-sulfonamide） for opipramol and acetazolamide respectively.展开更多
Biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the young Three Gorges Reservoir （TGR）, China, is strongly considered. Although methylmercury （MMHg） photodegradation （PD） is an important process involved in mercury cycling...Biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the young Three Gorges Reservoir （TGR）, China, is strongly considered. Although methylmercury （MMHg） photodegradation （PD） is an important process involved in mercury cycling in this zone, little is known about this process. In situ incubation experiments were therefore performed to quantify the effect of different wave- length radiations and environmental factors on the PD process of MMHg in the water bodies of TGR. It was found that the ef- fect of solar radiation on MMHg PD was highly dependent on wavelength and water depth. All PD-rate constants resulting from each wavelength range decreased rapidly with water depth. For surface water, UV-A radiation （320-400 nm） was the key driver, accounting for 49%-62% of MMHg PD. For the entire water column, both photosynthetically active radiation （PAR, 400-700 nm） and UV-A were responsible for MMHg PD. MMHg PD fluxes peaked in summer （7.5-18 ng m-2 d-1）, followed by spring （3.3-8.0 ng m-2 d-1）, autumn （1.0-2.7 ng m-2 d-1）, and winter （0.060-0.15 ng m-2 d-1）. The annual fluxes of MMHg PD were estimated to be 1.1-2.8 μg m-2 at. Filtering the reservoir water and amending it with chemicals （i.e., CV, NO C, and dissolved organic matter （DOM）） showed significant effects on MMHg PD rate constants. Stepwise regression analysis showed that intensity of solar radiation, suspended particulate matter （SPM）, DOM, CI-, and NO3- were involved in the PD process. Path analysis clarified the relationship between MMHg PD rate constants and environmental variables, as well as the comparative strength of direct and indirect relationships among variables. The results are of great importance for understanding MMHg cycling characteristics in TGR and also facilitate the understanding of the underlying process, MMHg PD, in natural waters.展开更多
Magnesium and its alloys have attracted great attention as biocompatible and degradable biomaterials recent years.But their corrosion rate has been proved to be too high,which limits their biomedical application great...Magnesium and its alloys have attracted great attention as biocompatible and degradable biomaterials recent years.But their corrosion rate has been proved to be too high,which limits their biomedical application greatly.In order to improve the corrosion resistance,nano-fluoridated apatite(FA) coating was prepared on ZK60 magnesium alloy by a simple chemical conversion method.The FA coating showed a needle-like morphology.The polarization curves and EIS plots indicated that the FA coating improved the corrosion potential by 125 mV and doubled the polarization resistance of the magnesium alloy,meanwhile decreasing the corrosion current by two orders of magnitude of the substrate in simulated body fluid.The MTT assay indicated good cytocompatibility of L-929 cells with the fluoridated apatite coated magnesium alloy.展开更多
文摘Experiments were conducted to study the role of micro-electrolysis in removing chromaticity and COD and improving the biodegradability of pharmaceutical wastewater. The results showed that the use of micro-electrolysis technology could remove more than 90% of chromaticity and more than 50% of COD and greatly improved the biodegradability of pharmaceutical wastewater. Lower initial pH could be advantageous to the removal of chromaticity. A retention time of 30 minutes was recommended for the process design of micro-electrolysis.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2008AA062401)the China-US International Cooperation Project(2011DFA90800)the Ministry of Science and Technology,China
文摘Aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat wheat straw to improve biodegradability and provide nitrogen source for enhancing biogas production. Three doses of ammonia(2%, 4%, and 6%, dry matter) and three moisture contents(30%, 60%, and 80%, dry matter) were applied to pretreat wheat straw for 7 days. The pretreated wheat straws were anaerobically digested at three loading rates(50, 65, and 80 g·L-1) to produce biogas. The results indicated that the wheat straw pretreated with 80% moisture content and 4% ammonia achieved the highest methane yield of 199.7 ml·g-1(based on per unit volatile solids loaded), with shorter digestion time(T80) of 25 days at the loading rate of 65 g·L-1compared to untreated one. The main chemical compositions of wheat straw were also analyzed. The cellulose and hemicellulose contents were decomposed by 2%-20% and 26%-42%, respectively,while the lignin content was hardly removed, cold-water and hot-water extracts were increased by 4%-44%, and12%-52%, respectively, for the ammonia-pretreated wheat straws at different moisture contents. The appropriate C/N ratio and decomposition of original chemical compositions into relatively readily biodegradable substances will improve the biodegradability and biogas yield.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40976043)the Science and Technology Key Project of Shandong Province (2006GG2205024)+2 种基金the Changjiang Scholars Program, Ministry of Education of Chinathe Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Provincethe Scholar Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural University (631102)
文摘Carbon monoxide(CO) plays a significant role in global warming and atmospheric chemistry. Global oceans are net natural sources of atmospheric CO. CO at surface ocean is primarily produced from the photochemical degradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM). In this study, the effects of photobleaching, temperature and the origin(terrestrial or marine) of CDOM on the apparent quantum yields(AQY) of CO were studied for seawater samples collected from Jiaozhou Bay. Our results demonstrat that photobleaching, temperature and the origin of CDOM strongly affected the efficiency of CO photoproduction. The concentration, absorbance and fluorescence of CDOM exponentially decreased with increasing light dose. Terrestrial riverine organic matter could be more prone to photodegradation than the marine algae-derived one. The relationships between CO AQY and the dissolved organic carbon-specific absorption coefficient at 254 nm for the photobleaching study were nonlinear, whereas those of the original samples were strongly linear. This suggests that: 1) terrestrial riverine CDOM was more efficient than marine algae-derived CDOM for CO photoproduction; 2) aromatic and olefinic moieties of the CDOM pool were affected more strongly by degradation processes than by aliphatic ones. Water temperature and the origin of CDOM strongly affected the efficiency of CO photoproduction. The photoproduction rate of CO in autumn was estimated to be 31.98 μmol m-2 d-1 and the total DOC photomineralization was equivalent to 3.25%- 6.35% of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay. Our results indicate that CO photochemistry in coastal areas is important for oceanic carbon cycle.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Foundation of Northeast Dianli University (BSJXM-200814)Foundations of Bureau of Jilin Province (2008424)
文摘Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-philic aerobic digestion(ATAD) . Based on an Arrhenius-type equation,an empirical model was developed to corre-late the removal of total suspended solid(TSS) with the initial TSS concentration,influent reaction temperature,aeration rate and stirring rate. The reaction temperatures of the ATAD system could be raised from the ambient temperatures of 25 °C to a maximum temperature of 65 °C. The exponentials for the initial TSS concentration,aeration rate and stirring rate were 1.579,-0.8175 and-0.6549,respectively,and the apparent activation energy was 6.8774 kJ·mol-1. The correlation coefficient for the pre-exponential factor was 0.9223. The TSS removal effi-ciency predicted by the model was validated with an actual test,showing a maximum relative deviation of 10.79%. The new model has a good practicability.
文摘In this research, it used advanced oxidation processes for the recovery, detoxification and mineralization of wastewater mainly contaminated by antibiotics （ciprofloxacin）. These processes can be used alone or in combination with each other or by complementing traditional methods, even allowing the disinfection of bacterial and viral inactivation. With the use of experimental systems UV/H202/O3, UV/H202, it can achieve total mineralization of the compound. Ciprofloxacin solutions used at 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm, degraded to 100% of antibiotics and by a microbiological method show that the loss of biological activity is inversely proportional to the time of irradiation.
文摘Biological treatment efficiency of six pharmaceutical compounds （acetazolamide, metronidazole, opipramol, piracetam, salicylamide and tinidazole） was evaluated using lab-scale Sequencing Batch Reactor （SBR）. Comparative biological degradation processes of two types of activated sludge from municipal and pharmaceutical industry sewage treatment plants were examined. Three different organic loadings （0.05 g COD/g MLSS.d, 0.1 g COD/g MLSS.d and 0.2 g COD/g MLSS-d） and reaction time on the efficiency of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient （API） decomposition were examined. Chemical oxygen demand, non-purgeable organic carbon as well as ammonium nitrogen contents were monitored by standard methods. Percentage of API decomposition was analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC）. The overall API removal efficiency was strictly dependent on the type of activated sludge origin. The main biodegradation products were identified using HPLC-MS,1H NMR and 13C NMR methods as e.g. （{4-[3-（5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl]piperazin-l-yl}methanamine） and （2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-sulfonamide） for opipramol and acetazolamide respectively.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB430004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41373113 and 41173116)
文摘Biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the young Three Gorges Reservoir （TGR）, China, is strongly considered. Although methylmercury （MMHg） photodegradation （PD） is an important process involved in mercury cycling in this zone, little is known about this process. In situ incubation experiments were therefore performed to quantify the effect of different wave- length radiations and environmental factors on the PD process of MMHg in the water bodies of TGR. It was found that the ef- fect of solar radiation on MMHg PD was highly dependent on wavelength and water depth. All PD-rate constants resulting from each wavelength range decreased rapidly with water depth. For surface water, UV-A radiation （320-400 nm） was the key driver, accounting for 49%-62% of MMHg PD. For the entire water column, both photosynthetically active radiation （PAR, 400-700 nm） and UV-A were responsible for MMHg PD. MMHg PD fluxes peaked in summer （7.5-18 ng m-2 d-1）, followed by spring （3.3-8.0 ng m-2 d-1）, autumn （1.0-2.7 ng m-2 d-1）, and winter （0.060-0.15 ng m-2 d-1）. The annual fluxes of MMHg PD were estimated to be 1.1-2.8 μg m-2 at. Filtering the reservoir water and amending it with chemicals （i.e., CV, NO C, and dissolved organic matter （DOM）） showed significant effects on MMHg PD rate constants. Stepwise regression analysis showed that intensity of solar radiation, suspended particulate matter （SPM）, DOM, CI-, and NO3- were involved in the PD process. Path analysis clarified the relationship between MMHg PD rate constants and environmental variables, as well as the comparative strength of direct and indirect relationships among variables. The results are of great importance for understanding MMHg cycling characteristics in TGR and also facilitate the understanding of the underlying process, MMHg PD, in natural waters.
基金supported by the Program for Young Excellent Talents in Tongji University (Grant No. 2009KJ003)"Chen Guang" project(Grant No. 10CG21) supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation
文摘Magnesium and its alloys have attracted great attention as biocompatible and degradable biomaterials recent years.But their corrosion rate has been proved to be too high,which limits their biomedical application greatly.In order to improve the corrosion resistance,nano-fluoridated apatite(FA) coating was prepared on ZK60 magnesium alloy by a simple chemical conversion method.The FA coating showed a needle-like morphology.The polarization curves and EIS plots indicated that the FA coating improved the corrosion potential by 125 mV and doubled the polarization resistance of the magnesium alloy,meanwhile decreasing the corrosion current by two orders of magnitude of the substrate in simulated body fluid.The MTT assay indicated good cytocompatibility of L-929 cells with the fluoridated apatite coated magnesium alloy.
