宜兴市稻田表层土壤生物固氮量的空间分异特征

通过对水稻土的系统采样,利用乙炔还原法估算宜兴市稻田土壤的生物固氮量;采用地统计学方法,对稻田土壤的生物固氮量空间变异特征进行分析。结果表明:研究区单位面积生物固氮量范围为0.75~46.85 g/m^2,均值8.04 g/m^2。采用普通克里格法对采样数据进行了空间插值,稻田土壤的生物固氮量总体呈带状分布,高值区位于研究区西南和东南方向靠近丘陵地区,低值区则位于研究区西北和东北方向地势平坦的区域。地统计学中的变异系数和块金值均表明稻田土壤的生物固氮量属中等空间变异,即研究区内稻田土壤的生物固氮量受到结构性变异和随机变异的共同影响。可见,人为经营活动与自然环境共同影响着稻田土壤的生物固氮量。

不同的植被类型对矿区垦复地土壤理化性状及生物固氮量的影响

为了筛选适合在我国北方矿区废弃地上垦复的造林树种,在阜新煤矿区废弃地上开展不同植被类型下土壤理化性质以及生物固氮量的比较试验。结果表明:在工矿区废弃地上进行复垦后,各种植被类型均可显著提高土壤中的总氮含量,降低土壤容重,提高土壤肥力水平,pH值的变化各植被处理与对照没有明显差异;生物量整体来说以混合种植不同类型的植被效果更好,说明混合造林的固氮效果更佳。

我国大豆的生物固氮潜力研究

【目的】根瘤菌与大豆共生结瘤固氮是大豆的重要氮素来源之一,而我国在大豆生产中普遍过量使用化学氮肥,不仅增加了生产成本,而且严重抑制了大豆的生物固氮效率。因此在生产中充分发挥生物固氮作用、合理施用化学氮肥、降低大豆生产成本是我国发展大豆产业的重要措施,本文对我国大豆主产区生物固氮潜力及其分布特征进行了研究,旨在了解不施氮肥条件下不同大豆产区生物固氮的最大供氮能力,为大豆的合理施肥和充分发挥生物固氮作用提供理论依据。【方法】采用15N自然丰度法,在2011年和2012年测定了在不施用氮肥条件下我国4个大豆主产区包括黑河、大庆、长春、铁岭、济宁、延安、南宁等7个试验点在内的大豆生物固氮效率、生物固氮量及其对产量的贡献。15N自然丰度法的原理是利用非固氮参照作物从土壤中吸收的15N丰度高于固氮植物,根据两者的15N自然丰度差异估算出固氮植物的生物固氮率。所选的非固氮参照作物必须同大豆生长季一致,并且各试验点选用同一种非固氮植物以保证各地数据的可比性。通过查阅文献,有研究使用玉米作为参照作物,并且符合上述要求,因此本研究选择玉米作为非固氮参照作物。【结果】在不施氮肥条件下,我国大豆在正常降水年份的生物固氮效率为47%70%,其中铁岭最高为60%70%,黑河最低为47%54%;大豆的生物固氮量在N 92150 kg/hm2之间变化,其中籽粒中的生物固氮量占总固氮量的65%81%,生物固氮量最高的试验点为长春,最低的试验点为延安;生物固氮对产量的贡献在1039 1867 kg/hm2之间,其中最高的试验点为长春,最低的试验点为延安;在延安试验点苗期开花期极度干旱的2011年,大豆缺水严重抑制了根瘤菌的数量和固氮酶的活性,其生物固氮效率、固氮量及对产量的贡献均达极低水平,分别为15%和N 24 kg/hm2和245 kg/hm2。【结论】我国大豆不同主产区的生物固氮潜力存在较大差异,并且具有明显的分布规律。生物固氮效率以温带的铁岭为最高,向北至寒温带的黑河、向南到亚热带的南宁均呈现逐渐降低的趋势。受种植密度等因素的影响,大豆生物固氮量及其对产量贡献的分布规律与生物固氮效率不完全一致,其中东北地区最高,其次是济宁和南宁,延安最低。

减氮对甜玉米//大豆间作系统大豆结瘤固氮特性的影响

为了探讨减氮和甜玉米//大豆间作对大豆结瘤和固氮特性的影响,通过大田定位试验(2015年春-2018年秋,共8季)对比了三种施氮水平:不施氮(N0,0 kg·hm^(-2))、减量施氮(N1,300 kg·hm^(-2))、常规施氮(N2,360 kg·hm^(-2)),两种间作模式:甜玉米//大豆2∶3间作(S2B3)、甜玉米//大豆2∶4间作(S2B4),以及不施肥单作大豆(SB)对大豆结瘤数、根瘤干重、固氮效率和固氮量及其稳定性的影响。结果表明:1)大豆根瘤数、根瘤干重、固氮效率和固氮量随着年季变化呈现明显的动态变化,春季大豆根瘤数和根瘤干重显著高于秋季,但秋季固氮效率和固氮量显著高于春季。2)施氮水平与种植模式极显著影响大豆固氮效率和固氮量,不施肥处理大豆固氮效率为S2B4(69.87%)>S2B3(60.64%)、SB(56.3%),但生物固氮量为SB(142.31 kg·hm^(-2))>S2B4(109.50 kg·hm^(-2))>S2B3(86.12 kg·hm^(-2))。3)间作甜玉米显著提高了大豆的固氮效率且随大豆种植比例的增加而增加,S2B4-N0、N1及N2的固氮效率分别比S2B3-N0、N1及N2高9.47%、3.41%、1.83%,但是,相同施氮水平下不同间作模式之间均无差异。4)减氮和间作甜玉米可显著提高大豆固氮率和固氮量的稳定性。总之,减氮和间作甜玉米均能促进大豆结瘤、提高生物固氮量及固氮效率。

Estimation of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Capacity by Sugarcane Using 15N

[ Objective] The study aimed to reveal the biological nitrogen fixation capacity by sugarcane from Brazil under the ecological conditions of Guangxi, and to provide reference for study on the biological nitrogen fixation capacity by sugarcane and related generalization and application. [ Method] The ^15N isotopic fertilizer was solely applied on plants of three sugarcane cultivars planted in greenhouse with no other fertilizer forms applied, meanwhile virus-free stem seedling was regarded as control, to measure their biological nitrogen fixation capacity using ^15N isotope. [ Result ] The nitrogen fixation rate of B8 from Brazil reached 26.91%, while Guitang 11 and RIC16 presented no or poor nitrogen fixation capacity. [ Conclusion] The sugarcane eultivar B8 from Brazil showed some nitrogen fixation capacity under the ecological conditions of Guangxi.

Biomass and nutrients allocation in pot cultured beech seedlings:influence of nitrogen fertilizer

Allocation of biomass and nutrient elements including Nitrogen to above and belowground compartments of beech seedlings （Fagus sylvatica L.） treated by labeled nitrogen fertilizer in the form of 15NH4 and 15NO3 were investigated at the end of two successive growing seasons. Pot cultured beech seedlings were grown at a green house on intact soil cores sampled from three adjacent stands including beech, Norway spruce and mixed beech-spruce cultures of Soiling forest, Germany. Comparing biomass allocation and nutrients concentrations of the seedlings between the control and 15N-fertilized treatments revealed no significant effect of N fertilization on nutrients uptake by seedlings over the experiment. The form of N input influenced its movement into plant pools. It was demonstrated that beech seedlings take up nitrogen mainly in the form of nitrate, which is then reduced in the leaves, although the differences between the retention of NO3^--N and NH4^＋-N in plants were not statistically significant. Percent recoveries of 15N in trees were typically greater after 15NO3 than after 15NH4 additions. It was indicated that immobilization of ~SN tracer in fine roots was a slower process comparing other plant compartments such as stem and coarse roots, but a powerful sink for N during the course of study.

Effects of Grafting on Root Exudates of Cucumber and Rhizosphere Environment under Copper Stress

[Objective] This study to aimed to investigate the effects of Cu stress on root exudates and microbial activities in rhizosphere of grafted and ungrafted cucum-ber seedlings, and therefore to elucidate the microbial mechanism of grafting for in-creasing cucumber plants tolerance to Cu stress [Method] Four treatments： （1） un-grafted seedlings ＋ test soil （U0）; （2） ungrafted seedlings ＋ test soil ＋ CuSO4·5H2O （U1）; （3） grafted seedlings ＋ test soil （G0）; （4） grafted seedlings ＋ test soil ＋ Cu-SO4·5H2O （G1） were set in the pot culture experiment. The contents of free amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acid and sugars, microbial population and enzyme ac-tivity in the four treatment were measured, respectively. [Result] The secretion of amino acids and organic acids were increased under Cu stress. The amino acids secretions of grafted seedlings roots were obviously higher than ungrafted seedlings except for Phe and Val. At the same time, the secretion of oxalic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, cinnamic acid, ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acid of grafted seedlings were significantly higher than ungrafted seedlings as wel . There-fore, more Cu2＋ were restricted in soil by chelating, complexing and precipitation with root exudates, and its toxicity was decreased. The soil microbial biomass C and N in grafted cucumber rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in ungrafted cu-cumber rhizosphere, whereas basal respiration and metabolic quotient were signifi-cantly lower. Under Cu stress, the numbers of actinomyces and nitrogen fixing bac-teria decreased and the number of fungi increased significantly, whereas there was no significant difference in amounts of bacteria. The numbers of bacteria, actino-myces, and nitrogen fixing bacteria in grafted cucumber rhizosphere were significant-ly higher than those in ungrafted cucumber rhizosphere, but the number of fungi was opposite. The activities of soil urease, phosphatase, sucrase and catalase in grafted cucumber rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in ungrafted cu-cumber rhizosphere. [Conclusion] These indicated that the soil microbial environment and soil enzymes activities were improved by grafting under Cu stress, and as a re-sult, the adaptability of cucumber to Cu stress was improved.

Effect of Biofertilizer and Different Levels of Nitrogen （Urea） on Growth, Yield and Quality of Lettuce （Lactuca sativa L,） Ramadi cv,

This study was carried out at the farm of Horticulture Department Faculty of Agriculture and forestry, Duhok University, during the winter season of 2008 to investigate the effects of biofertilizer （Azotobacter） with different levels of Nitrogen fertilizer （urea 46%） （100, 200, 300 kg/hectare） and without Azotobacter （Nitrogen alone） on growth, yield quantity and quality of lettuce Ramadi cv. The experiment was designed according to RCBD with three replicates. The results showed that there was significant increase in studied characteristics （plant height （cm）, leaves number, length and of the stem （cm）, head fresh and dry weight （g）, head diameter and head yield （kg/m2）） except dry weight percentage of leaves and a significant decrease in NO3 in leaves by using Azotobacter with Urea especially at low levels.