生物多样性与气候变化协同治理的理论解码与法制构造

作为统筹应对生物多样性丧失与全球气候变化两大环境危机的优选路径,生物多样性与气候变化协同治理,对“马克思主义生态认识论”的遵循“、整体政府理论”的运用以及“成本效益分析理论”的践行,从哲学、行政学以及经济学等多维学科凝萃上,塑造了一个合理且自洽的理论框架。在全面推进依法治国的时代背景下,生物多样性与气候变化协同治理这一环境议题,无论是在技术话语还是国际政治导向上,均具有法制转轨的强烈需求。为纾解生物多样性与气候变化协同治理在法制供需样态上呈现出的内在张力,宜将以法律和政策为主体构成的法制体系的塑造,作为驱动生物多样性与气候变化协同治理目标实现的根本工具,通过对生物多样性与气候变化协同治理政策体系的布局安排,以及协同治理理念完整的法律表达,以有效回应“双碳”目标以及生物多样性保护战略协同推进的时代所需。

国际生物多样性研究科学计划与热点述评

生物多样性与人类生活密切相关。近年来不断加剧的人类活动,对生物多样性造成了严重破坏。已有研究表明,地球上的物种正以前所未有的速度丧失。为了遏止这种状况,目前,世界上许多国际组织和国家都对生物多样性及其相关问题展开研究,并制定了与生物多样性保护相关的法规和战略计划,也采取了许多保护生物多样性的行动。DIVERSITAS是国际全球环境变化（GEC）四大研究计划之一,也是生物多样性领域最大的国际科学计划,DIVERSITAS于2001年开始启动了第Ⅱ阶段研究并确定了新的核心研究计划和跨学科交叉网络计划。世界自然保护联盟（The World Conservation Union,IUCN）在2008年发布了《塑造可持续的未来：IUCN2009～2012年计划》,提出了5个优先主题领域。欧盟于2006年通过了一项保护生物多样性的新战略---《2010年及未来阻止生物多样性丧失：人类福祉的可持续生态服务》。此外,很多国际/国家基金组织还发起了一些全球性的生物多样性计划,如国际海洋生物普查计划、生命之树计划、国际生命条码计划等。本文对上述生物多样性保护和研究的国际计划予以概要介绍和评述,并指出当前国际上生物多样性研究的主要热点,即：生物多样性变化与生态系统功能;生物多样性和生态系统服务的价值评估;生物多样性与气候变化;生物多样性长期动态监测;生物多样性的评价指标等。

退化草原轻耙处理过程中植物种多样性变化的研究

利用多年样方资料的统计分析,对退化草原群落轻耙处理后恢复过程中的生物多样性变化规律及引起这些变化的主要植物种群进行研究,结果表明:在退化群落耙地恢复过程中,整个群落的物种丰富度变化不大,物种分布的均匀性指数随演替过程呈现波动下降的趋势,多样性指数也呈现波动下降的趋势,恢复后期有所升高,且物种分布的均匀性是造成物种多样性指数变化的主要原因。羊草(Leymuschinensis)的密度和生物量的变化与多样性指数具有极显著的负相关关系。冷蒿(Aartemisiafrigida)、洽草(Koeleriacristata)的密度和生物量与多样性指数具有极显著的正相关关系。隐子草(Cleistogenessquarrosa)、变蒿(A.commutata)的密度与多样性指数具有极显著的正相关关系。多样性指数与耙地处理后的恢复年限(11a间)的关系可表示为: 以密度为指标的多样性指数Dn=3.579-0.665Lnx (r=-0.9185); 以生物量为指标的多样性指数Dw=4.4-0.7696Lnx (r=0.8667)。

Study on the Biological Diversity of Nematode-trapping Fungi in Erhai Lake

[Objective]The research aimed to investigate the biological diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in the sediment of Erhai Lake.[Method]616 pieces of sediments were collected from Erhai Lake.The traditional classification and identification methods were used to isolate,purify and identify.[Result]3 genera and 22 species of nematode-trapping fungi were isolated.Arthrobotrys oligospora,A.musiformis and Dactylella leptospora were the dominant species,and their detection rates were 28.05%,16.04% and 8.92% respectively.By analyzing the diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in four seasons,it was found that the biological diversity was richer in summer,spring and autumn,and the diversity indexes were 2.59,2.47 and 2.34 respectively.The diversity index in winter was 1.48 and was lower.Species forming the adhesive nets were predominant;positive rate was 41.00%.[Conclusion]The rich nematode-trapping fungi resource existed in Erhai Lake,and its biological diversity had the seasonal variation characteristic.The nematode-trapping fungi which formed the viscous net were the dominant species in Erhai Lake.

Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Australia:Strategy and Research Developments

Many countries are developing national strategies and action plans aimed at minimising the negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity.The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview not only of strategies and plans that have been developed in Australia,but also of research that has been carried out in Australia by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO) Climate Adaptation Flagship to assist the development of future strategies and plans.Major points are summarised from key policy documents such as the National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan 2004-2007,and Australia's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010-2030,as well as the 2009 report on "Australia's Biodiversity and Climate Change".Within the first three years of its existence,the Natural Ecosystems theme in CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship has carried out studies analysing impacts and identifying potential adaptations across the whole of Australia's vast terrestrial and marine environments.Techniques used in these studies could be applied easily in other countries and could assist the development of more effective national strategies and adaptation action plans for the conservation of biodiversity under climate change.

Traditional farming in the mountainous region of Bangladesh and its modifications

Shifting cultivation is a traditional farming system practiced in the tropical mountainous areas. Although it has been widely perceived as an economically inefficient and environmentally harmful agricultural production system, recent science reviews, however, indicate that the deleterious impacts of shifting cultivation on environment may have been overestimated. Despite the pressures of agricultural intensification in areas where shifting cultivation occurs, farmers across the tropics still maintain this traditional farming system. The objective of this study was to explore existing traditional shifting cultivation practices and their various modifications including the innovative farming techniques developed by farmers in the Chittagong Hill Tracts(CHTs), the mountainous region of Bangladesh, and examine their importance with respect to recent socio-economic and environmental changes. The study revealed that shifting cultivation still exists as the most dominant farming method which supports livelihoods and culture of the hill ethnic people. However, demand for more food and household income to meet livelihood needs of an increasing population combined with a rapid deterioration of soil and water quality over decades contributed to development of innovative farming practices through fallow land farming, crop substitution, agroforestry and homestead gardening in the CHTs. Through these farming techniques farmers maintain a strong relationship with traditional knowledge system embedded in the ageold shifting cultivation practices. Today state policies and market forces act in favor of replacement of traditional farming with intensive cash crop agriculture. It seems that disappearance of traditional farming practices from the hills may threaten local biodiversity and food security. It may be recommended that shifting cultivation should be encouraged in areas where they have potential for contributing to preservation of native biodiversity and ecosystem services, and protection of local peoples' food security and cultural identity.

Advances in the reintroduction of rare and endangered wild plant species

Human disturbance and climate change have increased the risk of extinction for rare and endangered wild plant species.One effective way to conserve these rare and endangered species is through reintroduction.In this review,we summarize the advances in wild plant reintroduction from five perspectives:the establishment of reintroduction biology as an important tool for biodiversity conservation;the importance of genetic diversity in reintroduction;reintroduction under global climate change;recruitment limitation in reintroduction;and reintroduction and ecological restoration.In addition,we consider the future of plant reintroduction strategies.

Potential effects of climate change on a marine invasion： The importance of current context

Species invasions threaten marine biodiversity globally. There is a concern that climate change is exacerbating this problem. Here, we examined some of the potential effects of warming water temperatures on the invasion of Western Atlantic habitats by a marine predator, the Indo-Pacific lionfish （Pterois volitans and P. miles）. We focussed on two temperature-dependent aspects of lionfish life-history and behaviour： pelagic larval duration, because of its link to dispersal potential, and prey consump- tion rate, because it is an important determinant of the impacts of lionfish on native prey. Using models derived from fundamental metabolic theory, we predict that the length of time spent by lionfish in the plankton in early life should decrease with warming temperatures, with a concomitant reduction in potential dispersal distance. Although the uncertainty around change in dispersal distances is large, predicted reductions are, on average, more than an order of magnitude smaller than the current rate of range expansion of lionfisli in the Caribbean. Nevertheless, because shorter pelagic larval duration has the potential to increase local re- tention of larvae, local lionfish management will become increasingly important under projected climate change. Increasing tem- perature is also expected to worsen the current imbalance between rates of prey consumption by lionfish and biomass production by their prey, leading to a heightened decline in native reef fish biomass. However, the magnitude of climate-induced decline is predicted to be minor compared to the effect of current rates of lionfish population increases （and hence overall prey consumption rates） on invaded reefs. Placing the predicted effects of climate change in the current context thus reveals that, at least for the lionfish invasion, the threat is clear and present, rather than future [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 1-8, 2012].