论我国生物多样性保护法律体系的完善

是否具备完备的生物多样性保护法律体系,是衡量一国生物多样性保护和管理水平的一个重要标志。我国目前的生物多样性保护法律体系尚不完善,本文就此提出完善建议。

云南生物多样性法治建设之路

云南省40多年的生物多样性法治建设体现了"良法和善治结合",包括建立生物多样性的良法体系、创新流域综合执法机制、专门的环境司法审判机制、广泛的公众参与与国际合作机制。云南的成功经验,对于推动我国生物多样性法治建设乃至提升我国在《生物多样性公约》履约目标制定中的影响力和国际形象具有重要意义和价值。

用生物多样性指数法评价河流污染程度

2000～2002年三年间对辽河盘锦段进行了浮游藻类的监测,对整个河段浮游藻类的种类、分布特征有了基本的了解,并用生物多样性指数法进行了污染程度的评价。

我国海洋生物多样性保护的法律探寻与展望

随着全球海洋资源利用加深,海洋生物多样性面临严峻挑战。作为海洋大国,我国保护海洋生物多样性至关重要。本文首先概述了国内外两个层面对海洋生物多样性保护的法律保障依据,然后,深入分析了我国海洋生物多样性保护面临的法律挑战,如尚未出台专门的海洋生物多样性保护法,执法力度有待提升以及公众在法律制定与实施中的参与度有限。为应对这些挑战,建议制定专门的海洋生物多样性保护法,加大执法力度,提高公众参与度,并加强国际合作,共同应对全球海洋生物多样性保护的挑战。

白酒大曲质量鉴别的研究进展

大曲是白酒酿造的糖化发酵剂,为发酵提供了复杂多样的酶类、风味(前体)物质和微生物。大曲的质量直接决定基酒的品质,目前已有许多关于大曲质量鉴别的相关研究,该文总结归纳了大曲质量鉴别的主要方法,包括传统方法、微生物多样性法、风味物质法、光谱分析法等,旨在为大曲质量鉴别以及提升提供参考和指导。

论我国生态保护立法及其完善

当前,我国的生态保护立法处于一种割裂状态,未能按照生态系统管理的思想对生态保护做出统一、协调的规定,现行环境资源法律在立法指导思想、立法目的、立法原则、法律制度、法律责任等方面都有待完善。完善我国的生态保护立法,应首先确立生态系统管理立法模式;在此基础上,构建由生态保护综合性基本法和各种涉及生态保护的单行法(包括生物多样性保护法、特定自然区域保护法、各类型生态系统保护法和提供各种生态保护手段的单行法)、区域(流域、特定地方)生态系统保护法、生态保护标准共同构成的内部协调、外部统一的法律框架。

富营养化评价方法在宁夏清水河流域的适用性研究

为探明清水河流域富营养化状态,于2018年4月、7月和11月对其32个采样点的水环境因子进行采样测定,选取叶绿素a(Chl.a)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、透明度(SD)作为评价因子,应用生物多样性指数法、综合营养状态指数法和灰关联法对清水河流域富营养化状态进行评价。结果表明:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价清水河干流富营养化状态为中至富营养化,Margalef物种丰富度指数评价干流为富营养化;综合营养状态指数法评价清水河流域富营养化状态为中营养化,上游、中游、苋麻河、西河、井沟、折死沟均为轻度营养化,其余均为中营养状态;灰关联法评价清水河流域富营养化状态为中营养化状态。不同来水期,富营养化状态变化明显,在时间上,4月、11月为中营养化,7月为轻度富营养化;在空间上,折死沟为轻度富营养化,双井子沟接近轻度富营养化,其余点位为中营养化。结合清水河流域实际情况,对比生物多样性指数法、综合营养状态指数法,使用灰关联法对清水河流域进行富营养化评价结果更加客观、可靠。

野生动物刑法保护法益之重构

近年来,野生动物刑法保护领域显失公平判决频出,凸显背后的司法与理论困境。厘清问题的理论脉络、明晰保护的法益内容,是消解此种困境之根本路径。对于野生动物刑法保护法益的重构,首先要扬弃传统形式法益观,明晰并倡导实质法益。在“相对人类中心法益观”的基本立场之下,野生动物刑法保护之实质法益应以“生物多样性”为核心,即保护以野生动物生存权为基础的野生动物物种多样性。“珍贵、濒危野生动物”之界定不应以“资源”为标准,而应以物种在生态自然中的“稀缺性”为标准,最终目的在于维护生态系统中动物的物种多样性。物种多样性之维护可能不能为人类带来短期利益,但符合人类长久生存与发展的利益。在此基础上,生物多样性法益既具有法律的解释与批判功能,亦具有司法适用功能,能够有效破除当前野生动物刑法保护之司法理论困境。

福州市内河水质评价

在福州市内河的主要河道设置12个采样点,逐月定性、定量采集浮游动物,同步测定5项化学指标.采用指示生物法和生物多样性指数法,对福州内河水质进行生物学评价,同时进行营养型的确定和黑臭率评价.评价结果表明,福州内河的污染等级为甲型至乙型中污,富营养型,黑臭状况较差.与前人的调查结果相比,引水冲污对内河治理有一定的作用,但并不能从根本上改变内河的水质状况.还探讨了内河污染的成因并提出治理建议.

Tracing Changes in the Microbial Community of a Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soil by Culture-Dependent Proteomics

Hydrocarbon contamination may affect the soil microbial community, in terms of both diversity and function. A laboratory experiment was set-up, with a semi-arid control soil and the same soil but artificially contaminated with diesel oil, to follow changes in the dominant species of the microbial community in the hydrocarbon-polluted soil via proteomics. Analysis of the proteins extracted from enriched cultures growing in Luria-Bertani （LB） media showed a change in the microbial community. The majority of the proteins were related to gIycolysis pathways, structural or protein synthesis. The results showed a relative increase in the complexity of the soil microbial community with hydrocarbon contamination, especially after 15 days of incubation. Species such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Synechococcus elongatus and different Clostridium sp. were adapted to contamination, not appearing in the control soil, although Bacillus sp. dominated the growing in LB in any of the treatments. We conclude that the identification of microbial species in soil extracts by culture-dependent proteomics is able to partially explain the changes in the diversity of the soil microbial community in hydrocarbon polluted semi-arid soils, but this information is much more limited than that provided by molecular methods.

The Role of Traditional Irrigation Canals in a Long Term Environmental Perspective A Case Study in Southern France： The Durance Basin

The agricultural sector is often considered to be the largest water consumer and the policy aimed at saving irrigation water exists across Europe. The flip-side of such policy, however, is the disappearance of traditional irrigation canals since farmers are encouraged to turn to drip irrigation and overhead irrigation gradually. Given this, we would like to argue that traditional irrigation canals need to be reexamined. Such canals are not only built aquatic infrastructure, they are also the product of a culture and social relationship with water in the Mediterranean region. Canals form a complex system which is driven by environmental, economic and social factors. Our sociological and environmental research in Provence （and around the Durance basin more specifically） points up how the very dense territorial network of gravity-fed canals is useful in water management, as well as in other shared uses over the long-term. The findings underscore the positive environmental role played by these historical and anthropogenic constructions. They contribute to refilling the aquifer and also act as a valuable environmental good and service （e.g., run-off regulation, biodiversity, landscape, recreation, etc.）. Further, several local actors have underscored their role as part of an intangible cultural heritage and as important for the area＇s economic and social development. Such canals play a central role in sustainable development since beyond their productive role in agriculture, they play a social role （new uses） and an ecological role （as reservoirs for biodiversity and ecological corridors）.

A Critical Analysis of Methodologies Evaluating Biodiversity in Offset Banking

The assessment of ecological impacts represents a key element of biodiversity offsetting success. After briefly introducing the main controversies arisen on biodiversity monetization and defining biodiversity banking schemes, discussions will be focused on evaluation methods mobilized in the context ofbiodiversity offset banking. Although there is currently no fixed framework assessing environment due resolutely to the specific nature of biodiversity, evaluation methods are analyzed through a review of the academic and empirical literature. This step allows to select few methods justifying these choices and presenting their pros and cons by keeping the aim to contribute to the debates. Thus, ecological assessments （service-to-service and resource-to-resource） and economic valuations （value-to-value and value-to-cost） carried out in biodiversity banking schemes will be distinguished. Finally, this paper will emphasize the inherent differences of the two evaluating forms and their specificities on the one hand, and highlight their opportunities and risks from methodological perspective on the other hand.

Environmental Protection of Biodiversity in Macedonia and Albania under Legal Analysis View

Environmental problems in the Republic of Macedonia and Albania are similar in other countries in the region. Numerous problems and deficiencies identified through different projects. The studies and planning documents are evident for environmental media and areas. Such as lack of regional integrated systems for municipal solid waste management. The system for special waste types management, including hazardous waste, insufficient coverage of populated places and municipalities by wastewater collection and treatment systems （especially in agglomerations above 10,000 populations）. The need to establish integrated river basin management is in accordance with the new law on waters, air pollution with different intensity in different parts of the country. This paper presents the imperative reforms to protect the natural resources and biodiversity in the countries.

Comparison of two sampling methods when studying periphyton colonization in Lam Tsuen River, Hong Kong, China

We used standard periphyton samplers to examine the colonization pattern of periphytic algae on artificial substrates (glass slides) in Lam Tsuen River, Hong Kong, in dry (winter) and wet (summer) seasons. In each season, six replicated slides were retrieved randomly and replaced by new slides at weekly intervals over a period of 6 weeks. We thus obtained two batches of slides, both with a series of different exposure times (1 to 6 weeks): one batch was set up at the same time (start of the sampling) and the other was harvested at the same time (end of the sampling). Changes in taxonomic composition, species diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity index), standing crop (in terms of cell density and cell biovolume), and abundance of the abundant algal species were monitored and compared between the two batches of slides. The succession patterns of the periphytic algae were similar between the two batches in each season, while more remarkable differences were observed between the two seasons, suggesting that either batch would be suitable for a colonization study of periphytic algae. The cell density was dominated by diatoms in both seasons, while the cell biovolume was dominated by diatoms in winter and by green algae in summer. The cell density and biovolume attributed to blue green algae was relatively small. Most of the diatom species exhibited similar colonization patterns throughout the experiment, while green algae showed different succession patterns in different seasons or sampling methods, indicating that diatoms are better bio-indicators than green algae for a periphyton colonization study. In general, the diversity indices and the standing crops reached their maximums at around week 4, and they were higher in summer than in winter.

Cultural Presence of the Cretan Biodiversity in the Minoan Period and nowadays： A Discovery School Teaching Approach

The educational project prepared for students of High School 15-17 years old with the subject of Biodiversity in Minoan Period and Nowadays. It was an interdisciplinary approach of ecological and cultural views of biodiversity. Special educational material was prepared with photos and texts of archaeological excavations and field sampling which was used in real and virtual environment, in t~ discovery teaching of Natural Sciences and History subjects. Students, in a scientific research project with constructive teachings, followed the procedures by which scientists gather, analyze, synthesize, process and evaluate information of organisms of Crete since 4000 years. Crete is located between the natural limits of three continents, having the unique privilege to host permanently or in migration, distinctive species of these three continents. After having the research questions, teachers collected the educational material, organized the work groups, implemented the didactic intervention in the classroom, had the field sampling of plants, recognized the synchronous local and scientific names of the plants, constructed the botany book, photographed the collected organisms and all the concentrated material was delivered to the team members.

印度遗传资源立法及其启示

为了阻止生物多样性的快速消失以及预防对生物资源和传统知识的不当利用,规范生物资源和传统知识的获取,确保公平分享因其利用而产生的惠益,印度于2002年制定了《生物多样性法》。目前,我国已经启动制定遗传资源的获取和惠益分享法律的立法程序。由于我国与印度在生物多样性和遗传资源的流失等方面具有类似的国情,因此,《生物多样性法》为我国制定遗传资源的获取和惠益分享的法律提供了许多重要的启示。

The Potential Impacts of National, Regional and International Policies and Legislation on the Sustainable Forest Management for NTFPs： A Swaziland Case Study

The objective of this study entails the review and assessment of the relevance of existing and draft policies and legislation that affects the Non-timber Forest Products （NTFP） sector in Swaziland. A hierarchical method of policy and legislation review and analysis was devised for this study. Findings indicated that most national policies and legislation are outdated and old-fashioned, with gaps and overlaps, and there is lack of collaboration between institutions implementing these. The present national forest policy does not adequately guide the development of NTFPs. As a consequence, whilst international policies and legislation capture an excellent spectrum of elements and issues on NTFPs they still remain difficult to implement. However, national level criteria and indicators have issues and elements that are relevant to the sustainable use of NTFPs. It was recommended that national strategies, action plans, policies and legislation be reviewed and updated. The study shows that there are no existing institutional networks or formal collaboration between the institutions involved in the implementation of local, national, regional, and international policies and legislation that affect NTFPs. Government, private sector, Non-Governmental Organizations （NGO＇s）, communities, individuals, and all concerned agencies should jointly develop and implement policies and legislation to provide secure access and benefits to people whose livelihood depends on/is supplemented by NTFPs and further foster networking and collaboration. The immediate adoption and implementation of the 11 policy recommendations on the sustainable management of Non-timber Forest Resources compiled by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity （CBD） from the Convention on Biological Diversity is highly recommended. It is worthwhile to note that while some of the 11 recommendations were directly inherited from certain articles of the CBD some are general recommendations.

Ecoagriculture in China: A Systems Approach

Ecoagriculture in China began in the late 1970’s/early 1980’s. This system aims to bring about the most effective coordination of social, economic and ecological factors in agricultural practices. Key approaches include ecological planning at the landscape level, cycling system design at the ecosystem level, and the re-establishment of the importance of biodiversity. The social and economic environment favoured for ecoagriculture is important in order to enable its development. For the social environment, it is important to set up the necessary moral standards involved through educational, legislative and evaluation systems. For the economic environment, efficient government subsidy policies, an effective market system to deal with pollutant discharge, and efficient markets for the sale of ecologically-friendly products.

Variation in the methods leads to variation in the interpretation of biodiversity-ecosystem multifunctionality relationships

Aims Biodiversity is often positively related to the capacity of an ecosystem to provide multiple functions simultaneously(i.e.multifunctionality).However,there is some controversy over whether biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships depend on the number of functions considered.Particularly,investigators have documented contrasting findings that the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality do not change or increase with the number of ecosystem functions.Here,we provide some clarity on this issue by examining the statistical underpinnings of different multifunctionality metrics.Methods We used simulations and data from a variety of empirical studies conducted across spatial scales(from local to global)and biomes(temperate and alpine grasslands,forests and drylands).We revisited three methods to quantify multifunctionality including the averaging approach,summing approach and threshold-based approach.Important Findings Biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships either did not change or increased as more functions were considered.These results were best explained by the statistical underpinnings of the averaging and summing multifunctionality metrics.Specifically,by averaging the individual ecosystem functions,the biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships equal the population mean of biodiversity-single function relationships,and thus will not change with the number of functions.Likewise,by summing the individual ecosystem functions,the strength of biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships increases as the number of functions increased.We proposed a scaling standardization method by converting the averaging or summing metrics into a scaling metric,which would make comparisons among different biodiversity studies.In addition,we showed that the range-relevant standardization can be applied to the threshold-based approach by solving for the mathematical artefact of the approach(i.e.the effects of biodiversity may artificially increase with the number of functions considered).Our study highlights different approaches yield different results and that it is essential to develop an understanding of the statistical underpinnings of different approaches.The standardization methods provide a prospective way of comparing biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships across studies.