中国生物多样性的生态地理区划

生态地理区划是生物多样性研究的空间分异基础。以国际上的生态地理区划原则为依据，采用多元分析与地理信息系统等手段，利用各种生态地理因子，包括气候指标如与植物耐寒性有关的绝对最低温度、最冷月平均气温、最冷月日平均温度的最大值和最小值；与需热性有关的植物生长季积温；年降水量的季节分配，包括最冷月降水、最热月降水、年降水量、年降水的统计标准差和变异系数（年变率；植被指标如植被类型、植被区划类型、植被的净第一性生产力、植物区系类型、动物区系类型、植物特有属的丰富度以及度量植物多样性的植物种丰富度（属数、种数）；土壤指标如土壤类型，土壤理化性质如土壤酸碱度、土壤表层阳离子交换量等；地形和地貌特征如经度、纬度和海拔高度。利用模糊聚类的手段，综合进行了中国生物多样性的生态地理区划。采用四级区划，即：生物大区→生物亚区→生物群区→生物区。全国划分为５个生物大区，７个生物亚区和１８个生物群区：Ⅰ北方森林大区：ⅠＡ欧亚北方森林亚区：ⅠＡ１南泰加山地寒温针叶林，ⅠＡ２北亚针阔叶混交林。Ⅱ北方草原荒漠大区：ⅡＢ欧亚草原亚区：ⅡＢ１内亚温带禾草草原，ⅡＢ２黄土高原森林草原（灌木草原）；ⅡＣ亚非荒漠亚区：ⅡＣ１中亚温带荒漠，ⅡＣ２蒙古／?

中国泥盆纪双壳类生物地理区、生活习性和群落

我国泥盆纪双壳类化石十分发育、分布广泛。最新研究表明,这类化石在地层划分、对比和生态地层、沉积环境等研究方面,都可以起着相当重要的作用。

Shifting cultivation effects on soil fungi and bacterial population in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

A study was conducted at two pair sites of Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh to find out the effects of shifting cultivation on soil fungi and bacterial population. The first pair of sites with shifting culti-vation and village common forest-managed by indigenous community was at Madhya Para in Rangamati district and the second pair of sites with the shifting cultivated land and village common forest at Ampu Para in Bandarban district of Chittagong Hill Tracts. At both the locations with two different land uses, soil textures in surface （0？10 cm） and sub-surface （10？20 cm） soils varied from sandy loam to sandy clay loam. Soil pH and moisture content were lower in shifting cultivated land com-pared to village common forest. The results also showed that both fungal and bacterial population in surface and subsurface soils was significantly （p ≤ 0.05） lower, in most cases, in shifting cultivated land compared to village common forest at both Madhya Para and Ampu Para. At Ranga-mati and Bandarban in shifting cultivated lands, Colletrotrichum and Fusarium fungi were absent and all the bacterial genus viz. Coccus, Bacillus and Streptococcus common in two different locations with dif-ferent land uses. Common identified fungi at both the land uses and locations were Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Trichoderma and Penicillium. Further study can be done on the other soil biota to understand the extent of environmental deterioration due to shifting cultivation.

Current Situation and Perspective of Second Generation Solid Biofuels Production： Case Study——CMR （Campinas Metropolitan Region）, Sao Paulo, Brazil

This proposal aims to assess the market introduction of advanced technologies for the production of 2nd generation solid biofuels, specifically technologies for the production of briquettes and pellets from agro-industrial wastes. The development of this project will evaluate the socio-environmental and techno-economical feasibility and use of 2nd generation solid biofuels in the CMR （Campinas Metropolitan Region）. The successful introduction of second generation briquettes and pellets to market depends, mainly, on two aspects： logistics in supply chains which generate waste, and the efficiency of production technologies. The study of logistics （supply chain） is based on survey data of the main productive supply chains, analysis, and modeling to optimize the facility location in the network for each case. The evaluation of the efficiency of production technology is provided by testing specially designed waste compacting devices, and comparing these results with the resulting power consumption during the production, in demonstration-scale, of a round of briquettes. The costs and consumption during the demonstration-scale production of briquettes are used for validation and correction of an optimization model. This project was approved in late 2012 with a period of two years for its implementation. Later in 2013, it was decided also to extend its implementation to the Metropolitan Region of Manaus, Amazon. Due to its recent beginning, the results shown here are only preliminary.

Economic Competition for High Profits from Antarctic Living Resources in Their Protection Area

Since 1790, Antarctic living resources were becoming subjects of competition among the exploiters to be first in obtaining the maximum profit from them. This led to subsequent extinction of valuable species from fur seals and next penguins, large through small whales, industrial demersal fish, further to pelagic species and now toothfish, crabs and krill. Catch proportions of their numerous and biomass decrease. The biomass of South Georgia Icefish estimated for 40 years in spide of decreasing trend has one of the largest components-the oscillations with periods of 3 years or 4 years. Their models explain large biomass fluctuations in the years 1975 to 1981 with amplitudes ±15 × 10^3 tonnes around average 20 ×10^3 tonnes and further decline up to 2005 season with oscillation ±4 ×10^3 tonnes around average 5 × 10^3 tonnes. For future season, 2016 model predicts a little increase of the biomass oscillation at level of 8 × 10^3 tonnes with reduced amplitude 2 × 10^3 tonnes. Slowly increase density of adult fish was also reported for target similar and close related mackerel icefish. Additional references for biomass levels help reduce the risk of further depletion biomass of Pseudochaenichthys georgianus which already declined to 75%. As global warming promote phytoplankton growth, replacing krill fishery by algae farms can save unique Antarctic heritages.

Bioclimatic Urbanism and Regional Design in Portugal： The Atlantic and the Mediterranean Contexts

The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula comprised by Spain and Portugal belongs to very different environments： the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea. This position is responsible for a series of highly contrasted regions. The external forces presented in each region, influence the shape, location and orientation, not only of individual buildings but of whole villages in such a way that we can identify pattems of construction in different natural regions. There is in fact, a remarkable correspondence between climate and urban type which is useful to identify for planning the different regions. The legacy of industrial city, as in other parts of the world, has changed this close connection between geography and architecture, with consequences not only in environment but especially for the identity of urban spaces. Bioclimatic urbanism is not just a question of sustainability or survival. It is also a question of local identity and variety. There is in fact a relationship between cultural process and environment responsive which we can learn from the structures of the past -- the pre-industrial city. We believe that the reinterpretation of the traditional city pattems forms a language which can be used as a design process for recovering urban landscape.

Soil Nitrogen Availability Is Reflected in the Bacterial Pathway

Measurements of concentrations of easily extractable soil nitrogen(N) were carried out on samples collected at the Heron Wood Reserve,Scotland,concurrently with investigations of N associated with total microbial biomass and the abundances of bacteria,fungi,and invertebrates.Soil biota at the studied site appeared to be limited by N.There was a remarkable difference between the ambient(i.e.,easily extractable N) and biomass nitrogen.The abundance data of bacteria,protozoa and nematodes significantly negatively correlated with ambient N but showed positive correlations with the total microbial N content.There were,however,remarkable differences between the correlation patterns exhibited by the fungal and the bacterial pathways,as fungi did not show any correlations with chemical variables.These differences should be taken into account whilst interpreting biological interactions both at this important site and elsewhere.

Large-area gold nanohole arrays fabricated by one-step method for surface plasmon resonance biochemical sensing

Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) nanosensors based on metallic nanohole arrays have been widely reported to detect binding interactions in biological specimens. A simple and effective method for constructing nanoscale arrays is essential for the development of SPR nanosensors. In this work, we report a one-step method to fabricate nanohole arrays by thermal nanoimprinting in the matrix of IPS(Intermediate Polymer Stamp). No additional etching process or supporting substrate is required. The preparation process is simple, time-saving and compatible for roll-to-roll process, potentially allowing mass production. Moreover, the nanohole arrays were integrated into detection platform as SPR sensors to investigate different types of biological binding interactions. The results demonstrate that our one-step method can be used to efficiently fabricate large-area and uniform nanohole arrays for biochemical sensing.