木姜叶柯种源内不同家系种实生物学性状变异研究

以木姜叶柯浙江庆元、江西赣州、广东惠州3个种源内的25个家系材料为对象,研究了家系间4个种实生物学性状的变异。结果表明:同一种源不同家系间单果重、果长、每果穗果实数、果穗长生物学性状中至少有3个以上表现极显著差异,其中单果重和果长在所有家系中均达到极显著差异,说明在种源内以特定性状开展优良家系选择很有意义;种实生物学性状之间存在一定的相关性,江西赣州和广东惠州种源内家系的单果重与每果穗果实数之间达到极显著水平,江西赣州、广东惠州和浙江庆元种源内家系的果穗长与每果穗果实数之间达到极显著水平,广东惠州果长与每果穗种实数间呈负向显著水平。种源内家系均可分成多个小组,它们代表了家系内单果重、果长、每果穗果实数及果穗长之间的关系,单果较轻时,伴随着果实长、每果穗果实多、果穗较长,而单果较重时,伴随着果实短、每果穗果实少、果穗较短。

关于生物进化和种的问题

关于生物进化和种的问题岩规邦男著路芳译种这个术语，应该从分类学种和生物学种这两个角度理解。最初的认识主要是基于蜡叶标本，记载着形态学的种，实际上应该叫做分类学种．但是，该种基于生物学所特有的方法进行剖析，当然应该作为生物学种的立场加以认识。分类学的历...

物种概念及物种形成

1 前言 生命以其全部物理和化学复杂性,存在于众多的类型或种中。地球上已定名的物种有 160多万种,其中大约30万种绿色植物及真菌和130万种动物,这些数字还不包括几千个类型 的细菌和酵母菌(Cox等,1976)。有人认为我们所生存的地球上总的物种数在3000万种左 右(Erwin,1983)。这些已定名的物种大多数已为生物学家所认识,这为认识自然、探索 自然奥秘以及为生产服务起了巨大的作用。虽然,上百万种生物已被发现及命名,但至目前 为止,对物种的概念是什么?众说纷纭,莫衷一是(朱弘复,1987)。 众所周知,物种概念及其重要,它不仅是分类学家分类的基本出发点,同时也是其它学 科,如生理学、免疫学、生物化学、生态学、进化论等的工作基础。如果不能很好地区分物种 概念,则在工作中极易引入歧途。

柳杉种子新害虫大痣小蜂初步研究

对浙江新发现的柳杉种子害虫大痣小蜂的形态特征、生活习性等进行了观察记载,调查出害虫发生与坡向坡位、林分类型及结实部位有关。根据该害虫的发生特点提出了切实可行的防治意见。

Biological Effects of Stevia rebaudianum Induced by Carbon Ion Implantation

The biological effects during seed germination were investigated after the dry seeds of Stevia rebaudianum Bertoni were implanted with carbon ion beam of 75 keV and 10 14 ions/cm 2. The results showed that the germination rate of carbon ion implanted seeds was slightly higher than that of the control, but the survival rate of the treated seedlings, on the contrary, was lower than that of the control (P<0.02), while the height of the treated seedlings was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.01). On the 4th day after germination, the leaf cell wall in the treated group was thick, some high electron_dense substance deposited in the enlarged plasmodesma; Cell membrane creased with high electron_dense granules deposited on it. The plasma membrane protruded towards cell wall, and the granules shifted via plasmodesma or deposited onto cell wall. These phenomena may be related to the conveyance of implanted ions across cell wall, or be related to the accumulation of callose. In addition, the implantation of carbon ions could increase the lamellae of the chloroplast and cause high development of the chloroplast which sometimes contained two plastid centers in an individual chloroplast. Also, the highly developed cristae, abundant mitochondria and typical crystalloid structure in microbody could be found. All these results indicated that the anabolic and catabolic activities in the seedlings implanted with carbon ions before germination were obviously more active than those in the controls.

Research Progress of Bactrocera dorsalis and Its Species Complex

Research progress of B. dorsalis and its species complex in Taiwan region and abroad was summarized from the aspects of classification, origin, transmission, distribution, host, biological characteristics and adaptability to environmental conditions, in order to provide references and basis for researching B. dorsalis and its species complex in China.

The Interplanting Technology of Pleurotus ostreatus and Dendrobium officinale

In summer, Cha No. 39 of 292 bags and 205 of 244 bags were inter- planted with Dendrobium officinale on cultivation bed, respectively, whose yields and biological efficiencies reached 102.46 kg and 103.98%, and 96.77 kg and 113.32%, accordingly. The seedlings of Dendrobium officinale interplanted with Pleurotus os- treatus grew by 2.78 cm during 10 weeks on cultivation beds, and the seedlings grew by 2.68 cm in the cultivation beds without interplanting arrangement. These demonstrated that the interplanting of Dendrobium officinale and Pleurotus ostreatus has none adverse effects on growth of Dendrobium officinale.

Blue-eared Pheasant:a forest bird endemic to China

The Blue-eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum) is an important bird species,endemic to China and is ranked as a second grade key protected wildlife species in China.These birds are only found in the mountainous regions of Qinghai,Gansu and Sichuan provinces and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.In order to understand systematically the existing information on the biology of the Blue-eared Pheasant,we provide updated information on its habitat,activity,nest-site features,breeding biology,feeding habits,population status and conservation of this pheasant by integrating published data with the information from our field surveys,conducted from 2006 to 2008 in the Gaihai-zecha National Nature Reserve,Gansu.

鸡年谈鸡

人们对鸡是很熟悉的,在广东、广西等地,逢年过节,亲朋好友会餐的菜谱中,必少不了鸡。鸡的种类很多,有体型大、肉嫩的九斤黄,也有体型小,但年可产200多个蛋的仙居鸡,还有从国外引进的良种鸡等。

蚊虫与蚊传播疾病

蚊虫的种类很多,迄今为止全世界有记录的蚊虫共有3个亚种35属。white(1980)指出,全世界蚊虫已近3150种,并提示近年来,通过细胞学和遗传学分类以及同功酶的研究,发现了成对的、复合的孪生种多例,使蚊虫的生物学种类数字,比明显的形态型更多,可能超过一万种。瞿逢伊等(1987)报道了全世界蚊虫种类已增至38个属3357种和亚种。在我国,至今已发现蚊虫17属350种以上。

面对知识分子(下)

百花齐放、百家争鸣1955年3月,一本叫作《植物分类学简编》的高等学校教科书问世。作者胡先骕在书中提到了苏联科学家李森科"关于生物学种的新见解",认为这一学说"由于政治力量的支持",才"一时颇为风行"。作者告诫中国的生物学研究者,必须要有深刻的认识才不至于被引入迷途。

Changes in tree species diversity and dominance across a disturbance gradient in Nepalese Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forests

Disturbance is often touted as a management tool, as moderate disturbance is believed to enhance diversity; thus an understanding of frequent and fluctuating disturbance regimes in forests and their effects on stand structure, dominance and diversity is very crucial. Here, the effects of different disturbance regimes, along a gradient, on diversity and dominance of five Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.-dominated forests were investigated in 25 one-ha plots in Nepal. A total of 67 tree species were recorded; of which 41 species were encountered in least disturbed and 10 species in beavily disturbed forest. Significant variations among forests were observed for all measures of alpha diversity. Alpha diversity measures declined linearly along a disturbance gradient while dominance increased linearly. Relative basal area of S. robusta increased as the level of disturbance increased, which in turn produced more than two-fold higher important value index in heavily disturbed forest than the least disturbed forest. All alpha diversity measures declined in an order of three with increasing relative basal area of S. robusta. The similarity in species composition between each pair of disturbed forests was generally low （Jaccard＇s similarity index 〈 57%）, suggesting a higher Beta diversity, It can be concluded that diversity of Sal forests declines with increasing magnitude of disturbance, which in turn favors a higher domi- nance of S. robusta. Controlling the population of the dominant species, mainly S. robusta, is recommended to enhance diversity and to achieve multiple-use forest management objectives.

Species and distribution of inorganic selenium in the Bohai Sea

For studying geochemical behavior of selenium, a marine investigation was conducted in September 1998 cruise in the Bohai Sea. Horizontal and vertical distributions of inorganic selenium and selenite were studied. The inorganic selenium varied from 0.73 to 2.41 nmol/L, with an average of 1.31 nmol/L; while selenite varied from 0.18 to 0.72 nmol/L with an average of 0.47 nmol/L. The average ratio of selenite to selenate was 0.68, and selenate was the predominant species of inorganic selenium in the most study area. Concentrations of inorganic selenium and selenite decreased with distance from the coast. No apparent variations of the concentration between surface and bottom was shown. There were two wa- ter masses in the area, one from the Huanghe (Yellow) River and other from the Yellow Sea. Of the two, Huanghe River was the major source of inorganic selenium.

Effect of an Alien Species Spartina alterniflora Loisel on Biogeochemical Processes of Intertidal Ecosystem in the Jiangsu Coastal Region,China

Spartina alterniflora Loisel, a species vegetating in intertidal flats along the eastern coast of the United States, was introduced in China almost 30 years ago and has become an urgent topic due to its invasiveness in the coastal zone of China. The impacts of this alien species S. alterniflora on intertidal ecosystem processes in the Jiangsu coastland were investigated by comparing the sediment nutrient availability and trace element concentration characteristics in a mud flat and those of a four-year old Spartina salt marsh that had earlier been a mudflat. At each study site, fifteen plots were sampled in different seasons to determine the sediment characteristics along the tidal flats. The results suggested that Spartina salt marsh sediments had significantly higher total N, available P, and water content, but lower pH and bulk density than mudflat sediments. Sediment salinity, water content, total N, organic C, and available P decreased along a seaward gradient in the Spartina salt marsh and increased with vegetation biomass. Furthermore, the concentrations of trace elements and some metal elements in the sediment were higher under Spartina although these increases were not significant. Also, in the Spartina marsh, some heavy metals were concentrated in the surface layer of the sediment. The Spartina salt marsh in this study was only four years old; therefore, it is suggested that further study of this allen species on a longer time frame in the Jiangsu coastland should be carried out.

Alpine Ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan,China:an Initial Assessment for Conservation

Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.

A new species and new recorded species of Lumbrineridae Schmarda,1861(Annelida:Polychaeta)from China

Based on material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （Qingdao）, a new species, Lurnbrineris sinensis sp. nov., as well as Augeneria albidentata （Ehlers, 1908）, which is recorded for the first time from coastal water of China, are reported in the present paper. The specimens examined were collected during 1958 to 1960 from the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea at depths of 4 to 182 m.

Zonal distribution and population biology of Ilyoplax frater (Brachyura:Ocypodoidea:Dotillidae) in a coastal mudflat of Pakistan

Zonal distribution and population biology of llyoplaxfrater were studied in a mangrove mudflat area of Pakistan. The crabs were collected from Korangi creek through transect and quadrat method from low tide level to high tide level. Two transects were delimited in a mangrove area of Korangi creek （24°79′N/67°20′E）. On each transect, three 0.25 m quadrats were sampled at three tidal levels on a monthly basis during low tide periods from March 2001 to February 2002. A total of 1124 crabs were obtained, of which 482 were males and 642 were females. Density of crabs varied between 0 and 90/m^2. The density and size distribution varied and showed significant differences from low to high tide level, and were positively correlated with the percent moisture, percent organic matter and sediment grain size. The carapace width （CW） ranged from 2.5 to 11.5 mm for male and 2.5 to 11.0 mm for female and was not significantly different. The overall sex ratio did not differ significantly from the expected 1：1 throughout the year in small crabs but was significantly different in adult crabs （Z2 = 49.73） with more male crabs, Size frequency distribution showed recruitment of juvenile crabs （〈 4 mm） nearly throughout the year except during June and July. Presence of ovigerous females in all months with seasonal peaks in September, October, December and May indicates seasonal continuous breeding. Weight of egg mass increases with weight of ovigerous females and show positive linear relationship. The estimated mean diameter of egg was 2.83±0.25μm, and the average number of eggs was 3065±902.

Genome-wide identification and transcriptome-based expression analysis of sox gene family in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Sox genes are transcription factors that ubiquitously exist in animal species, and share a conserved high mobility group(HMG) box. They play important biological roles in diverse developmental processes, such as sex determination and differentiation, chondrogenesis, neurogenesis, and early embryonic development. In this study, we identified 25 sox genes from genome and transcriptome of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. These s ox genes could be mainly classified into seven subfamilies(B1, B2, C, D, E, F, and K), and each subfamily exhibited a relatively conserved gene structure. Besides, subfamilies A and G were found exclusively in human and mouse, and sox 32 in subfamily K only existed in teleosts. Compared with other mammals, some s ox genes in teleosts had two duplicates. The loss, duplication, and divergence of sox genes during evolution provided an evidence for whole-genome duplication that occurred in the radiation of teleosts. The expression of Japanese flounder sox genes was also analyzed by FPKM value. Our results showed that certain s ox genes exhibited obviously tissue-specific and spatio-temproal expression. Especially, gonal-basied expression analysis uncovered that s ox7 and s ox2 were ovary-biased, and s ox8 b was testis-biased. Moreover, sox10 a was expressed specifically in ovary, and sox8 a in testis. Therefore this study provide a solid foundation for future functional and evolutionary analysis of sox genes in Japanese flounder.

Complementary Notes on a ‘Well-known’ Marine Heterotrichous Ciliate, Folliculinopsis producta (Wright, 1859) Frauré-Fremiet, 1936 (Protozoa, Ciliophora)

The living morphology and infraciliature of a heterotrichous ciliate, Folliculinopsis producta (Wright, 1859) Frauré Fremiet, 1936, which was collected from the north coast of China, were investigated by in vivo observation and protargol impregnation techniques. As a new contribution, a redescription is presented: large Folliculinopsis of green to dark green in color, 800-1500 μm in size; two peristomial lobes of approximately equal size, 300-400 μm in length; adoral zone of membranelles containing about 1000 membranelles, lying along lobe margins and exhibiting two circles within buccal cavity; 50-70 somatic kineties in mid body; macronucleus miniliform, consisting of about 20 beads; lorica smooth, vase shaped, (300-500) μm×(90-130) μm in size, with 5-12 spiral ridges on neck tube; marine habitat.