山地植物群落生物多样性与生物生产力海拔梯度变化研究进展

文中从生物学谱中群落和生态系统尺度,根据国内外的野外观测文献,总结了山地植被在群落生物多样性和生物生产力2方面的海拔梯度变化特征,以及群落生物生产力与生物多样性的关系,并提出目前该领域研究的几个热点问题。

白芷指纹图谱研究进展

白芷是我国传统中医临床常用药物。白芷植物来源不同,生长环境不同等因素的影响,其类似品、代用品不断增多,因此对其建立系统的质量控制方法尤为重要。当前指纹图谱技术应用于中药材质量控制已受到国际认证。主要的研究方法有液相色谱法,薄层色谱法,红外光谱和分子生物学指纹图谱等。本文对国内外大量的白芷指纹图谱的研究文献进行了归纳总结,为该药的质量评价提供参考。

天麻指纹图谱的研究进展

天麻是我国名贵的中草药,随着近年来其商品的多样化,掺伪、假冒品不断增多,对其进行更全面、系统的质量控制尤为重要。目前,指纹图谱已成为国际公认的控制中药质量的有效手段之一,主要的研究方法有液相色谱法、薄层色谱法、毛细管电泳色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、X射线粉末衍射、分子生物学指纹图谱和电化学指纹图谱等,本文对近年来天麻指纹图谱的研究情况进行了归纳总结,为进一步建立该药的质量控制提供了方法和依据。

Pharmacokinetics of nifedipine sustained-release tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers

Aim To establish a LC-MS method for determining the concentration of nifedipine in human plasma and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of nifedipine sustained-release tablets. Methods A XB-C18 （5 μm, 4.6 mm ×150 mm） column and a mobile phase of methanol： 0.01 mol·L^-1ammonium acetate （60：40, V/V） were used to separate nifedipine, the detections was accuracy under atmosperic pressure electronic spray ionization （AP-ESI） mode and ion mass spectrum （m/z） of 314.9 [M＋H]^＋ for nifedipine, and 320.8 [M＋H]^＋ for lorazepam （Internal Standard, IS）. Results The linear range of nifedipine was 0.3 - 80 ng·mL^-1 （ r = 0.9997）, and the limit of quantitation （LOQ） was 0.3 ng·mL^-1. The nifedipine pharmacokinetic parameters after a single dose of 20 mg nifedipine sustained-release tablets test （T） or reference （R） were as the followings, t1/2 （6.73 ± 2.00） h and （7.04 ± 2.18） h, Tmax （4.28 ± 0.70） h and （4.48 ± 0.70） h, Cmax（39.66 ± 10.58） ng·mL^-1 and （40.19 ± 10.97） ng·mL^-1, AUC0-36 （391.63 ± 108.55） ng·mL^-1·h and （387.57 ± 121.51） ng·mL^-1·h, and AUC0-∞ （408.28 ± 121.16） ng·mL^-1·h and （406.15 ± 133.13） ng·mL^-1·h. The relative bioavailability of nifedipine sustained-release tablets （test） was （103.02 ± 13.93） %. Conclusion LC-MS method for the determination of concentrations of nifedipine in human plasma was sensitive and accurate, and could be used in nifedipine bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Cefprozil Granules and Cefprozil Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers

Aim To develop a rapid, simple, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of cefprozil in human plasma and to study its pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence after 0.5 g oral doses of cefprozil granules and tablets. Methods The blood concentration of cefprozil was analyzed after extracted with 6% trichloroacetic acid, using tinidazole as internal standard (I.S.). A C_ 18 column was used to separate cefprozil with mobile phase of methanol, purified water and glac...

Molecular Detection of Healthiness of Bombyx mori

[Objective] The paper was to explore the regularity between heat shock protein expression and the healthiness changes of Bombyx moil materials. [Method] The representative heat shock protein gene Bmhsp24.3 was screened by bioinfor- matic analysis method, and carried out real-time PCR expression analysis. [Result] The target gene Bmhsp24.3 expressed in different B. mori materials, but the expres- sion level in different materials significantly varied. The relative expression level of the gene had different degrees of changes under different rearing conditions. With the increase of rearing temperature, the gene expression was upregulated. The ma- terials with better healthiness had remarkable increase in expression of target gene, while the materials with poorer healthiness had less increase in expression of target gene. The expression difference of target gene Bmhsp24.3 was exactly consistent with the healthiness of breeds. [Conclusion] The healthiness of materials had rela- tionship with expression of target gene Bmhsp24.3. the higher the expression of tar- get gene Bmhsp24.3 was, the better the healthiness of materials was; conversely, the lower the expression of target gene Bmhsp24.3 was, the poorer the healthiness of materials was.

Bio-characteristic profiling related to clinic:A new technology platform for quality evaluation of Chinese materia medica

Quality evaluation is a bottleneck restricting the modernization and internationalization of Chinese materia medica (CMM). Due to characteristics of multi-component, multi-efficacy, multi-target, the existing quality evaluation system still cannot fully meet quality control needs of CMM. Hence, the author put forward “Bio-characteristic profiling related to clinic, BPRC” academic concept, meanwhile, fully take the advantage of analysis method with clinical monitoring superiority or profiling characteristics, build up “BPRC” new technology platform, in order to realize “real-time, dynamic and full-range monitoring” new technologies of CMM quality evaluation system and promote the further development of CMM industry.

Corrosion resistance of Ti and Ti-Pd alloy in phosphate buffered saline solutions with and without H_2O_2 addition

Corrosion resistance of pure titanium（Grade 2） and Ti-Pd alloy（Grade 7） was studied using the electrochemical techniques of potentiodynamic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）.Measurements were performed at the temperature of 36.6 ℃ in two solutions：PBS solution with pH of 7.4 simulating conditions of healthy human body,and PBS solution with pH of 5.2 and with the addition of hydrogen peroxide（0.015 mol/L） simulating the inflammatory state.It is found that,Ti Grade 7 can be a good candidate as a material for orthopedic implant application,because its corrosion resistance in the PBS solution containing H2O2 is better（lower corrosion current densities） than that of pure titanium.

Biodegradation of microcystin-RR and -LR by an indigenous bacterial strain MC-LTH11 isolated from Lake Taihu

The indigenous bacterial strain MC-LTH11 with the capability of degrading microcystin-RR MC-RR and microcystin-LR MC-LR was successfully isolated from Lake Taihu.The bacterium was identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. which possessed a mlrA gene. The MC-LTH11 thoroughly degraded MC-RR and MC-LR with the initial concentration of 37.13 mg/L and 18.49 mg /L respectively in the medium containing crude microcystins extract within 6 d.The degradation rates were affected by temperature pH initial MCs concentration and the kinds of media. Additionally the bacterial strain MC-LTH11 also degraded thoroughly microcystins in the water body of Lake Taihu within 1 d.These results suggest that the Stenotrophomonas sp.MC-LTH11 has the capacity to bioremediate water bodies contaminated by microcystins and may contribute to the degradation of microcystins after the outbreak of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu.

Quantifying biochemical variables of corn by hyperspectral reflectance at leaf scale

To further develop the methods to remotely sense the biochemical content of plant canopies,we report the results of an experiment to estimate the concentrations of three biochemical variables of corn,i.e.,nitrogen(N),crude fat(EE) and crude fiber(CF) concentrations,by spectral reflectance and the first derivative reflectance at fresh leaf scale. The correlations between spectral reflectance and the first derivative transformation and three biochemical variables were analyzed,and a set of estimation models were established using curve-fitting analyses. Coefficient of determination(R2),root mean square error(RMSE) and relative error of prediction(REP) of estimation models were calculated for the model quality evaluations,and the possible opti-mum estimation models of three biochemical variables were proposed,with R2 being 0.891,0.698 and 0.480 for the estimation models of N,EE and CF concentrations,respectively. The results also indicate that using the first derivative reflectance was better than using raw spectral reflectance for all three biochemical variables estimation,and that the first derivative reflectances at 759 nm,1954 nm and 2370 nm were most suitable to develop the estimation models of N,EE and CF concentrations,respectively. In addition,the high correlation coefficients of the theoretical and the measured biochemical parameters were obtained,especially for nitrogen(r=0.948).

Adsorption Reaction Dynamics of Systems Lysozyme and Nanodiamond/Nanosilica at pH=7-13

Adsorption reactions between surfaces of nanodiamond and nanosilica with diameter of 100 nm prepared as suspension solutions of 0.25μg/μL and lysozyme molecule with different concentrations of 7 mmol/L PPBS at pH=7, 9, 11, and 13 have been investigated by fluores- cence spectroscopy. Adsorption reaction constants and coverages of lysozyme with different concentrations of 0-1000 nmol/L under the influences of different pH values have been ob- tained. Helicities and conformations of the adsorbed lysozyme molecules, free spaces of every adsorbed lysozyme molecule on the surfaces of nanopartieles at different concentrations and pH values have been deduced and discussed. The highest adsorption capabilities for both sys- tems and conformational efficiency of the adsorbed lysozyme molecule at pH=13 have been obtained. Lysozyme molecules can be prepared, adsorbed and carried with optimal activity and helicity, with 2 and 10 mg/m2 on unit nanosurface, 130 and 150 mg/g with respect to the weight of nanoparticle, within the linear regions of the coverages at around 150-250 nmol/L and four pH values for nanodiamond and nanosilica, respectively. They can be prepared in the tightest packed form, with 20 and 55 mg/m2, 810-1680 and 580-1100 mg/g at threshold concentrations and four pH values for nanodiamond and nanosilica, respectively.

A bio-optical inversion model to retrieve absorption contributions and phytoplankton size structure from total minus water spectral absorption using genetic algorithm

We propose a bio-optical inversion model that retrieves the absorption contributions of phytoplankton and colored detrital matter(CDM),as well as the phytoplankton size classes(PSCs),from total minus water absorption spectra.The model is based on three-component separation of phytoplankton size structure and a genetic algorithm.The model performance was tested on two independent datasets(the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset(NOMAD) and the northern South China Sea(NSCS) dataset).The relationships between the estimated and measured values were strongly linear,especially for aCDM(412),and the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) of the CDM exponential slope(SCDM) was relatively low.Next,the inversion model was directly applied to in-situ total minus water absorption spectra determined by an underwater meter during a cruise in September 2008,to retrieve the phytoplankton size structure in the seawater.By comparing the measured and retrieved chlorophyll a concentrations,we demonstrated that total and size-specific chlorophyll a concentrations could be retrieved by the model with relatively high accuracy.Finally,we applied the bio-optical inversion model to investigate changes in phytoplankton size structure induced by an anti-cyclonic eddy in the NSCS.

A Review of Molecular Makers Applied in Cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） Breeding

In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular biology, molecular markers have been widely used in genetic breeding of various crops including cowpea. However, molecular researches in cowpea are lack of systematic summary. This review presents an overview of accomplishments on different aspects of molecular markers in cowpea genetic breeding, such as genetic diversity analysis, genetic linkage map construction, QTL mapping, etc. Furthermore, it provides the discussion of some existing problems about molecular markers applied in cowpea breeding and the prospect of the future development. The authors find that SSR is the most frequently used molecular marker, while SNP has not been used in the genetic diversity analysis of cowpea. And the authors also conclude that more QTL of cowpea should be located and more molecular markers linked to resistance gene should be found. This will be useful for scientists and breeders to research cowpea with the aid of molecular markers, thus accelerating improvement of cowpea varieties.

O-Acetylated （1→6）-13-D-Glucan （Lasiodiplodan）： Chemical Derivatization, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity

β-Glucans are biomacromolecules that present biological properties of medical and pharmacological interest, The chemical modification of the primary structure of these carbohydrate biopolymers is a way to enhance or achieve new biological properties. Acetylated derivatives of （1→6）-β-D-glucan （lasiodiplodan） with different degrees of substitution （0.48, 0.66, 1.03 and 1.26） were obtained and characterized by infra-red and NMR （nuclear magnetic resonance） spectroscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and antioxidant capacity. Acetylation was confirmed by FT-IR, and βC NMR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis indicated that unmodified lasiodiplodan and the O-acetylated β-glucan derivative of degree of substitution 0.48 presented three stages of mass-loss, whereas acetylated derivatives of DS （degree of substitution） of 0.66, 1.03 and 1.26 presented four stages of mass-loss. X-ray diffractograms demonstrated that both native and acetylated lasiodiplodan presented crystalline regions in an amorphous polymeric matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that O-acetylation promoted morphologic changes in the biopolymer according to the DS. Acetylation also contributed to improve antioxidant capacity.

Chromatographic Analysis of Chemical Composition of the Genus Rhododendron Plants Growing on the Mountain of Evota （South Yakutia）

The data on chemical compounds of three Rododendron species （Rh. adamsii Rehd., Rh. aureum Georgi. and Rh. lapponicum subsp, parvifolium （Adams） T. Yamaz.） from the mountain of Evota top in South Yakutia are shown. Extracts of these plants was analyzed by method of planar chromatography in thin layers using different specific detectors to exposure of some groups of biologically active matters. During the researches, it was established that polyphenol compounds of different degree of condensment prevail in rhododendron composition; catechines, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, essential oils, phenol carboxylic acids and arbutin are present too. Due to detected features, all the researched species of rhododendrons are perspective for practical using in food industry and as adaptogenes for maintenance of people health in the conditions of north.

Heavy metal content in coral reef sediments from Red Sea of Yemen and its significance on marine environment

In order to determine and assess the concentrations of trace elements in coral reefs sediments from Red Sea of Yemen, sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, iron, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The result is that cadmium, cobalt and lead concentrations were high and other elements are low or the same as natural background. It is concluded that the high cadmium, cobalt and lead levels in coral reefs sediments will have negative effects on marine life of the sites, so further researches are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace elements on coral reefs and marine of the region.

Occurrence and distribution of dissolved tellurium in Changjiang River estuary

With the implementation of the GEOTRACES program, the biogeochemical cycle and distribution of tellurium （Te） in marine environments are becoming increasing environmental concerns. In this study, the concentration of dissolved Te in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary and nearby waters was determined in May 2009 by hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry to elucidate the abundance, dominant species, distribution, and relationship with environmental factors. Results show that： （1） dissolved Te was low owing to its low abundance in the Earth＇s crust, high insolubility in water, and strong affinity to particulate matter; （2） Te（IV） and Te（VI） predominated in surface water. Te（VI） was the dominant species in bottom water, and Te（IV） was the minor species; （3） Horizontally, resulting from low phytoplankton metabolism and the weak reduction from Te（VI） to Te（IV） in the shore, Te（IV） was concentrated in the central zone instead of the coastal region. However, Te（VI） was abundant near the mouth of the Changjiang River where the Changjiang water is diluted and in the area to the south where the Taiwan Warm Current invaded. In the adsorption-desorption process, Te（IV） was negatively related to suspended paniculate matter （SPM）, indicating that it was adsorbed by particulate matter. While for Te（VI）, the positive correlation with SPM suggested that it was desorbed from the solid phase. In the estuary, dissolved Te had a negative correlation to salinity. However, it deviated from the dilution line in high-salinity regions due to the invasion of the Taiwan Warm Current and the mineralization of organic matter. The relationship between Te（IV） and SPM nutrients indicated that it was more bioavailable and more related to phosphorus than to nitrogen. Progress in the field is slow and more research is needed to quantify the input of Te to the estuary and evaluate the biochemical role of organisms.

-lyperspectral Response： Key for Mapping Coral Rubber, .ive and Dead Corals

Measurement, data collection, and analyzing statistically the spectral response of different bottom types are all important steps in mapping shallow water bottom types with remote sensing. Five small islands in the Spermonde archipelago, South Sulawesi, in Indonesia, were selected to measure the reflectance spectral of benthic communities. The objective of this study was to determine optical properties of the live corals, dead corals covered with algae, coral rubber covered with algae, broken shell, sand, seagrass and macro algae. Pearson correlation coefficient and cluster analysis were used to determine spectral similarity in and among coral species based on spectral responses at observed wavelengths and to examine the similarities between the categories. Several benthic communities appear to be highly correlated with one another when the entire spectrum is considered, which may lead to classification errors. Porites meyeri, dead corals and coral rubber （〉 3 months ago） share a high degree of similarity in reflectance. The other coastal benthic communities are readily discriminated.

Chemical and Biological Assessments of the Essential Oils of Chrysophyllum albidum G, Don

The chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained from six tree parts of Chrysophyllum albidum （Sapotaceae） were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. A total of 65, 33, 45, 21, 25 and 18 compounds, representing 79.49%, 100%, 90.81%, 98.43%, 96.62% and 98.37% of the total oil, were identified in the fruit bark, root bark, stem bark, seed bark, leaf and seed, respectively. The dominant compounds in the essential oils in six tree parts were m-xylene （66.7%; seed）, p-xylene （21.4%; seed bark）, a-farnesene （38.1%; leaf）, hexadecanoic acid （14.7%; stem bark）, m-xylene （53.1%; root bark） and hexadecanoic acid （12.7%; fruit bark）. The essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial, antioxidant and insecticidal activities using Alamar blue assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity and contact toxicity test, respectively. The oils displayed moderate antibacterial potentials to some tested organisms and low radical scavenging activity to DPPH. Rhyzopertha dominica was susceptible to C. albidum stem bark essential oil only.